Recent developments of safer formulations
of agrochemicals |
| |
Authors: | Alan Knowles |
| |
Institution: | (1) FORM-AK Formulation Consultancy Services, Tonbridge, Kent, TN11 0RT, UK |
| |
Abstract: | The primary objectives of formulation technology are to optimise the biological activity of the pesticide, and to give a product
which is safe and convenient for use. However, because of the wide variety of pesticide active ingredients which are available,
many different types of formulations have been developed depending mainly on the physico-chemical properties of the active
ingredients. In the past most formulations were based on simple solutions in water (SL), emulsifiable concentrates in a petroleum-based
solvent (EC), or dusts (DP) and wettable powders (WP). The presence of petroleum-based solvents in EC formulations and dusty
powders in DP and WP formulations can lead to safety hazards in use and a negative impact on the envirnoment generally. Most
government and regulatory authorities are now demanding formulations which are cleaner and safer for the user, have minimal
impact on the environment, and can be applied at the lowest dose rate. Developments in formulation technology and novel formulation
types, sometimes in special packaging such as water-soluble packs, can also give products a competitive advantage, add value
or extend the lif-cycle of active ingredients. There is also a demand from government authorities and consumer groups to use
safer formulation additives and adjuvants, and to minimise the residues of pesticides on food crops after spraying. All of
these aspects are putting increasing pressure on the development of improved formulation and adjuvant technologies. Pesticide
formulations for spray application and for seed treatment are discussed, along with developments in bioenchancement. |
| |
Keywords: | Pesticide formulations Formulation trends Conventional formulations Safer formulations Seed treatment formulations Surfactants Adjuvants Bioenhancement |
本文献已被 SpringerLink 等数据库收录! |
|