Processes for water reclamation |
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| Institution: | 1. Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton S017 1BJ, UK;2. Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK;3. Bird Conservation Nepal, P.O. Box 12465, Kathmandu, Nepal;4. Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation, G.P.O. Box 860, Babarmahal, Nepal;5. RSPB Centre for Conservation Science, Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, Sandy, SG19 2DL, UK;6. RSPB Centre for Conservation Science, The David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge CB2 3QZ, UK;7. United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge CB3 0EL, UK;8. BirdLife International, The David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge, CB2 3QZ, UK;9. BirdLife International Asia, Tanglin International Centre, Tanglin Road, S274672, Singapore;10. Animal and Environment Research Group, Department of Life Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge CB1 1PT, UK;11. Department of Geography, Kings College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK;12. Grantham Institute for Climate Change and the Environment, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK;1. Bioproducts, Sciences and Engineering Laboratory, Washington State University, Tri-cities, 2710 Crimson Way, Richland, WA, 99354, USA;2. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Environmental Restoration Department, 5515 Bridgeport Circle, Livermore, CA, 9455, USA;3. Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA;4. Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA;1. Department of Applied Economics and Statistics, University of Delaware, Postal address: 226 Townsend Hall, Newark, DE 19716, USA;2. Department of Resource Economics and Environmental Sociology, University of Alberta, Canada;3. Department of Economics, University of Windsor, Canada;1. Faculty of Business, Education, Law and Arts, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Queensland 4350, Australia;2. International Centre for Applied Climate Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Queensland 4350, Australia |
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| Abstract: | Water treatments fall into two broad classes; those that remove or destroy specific classes of pollutants, i.e. color, metal ions, hardness, sediment, bacteria, etc., and those that remove water from nearly all of the pollutants. The first class includes sedimentation, biological treatment by microbes, chemical precipitation, adsorption on active carbon or ion exchange resins, and disinfection. The second class includes distillation, freezing and reverse osmosis (RO). The first class are the least expensive in terms of energy and have a long history of successful use on a large scale to reclaim water containing sewage. Most of the second group are energy intensive and have been used primarily on a moderate scale. All processes, except disinfection, leave a residual sludge or brine that contains a substantial quantity of water.Many of the problems of treating waste water for reuse on Earth stem from the fact that waste water carries pathogenic organisms from one location to another and may spread disease over long distances. In a closed group, such as in a Space Station, there are so many other routes for transfer of microorganisms, i.e. in the air, on surfaces, by hand-to-mouth, that undue emphasis on disinfection of water is inappropriate. Successful examples of water reuse on Earth are reviewed in terms of their possible application in space. |
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