我国畜禽粪便重金属含量特征及土壤累积风险分析

由于饲料中微量元素的添加,造成畜禽粪便中重金属元素的环境污染风险增高.本文通过各地畜禽粪便样品采集分析和文献查阅等途径,搭建了我国畜禽粪便重金属元素含量数据库,使用统计学方法系统分析了我国畜禽粪便中重金属含量特征及不同来源畜禽粪便重金属的含量差异;在此基础上,借助农田土壤重金属流动模型进行情景分析,定量了施用畜禽粪便时土壤中主要污染元素的累积速率和对应的最大施用年限.结果表明,我国畜禽粪便中各重金属元素含量分布为偏态分布,镉(Cd)、铅(Pb)、铬(Cr)、砷(As)、汞(Hg)、铜(Cu)、锌(Zn)和镍(Ni)的含量(mg·kg~(-1))范围分别为未检出(ND)～147、ND～1 919、0. 003～2 278、ND～978、ND～103、ND～1 747、ND～11 547和1. 22～1 140,均值(中位值,mg·kg~(-1))分别为2. 31(0. 72)、13. 5(8. 96)、36. 3(12. 0)、14. 0(3. 52)、0. 97(0. 07)、282(115)、656(366)和21. 8(13. 1),均值比中位值高1～13倍.依据我国有机肥行业标准NY 525-2012,畜禽粪便中Cd、Pb、Cr、As和Hg的超标率分别为12. 3%、2. 58%、2. 76%、20. 6%和3. 69%;按照德国腐熟堆肥标准,Cu、Zn和Ni的超标率分别为53. 9%、45. 7%和0. 59%.我国畜禽粪便中Cd、As、Cu和Zn的超标率比较高,达到10%以上.不同区域畜禽粪便重金属含量也有明显差异,山东省畜禽粪便As、Cd平均含量最高,分别是全国平均含量的1. 7倍和10. 1倍,江西省畜禽粪便Cu、Zn含量相对最高,分别是全国含量均值的2. 1倍和2. 4倍;华东沿海地区畜禽粪便重金属含量相对较高.不同来源畜禽粪便重金属含量存在一定差异,猪粪中Cd、As、Hg、Cu、Zn、Ni这6种元素平均含量分别是牛、羊、家禽粪便的1. 0～3. 0、1. 8～6. 8、1. 1～15. 8、4. 9～17. 5、2. 7～12. 0和1. 7～2. 1倍;家禽粪的Pb含量最高,其均值分别是对应猪、牛、羊粪便的2. 8、2. 5和2. 2倍.进一步预测施用不同来源动物粪便后土壤重金属累积风险,发现超过90%的情形下,Cd的累积速率低于0. 02 mg·(kg·a)~(-1); Pb累积速率均低于0. 15 mg·(kg·a)~(-1),施用家禽粪便情景下Cr累积速率最大,最大值达到了0. 28 mg·(kg·a)~(-1).

Heavy Metal Contents in Animal Manure in China and the Related Soil Accumulation Risks

The environmental risks posed by heavy metals (HMs) in animal manure are increasing because of the use of trace metals as additives in feedstuffs. Manure samples were collected, and published literature was reviewed in this study to systematically analyze the HMs content in animal manure and compare the results to different sources of animal manures. Results show that the distribution of HMs content in animal manure was skewed. The ranges were between not detected (ND)-147 mg·kg^-1 for Cd, ND-1919 mg·kg^-1 for Pb, 0.003-2278 mg·kg^-1 for Cr, ND-978 mg·kg^-1 for As, ND-103 mg·kg^-1 for Hg, ND-1747 mg·kg^-1 for Cu, ND-11547 mg·kg^-1 for Zn, and 1.22-1140 mg·kg^-1 for Ni. The means (medians) of those elements were 2.31(0.72) mg·kg^-1, 13.5(8.96) mg·kg^-1, 36.3(12.0) mg·kg^-1, 14.0(3.52) mg·kg^-1, 0.97(0.07) mg·kg^-1, 282(115) mg·kg^-1, 656(366) mg·kg^-1, and 21.8 (13.1) mg·kg^-1 for Cd, Pb, Cr, As, Hg, Cu, Zn, and Ni, respectively. Means were significantly higher (1-13 times) than the medians. According to maximum limits of Cd, Pb, Cr, As, and Hg for organic fertilizers NY 525-2012, about 12.3% (for Cd), 2.58% (for Pb), 2.76% (for Cr), 20.6% (for As), and 3.69% (for Hg) of the data were above the limits. According to the composting regulations of Germany, about 53.9% (for Cu), 45.7% (for Zn), and 0.59% (for Ni) exceeded the maximum limits. The heavy metal contents in animal manure of different regions differs significantly. As and Cd contents in animal manure in the Shandong Province tend to be higher with their average values at 1.7 times and 10.1 times of the mean contents for national scale, respectively; the heavy metal contents in eastern China tend to be higher. Cd and As contents in animal manure tend to be higher in Northeast and Eastern China, while Cu and Zn contents were higher in Eastern and South China. After comparing HMs content in different sources of manures, we found that Cd, As, Hg, Cu, Zn, and Ni mean contents in pig manure were 1.0-3.0 times, 1.8-6.8 times, 1.1-15.8 times, 4.9-17.5 times, 2.7-12.0 times, and 1.7-2.1 times that of cattle manure, sheep manure, and poultry manure. The Pb content in poultry manure was the highest, with the mean being 2.8, 2.5, and 2.2 times higher than pig manure, cattle manure, and sheep manure, respectively. When recycling animal manure into the crop field, the accumulation rates for Cd were under 0.02 mg·(kg·a)^-1 in over 90% of the circumstances and the accumulation rates for Pb were all below 0.15 mg·(kg·a)^-1. When applying poultry manure, Cr in soil is easily accumulated with the maximum accumulation rate of 0.28 mg·(kg·a)^-1.