Nitric acid measurements in connection with corrosion studies |
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| Institution: | 1. IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, P.O. Box 5302, SE-400 14 Gothenburg, Sweden;2. CNR-Istituto Inquinamento Atmosferico, Via Salaria Km 29, 3 CP 10, I-00016 Monterotondo Scalo, Rome, Italy;3. Department of Applied Physics, University of Athens, Panepistmioupolis, Bldg. Phys-5, 157 84 Athens, Greece;4. Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, University of Maryland, 3419 Computer & Space Sciences Building, College Park, MD 20742, USA;1. Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Ion and Electron Beams (Ministry of Education), Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning,116024, China;2. Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100190, China;1. NASA Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, OH, United States;2. Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States;3. Yeshiva University, New York, NY, United States;1. Plasma and Beam Physics Research Facility, Department of Physics and Materials Science, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;2. Science and Technology Research Institute, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;3. Thailand Center of Excellence in Physics, Commission on Higher Education, 328 Si Ayutthaya Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand;4. Department of General Science, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok 10110, Thailand;5. Western Digital Thailand Co. Ltd., Ayutthaya 13160, Thailand |
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| Abstract: | Atmospheric nitric acid does not only contribute to acidification and eutrophication but causes also deterioration of many materials. Material belonging to our cultural heritage is irreplaceable and its lifetime can depend on the corrosion rate. Nowadays, only very few long-term measurements of nitric acid concentration in Europe and elsewhere have been published so far. Due to the fact that atmospheric corrosion is a long-term effect, the relevant research does not necessarily require monitoring of nitric acid on a daily basis. Moreover, power supply is often not available at sites where it is of interest to study the corrosion rate of objects belonging to our cultural heritage. Besides, such measurements must not disturb the impression of the objects. In this context, the diffusive sampling technique provides average concentrations over long-term periods at a low cost. In addition, the samplers used are noiseless, comparatively small in size, and thus, their ambient exposure can be made inconspicuously and with discretion. The present paper is focussed on an intensive corrosion study, which was performed at 11 rural and 23 urban sites in Europe and one rural site in Canada during 2002/2003. For the above-mentioned reasons, the diffusive sampler's technique was employed for the nitric acid monitoring, where the diffusive samplers were first tested against the denuder technique and bi-monthly measurements of nitric acid were thus obtained. The bi-monthly concentrations varied from 0.05 to 4.3 μg m?3 and the annual averages from 0.16 to 2.0 μg m?3. The observations collected, depicted a summertime maximum and a wintertime minimum in the nitric acid concentrations, except at the northern rural sites, where a maximum in the winter was observed. Furthermore, the observed nitric acid concentrations in Southern Europe were higher than in Northern Europe. In a few places, close to the sites of urban measurements, rural measurements of nitric acid were also performed. The obtained nitric acid concentrations were higher in the cities, especially during the period of maximum concentrations. |
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