大气污染对居民健康影响研究进展

随着经济飞速发展,中国面临严峻的大气污染形势,这给人群健康造成极大威胁.本文在梳理国内外文献的基础上,从研究内容和方法出发归纳评述大气污染对居民健康的影响.从中可以发现,当前研究内容集中在宏观区域层面健康损失核算、健康损失的经济代价评估及控制大气污染的潜在健康收益等方面,微观个体层面的研究相对匮乏.其中,微观个体层面又以国外流行病案例研究为主,国内研究尚处于定性的起步阶段.大气污染对居民健康影响的定量评估方法呈增多趋势,除元分析、泊松回归、人力资本法、支付意愿法和疾病成本法外,投入产出和可计算的一般均衡模型等也得到广泛应用.总体来看,大气污染对居民健康的毒性作用机制主要表现为长期慢性和短期急性效应,同时也涉及社会经济、自然条件、行为偏好及个体生理等诸多要素,虽然当前研究深度和广度大为拓展,但未来仍需加强国内流行病案例研究、注重宏观区域与微观个体的融合、聚焦健康视角下污染物削减分配及重视基础数据库建设等,以期为构建系统的大气污染与居民健康分析框架奠定基础.

Review of Research on the Impacts of Atmospheric Pollution on the Health of Residents

With the rapid development of the economy, the atmospheric pollution in China has become very severe, and poses a great threat to human health. On the basis of relevant research achievements at home and abroad, this paper summarizes the impact of atmospheric pollution on the health of residents from the two aspects of research content and method. It was found that current research is mainly focused on calculating the health losses, evaluating the economic cost of health losses, and analyzing the health benefits of controlling atmospheric pollutants at the macro level, while studies at the micro level are relatively scarce. Moreover, current studies at the micro individual level is mostly empirical research related to epidemic cases abroad; however, domestic research at the micro individual level is still at the initial stage of qualitative analysis. In addition, the quantitative assessment method of atmospheric pollution on the health of residents is also improving. Apart from methods in common use (meta-analysis, Poisson regression model, human capital method, willingness to pay method and disease cost method), there are other methods that are widely used (input-output model and computable general equilibrium model). In general, the effects of atmospheric pollution on resident health include both chronic and short-term acute effects, and involve many other factors as well, such as socioeconomics, natural conditions, behavioral preferences, and personal physiology. Although the depth and breadth of the research are expanding, and the level of discipline integration is being continuously improved, it is necessary to strengthen domestic epidemiological studies, to pay attention to the integration of macro (regions) and micro (individuals), to focus on the reduction and distribution of atmospheric pollutants from a health perspective, and to attach importance to the construction of a basic database in the future to provide a scientific basis for establishing a systematic framework for the analysis of the effects of atmospheric pollution on the health of residents.