碳酸盐岩地区矿山酸性排水的产生及其防治初探

尾矿中的硫化物在空气、水、微生物等的作用下,发生一系列的物理化学反应,形成矿山酸性排水(AMD)。在碳酸盐岩地区,由于尾矿和围岩中都含有大量对酸具有中和效应的碳酸盐矿物,于是人们一直认为碳酸盐岩地区的尾矿不存在酸污染。而如广西大厂、广东凡口及大宝山、贵州牛角塘等碳酸盐岩地区矿山的尾矿却存在着严重的酸污染,其主要原因是碳酸盐矿物在中和酸水过程中,表面会形成阻止反应进一步进行的次生包壳,碳酸盐矿物的实际中和量达不到其理论值。矿山酸性排水携带大量的重金属离子,对碳酸盐岩地区的生态环境及矿山工程设施带来严重的危害。针对碳酸盐岩地区尾矿自身的特殊性,对新建尾矿堆采用覆盖法,而对已经产酸的尾矿用渗透反应栅法,是防治这类尾矿酸化的有效方法。

Discussion on Acidic Mining Drainage Production and Prevention in Carbonate Rock Area

The sulphide in tailings produces acidic mining drainage（AMD） after a series of physical and chemical reactions with air,water,microorganisms.People once have considered that the tailings in carbonate rock areas will not cause acid pollutions because the carbonate minerals in tailings and surrounding rocks have neutralization effect.But there are serious acid pollutions in typical carbonate rock areas like Dachang of Guangxi province,Fankou and Dabaoshan of Guangdong province,Niujiaotang of Guizhou province,etc.The main cause is that in the process of carbonate mineral neutralization,the secondary minerals precipitate and adhere to the surface of carbonate minerals and stop further response,so the actual neutralization dose can not meet the theoretical value.Acidic mining drainage carries large amounts of metal ions which could bring serious damage to ecological environment and mine engineering facilities in carbonate rock areas.According to the characteristics of tailings in carbonate rock areas,the most efficient method for acidification of tailings is to adopt covering method for new tailings and permeable reactive barriers for acidified tailings.