日本环境管理咨询体系研究

环境执政能力已成为亚洲发展中国家的主要议题之一.政府通过立法、政策、行政和制度手段,可确保实现良好的执政.作为经济、政治和社会现代化的制度手段之一,环境咨询体系(EAS)在日本得以建立.其针对公众不断增长的对环境净化和保护的需求,增加公众参与政府决策过程的力度.强化环境执政能力的经验教训:①EAS产生的背景,即日本工业化和城市化初期几十年的环境退化和环境立法的艰难历程表明,公众对国家和地方政府的环境保护压力与日俱增.②识别了从"防治污染措施咨询委员会"(ACAP)发展到"中央环境咨询委员会"(CEAC)和"内阁全球环境委员会"(CGEC)的主要变化因素、内容和作用.ACAP主要考虑制定污染防治政策,监测、评估和补偿环境污染(如水俣病、痛痛病、呼吸道疾病等)造成的损害.CEAC和CGEC越来越多地涉及到环境保护中,包括地方、国家及全球尺度的污染预防和环境应急准备.

Environmental Advisory System in Japan

Environmental governance has become one of the major issues in developing countries of Asia.There could be many ways to ensure good environmental governance,such as legislative,policy,administrative and institutional measures.As an illustration of such institutional measures in one of the early starters of economic,political and social modernization,the environmental advisory system(EAS) installed at the local and national levels in Japan was singled out as one of the institutional mechanisms to deal with the rising popular demand for environmental clean-up and protection and to enhance popular participation in the decision-making processes at all levels of government.The author set the second agenda in the paper with a view to providing some lessons for developing Asian countries to ensure good EG.First,to provide as background to the EAS many decades of painful experiences of environmental degradation that Japan had undergone and environmental legislation that Japan had undertaken since the beginning of its industrialization and urbanization and the rising popular pressures on local and national governments for environmental protection.Second,to identify major factors responsible for the change and its substance and functioning from the Advisory Council on Anti-Pollution Measures(ACAP) to the Central Environmental Advisory Council(CEAC) and the Cabinet-level Global Environmental Council (CGEC) chaired by the Prime Minister,concomitant with the upgrading of Environmental Protection Agency(EPA) to the Ministry of the Environment(MOE),currently a hot issue in China and elsewhere.Unlike ACAP concerned mainly with anti-pollution policy formulation,monitoring and evaluation as well as compensation to the environmentally disadvantaged resulting from specific environmental pollution such as Minamata methyl-mercury pollution,Itai-Itai limb and joint paralysis, Yokkaichi respiratory disease,and Niigata Minamata.CEAC and CGEC have been increasingly involved in a full spectrum of environmental conservation and protection,including pollution prevention and environmental preparedness,respectively,at the local and national levels and at the global level.