Impact of environmental factors on gastric cancer: A review of the scientific evidence, human prevention and adaptation

Globally,gastric cancer(GC) ranks fifth in prevalence and third in fatalities,and shows a distinct geographical distribution in morbidity and mortality.Such a spatial pattern indicates that environmental factors could be an important contributor to GC.We reviewed a total of 135 relevant peer-reviewed articles and other literature published 1936-2019 to investigate the scientific evidence concerning the effects of environmental factors on GC worldwide.Environmental factors affect GC from the aspects of water,soil,air,radiation,and geology.Risk factors identified include water type,water pollution,water hardness,soil type,soil pollution,soil element content,climate change,air pollution,radiation,altitude,latitude,topography,and lithology;and most of them have an adverse impact on GC.Furthermore,we found that their effects followed five common rules:(1) the leading environmental factors that affect GC incidence and mortality vary by region,(2) the same environmental factors may have different effects on GC in different regions,(3) some different environmental factors have similar effects on GC in essence,(4) different environmental factors often interact to have combined or synergistic effects on GC,and(5)environmental factors can affect human factors to have an impact on GC.Environmental factors have a great impact on GC.Human beings may prevent GC by controlling carcinogenic factors,screening high-risk populations and providing symptomatic and rehabilitative treatments.Furthermore,adaptation measures are recommended to reduce GC risk on private and public levels.Future studies should transcend existing empirical studies to develop causal relationship models and focus on vulnerable population analysis.