我国北方农牧交错带生态建设成本体系研究——以吉林省西部为例

北方农牧交错带是我国生态建设的重点地区,对于生态建设成本的研究是生态补偿的科学基础。从科学发展观的视角出发,针对这类地区收入水平低、就业结构单一的特点,认为其成本体系应本着以农民需求为核心、统筹区域内生态建设和发展的关系,并为统筹生态建设区与受益地区发展提供依据的原则进行构建,依此将成本分为营建成本、机会成本和发展成本,并通过在吉林省西部的应用,得出吉林省西部退耕还林、还草、草原抚育的总成本分别为24150、8090、967元h/m₂,远高于国家所提供的补偿标准。因此,除了国家补助外,应本着“受益者支付”的原则,长春、吉林等地应通过就业培训、技术支持等方式支付发展成本。因此,我国在生态建设中应细化补偿标准和实行支付主体多元化,国家和当地政府就营建成本和机会成本方面作出补偿,而受益地区则着重于发展成本的补偿。

Cost of Ecological Restoration in the Farming-pastoral Zone of Northern China

The Farming-pastoral Zone of Northern China is a key region of ecological restoration,the central government has formulated relevant policies to encourage farmers and the region to convert cultivated land into forest and grassland,and for grassland fostering,including eco-compensation.The cost of ecological restoration is the scientific base for eco-compensation and the increase of the sustainability of the project.However,the former research about always pay less attention to eco-construction making more surplus working time and less working chance,which lessen the practical value of research.In view of the Scientific Concept of Development,the region is comparatively poor with simple employment structure,so the cost system should be centralized on the demand of the farmers,the conflict between economic development and eco-construction should be solved and the relationship between eco-construction region and benefited regions should be harmonized.Only the three problems are taken as a whole,can the cost system be put into use.Based on the above considerations,the paper designed a cost system which consists of cost of construction(CC),opportunity cost(OC),cost of development(CD).CC and OC are more understandable,and also have been calculated precisely.For the CD,we defined it as the cost to solve the unemployment problem resulting from land use change.Using the method on the west of Jilin province,the costs for three different measures in eco-construction,including conversion of cultivated land into forests and grasslands,and for grassland fostering,are respectively 24 150,8 090 and 967 yuan/ha,which are higher than the national and local govern-ment compensation standard,because CD is neglected by the government.As worrying about future work chances,the local farmers are not so active in eco-construction.How can solve the problem with the limited financial strength﹖Except the state subsidies,based on the principle of"who benefited,who pay",the cities of Changchun and Jilin should help to pay the CD,by means of pre-job training,technical support and so on.Finally,this paper put forward some suggestions on the specifications of compensations standard and the practice of mainstay multi-payment.