基于市场结构视角的环境规制政策社会福利效应分析

近年来,中国政府实施了一系列的环境规制政策,以扭转生态环境恶化趋势,实现“既要绿水青山,也要金山银山”目标。虽然取得一定效果,但依然存在规制对象及地区不均衡、经济受损差异大和环保受益分配不平等问题。本文以古诺模型为基础,构建包含政府、企业和消费者在内的社会福利函数,将环境规制对象和环境规制措施的市场结构条件进行综合分析。研究发现:①环境补贴政策及环境税收政策的社会福利效应会受外部性和市场结构影响,当市场结构及外部性不能测度时,无法准确估计两个环境规制政策的社会福利效应;②无论市场结构是完全竞争市场还是存在市场势力市场,当环保商品与非环保商品外部性绝对值相差小于19.2个单位时,环境补贴政策社会福利效果大于环境税收政策的社会福利效果;③当市场结构为完全竞争市场时,且环保商品及非环保商品外部性不同时位于区间(0,0.84)和(-1.33,0)时,实施环境补贴政策或环境税收政策会提高社会福利;④当市场结构为完全竞争市场,且外部性较小,即位于区间(0,0.84)和(-1.33,0)时,实施环境补贴或环境税收政策会降低社会福利。由研究结果可知,中国政府应从两个方面提高环境规制政策的治理效果:①积极推进环境污染负外部性和绿色生态正外部性的监测和测度,利用互联网信息技术建设在线监控系统,提升环境规制政策的准确性;②政府可以考虑通过引导消费者偏好和利用市场自身力量实现市场向环保商品发展趋向。

Analysis of social welfare effect of environmental regulation policy based on market structure perspective

A series of environmental regulation policies have been implemented by the Chinese government in recent years in order to reverse the deterioration of the ecological environment and achieve the goal of maintaining the invaluable assets of‘lucid waters and lush mountains’.Although some achievements have been made,there are still some problems,such as uneven regulation of targets and regions,large economic loss,and uneven distribution of environmental benefits.This paper builds a social welfare function based on the Cournot duopoly model which includes governments,businesses,and consumers.And this paper provides theoretical explanations and environmental regulation recommendations through comprehensively analyzing the market structure of environmental regulation measures and environmental regulation objects.The results show that:①The social welfare effects of environmental subsidy policies and environmental tax policies will be affected by externalities and market structure.When market power and externalities cannot be measured,it is impossible to accurately estimate the social welfare effects of the two environmental regulation policies.②No matter if the market is a completely competitive market or an incompletely competitive market in terms market structure,when the absolute difference between the external value of environmentally friendly goods and non-environmental goods is less than 19.2 units,the social welfare effect of the environmental subsidy policy is greater than the social welfare effect of the environmental tax policy.③When it is a completely competitive market in terms of market structure,and when the externalities of environmentally friendly commodities are not in the intervals(0,0.84)or non-environmental commodities is not in the intervals(-1.33,0),the implementation of environmental subsidy policy or environmental tax policy will improve social welfare.④When the market structure is completely competitive and the externalities are small,the implementation of environmental subsidies or environmental tax will reduce social welfare.From these research results,it is suggested that the Chinese government should improve the governance effects of environmental regulation policies from both aspects:①improve the monitoring and measurement of negative externalities of environmental pollution and positive externalities of green ecology,use the Internet information technology to build an online monitoring system,and improve the accuracy of environmental regulatory policies.②the government should consider cultivating and guiding consumers and use the market’s own strength to achieve the trend of producing environmentally friendly commodities.