劳动力转移、性别差异与农地流转及合约选择

通过构建“劳动力转移-性别差异-农地流转及合约选择”分析框架,分析劳动力转移性别差异背后的行为经济学含义,进而探讨不同性别的劳动力转移对农户农地流转供给决策与合约选择的差异化影响机制。理论研究表明,女性在家庭中起粘结家庭成员的作用,女性劳动力非农就业更能体现家庭的“离农”,因而女性劳动力的非农就业行为对农户农地流转供给决策具有更明显的促进作用;男性是农户家庭在村庄中排他能力的标志,具有不可忽视的农地流转风险规避功能,因而男性劳动力的外出就业距离对农户农地流转的合约选择起决定性作用。利用全国9省(区)4772个农户样本数据进行实证分析,计量结果表明:①女性劳动力非农就业比例每增加10%,农户转出农地面积占承包地面积比例增加1.06%;②男性劳动力县外就业比例每增加10%,农户转出农地时签订关系型合约的可能性增加1.11%;③男性劳动力县外就业比例每增加10%,意愿合约形式为无合同的可能性增加0.63%,意愿合约形式为口头合同的可能性增加0.29%,意愿合约形式为书面合同的可能性减少0.91%。这意味着,为了劳动力流转市场与农地流转市场更流畅地互动,应为农村女性劳动力营造一个更加合适、有利和公平的非农就业环境,这可成为未来农村劳动力就业扶持政策的重要方向。另一方面,促进正式契约与关系型合约的有机衔接,有利于农地流转合约的正式化与规范化,从而为农地流转市场的健康发育提供有力保障。

Labor migration,gender differences,farmland transfer,and its contract selection

By constructing the analysis framework of‘labor migration–gender difference–farmland transfer and contract choice’,this paper analyzes the behavioral economic meaning behind the gender difference of labor migration,and then explores the differential impact mechanism of labor migration from different genders on farmer’s farmland transfer decision and contract choice.Research shows that female plays a role in bonding family members in the family and non-agricultural employment of female labor force can better reflect family’s‘going-out of agriculture’.Therefore,the non-agricultural employment choice of female labor force has a greater impact on the decision-making of farmland transfer.Male is the symbol of family’s ability to exclude in the village and has a non-negligible contract management function.Therefore,the employment distance from rural house of the male labor plays a decisive role in the contract selection of farmland transfer contract.Using the sample data of 4772 farmers from nine provinces across the country to conduct empirical analysis,the empirical results show that:①For every 10%increase in non-agricultural employment ratio of the female labor force,the proportion of farmer’s transferred farmland area to the contracted farmland area is increased by 1.06%.②For every 10%increase in the proportion of male labor force who works outside the county,the possibility of signing a relational contract when farmer transferred out farmland is increased by 1.16%.③For every 10%increase in the proportion of male labor force who works outside the county,the probability of the willing of no contract is increased by 0.63%,the probability of the willing of oral contract is increased by 0.29%,and the willing of written contract is reduced by 0.91%.Research results reveal that,in order to make the labor force market and the farmland transfer market more smoothly interact,a more suitable,favorable and fair non-gricultural employment environment should be created for the rural female labor force,which can become an important direction for the future rural labor employment support policy.On the other hand,promoting the organic connection between formal contracts and relational contracts is conducive to the formalization and standardization of farmland transfer contracts,thus providing a strong guarantee for the healthy development of the farmland transfer market.