Levels and regional trends of persistent organochlorines and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in Asian breast milk demonstrate POPs signatures unique to individual countries |
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| Authors: | Koichi Haraguchi Akio Koizumi Kayoko Inoue Kouji H. Harada Toshiaki Hitomi Mutsuko Minata Miyako Tanabe Yoshihisa Kato Eri Nishimura Yoshiaki Yamamoto Takao Watanabe Katsunobu Takenaka Shigeki Uehara Hye-Ran Yang Min-Young Kim Chan-Seok Moon Hae-Sook Kim Peiyu Wang Aiping Liu Nguyen Ngoc Hung |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Daiichi College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka 815-8511, Japan;2. Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Yoshida Kyoto 606-8501, Japan;3. Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Sanuki, Kagawa 769-2193, Japan;4. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ijinkai Takeda General Hospital, Ishida Kyoto 601-1495, Japan;5. Miyagi University of Education, Sendai 980-0845, Japan;6. Department of Neurosurgery, Takayama Red Cross Hospital, Takayama 506-8550, Japan;7. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tohoku Kosai Hospital, Sendai 980-0803, Japan;8. Research Institute of Public Health and Environment, Seoul Metropolitan Government, Yangjae Seoul 137734, Republic of Korea;9. Department of Industrial Health, Catholic University of Pusan, Keumjeong, Busan 609757, Republic of Korea;10. College of Nursing Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130701, Republic of Korea;11. Department of Social Medicine and Health Education, School of Public Health, Peking University, Haidian Beijing 100083, PR China;12. Department of Science and Technology, Hanoi Medical University, Ton That Tung, Hanoi, S.R. Vietnam |
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| Abstract: | Human breast milk samples collected in 2007–2008 from four countries, Vietnam (Hanoi), China (Beijing), Korea (Seoul) and Japan (Sendai, Kyoto and Takayama), were analyzed for persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and its metabolites (DDTs), chlordane-related compounds (CHLs), hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Comparing with previous surveys, the present study indicates that the DDTs in breast milk from China and Vietnam had gradually decreased during the last decade, but were still 5–10 times higher than those in other nations. The ratios of p,p′-DDE/p,p′-DDT and o,p′-DDT/p,p′-DDT were higher in Beijing than in the other countries, suggesting that there is less fresh intake of commercial DDT products and a possible exposure to dicofol in China. CHL and PCB levels were relatively higher in mothers from Japan, whereas β-HCH and HCB were more common in Chinese women. In Japan, it is suspected that mothers in the urban/coastal area (Sendai) were more continuously exposed to organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) than mothers in the rural/inland area (Takayama). In addition, OCP levels in primiparae were significantly higher than those in multiparae from Japan and Korea. These indicate that both parity and regional factors are major determinants of the levels of OCPs and PCBs in human milk. On the other hand, higher concentrations of PBDEs were observed in mothers' milk from Korea. The congener was dominated by BDE-47 (43–54%), followed by BDE-153 (23–33%) in all regions except for Beijing where BDE-28 (23%) was relatively abundant. In Japanese breast milk, regional and parity-dependent distributions were not observed for PBDEs. Among PBDE congeners, age-dependency was observed for BDE-153, which was negatively correlated (p < 0.05) to the age of mothers in Kyoto (17 participants were housewives), while it increased with age in Sendai (10 participants were clerks). No such correlation was seen for BDE-47, indicating that BDE-47 was ingested and assimilated via different kinetics or routes from BDE-153 in Japan. |
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| Keywords: | Human milk DDTs Pesticides PCBs PBDEs Asia Exposure |
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