Terrestrial physical and chemical processes for liquid waste treatment |
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| Institution: | 1. Newcastle University, School of Civil Engineering of Geosciences, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom;2. Universidade Federal do Ceará, Department of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil;1. Université de Corse Pascal Paoli, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Département d’Hydrogéologie, Campus Grimaldi, BP 52, F-20250 Corte, France;2. CNRS, UMR 6134, SPE, F-20250 Corte, France;3. Institute of Hydrobiology, Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Na Sádkách 7, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic;1. Center for Clinical Heart Research, Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway;2. Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway;3. Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway;1. Centre for Ultrasonic Engineering, Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Royal College Building, 204 George Street, Glasgow G1 1XW, United Kingdom;2. WestCHEM Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Technology and Innovation Centre, 99 George Street, Glasgow G1 1RD, United Kingdom |
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| Abstract: | Experiences gained from full-scale evaluation of advanced treatment processes used for reclaiming wastewaters should help in the evaluation of potential treatment systems for treatment and reuse of water in space. Water Factory 21 is a 0.66 m3s−1 (15 million gallons per day) water reclamation plant in California that has been in operation since 1976. The plant receives biologically treated wastewater. Lime treatment is effective for removal of heavy metals. Volatile organic constitutes are efficiently removed by air stripping. Non-volatile organic constituents are removed by activated carbon adsorption and reverse osmosis (RO). RO is a highly effective polishing step, and removes most of the remaining materials including inorganic salts, heavy metals, and organics. RO removed 85% of the total organic carbon, down to about 1 mg 1−1, which is lower than in many treated drinking waters. The series of treatment processes used insured virus and pathogen removal, with lime treatment and chlorination together proving highly effective. Sufficient data has been collected to provide statistically reliable confidence limits to be set on the performance of each unit process. |
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