青年奥林匹克运动会期间南京市主要大气污染物浓度变化与分析

为了解青年奥林匹克运动会期间南京市主要大气污染物浓度变化趋势,通过南京空气质量发布系统实时监测的数据,对青奥会举办前(2014年8月3日—16日)、举办期间(2014年8月17日—28日)以及举办之后(2014年8月29日—9月9日)南京市主要大气污染物浓度变化特征进行比较分析,结果表明,青奥会前的14 d南京市PM2.5、PM10、SO2、NO2、O3浓度均值为51.6、72.2、13.5、33.1、41.7μg·m-3,青奥会期间各浓度均值为37.9、49.1、12.4、36.5、38.8μg·m-3,大气污染物浓度下降显著;而在青奥会之后,随着减排措施的取消,南京市大气污染物浓度均呈现反弹上升的趋势,各浓度均值依次为56.1、79.6、15.3、38.5、58.6μg·m-3.不同时段,PM2.5、PM10、SO2和O3浓度变化特征相似,均为青奥会之后青奥会之前青奥会期间,而NO2为青奥会之后青奥会期间青奥会之前.PM2.5、PM10、SO2、NO2日变化呈现双峰型,O3呈现单峰型的特点.     

乌鲁木齐市大气污染物浓度的变化特征

利用乌鲁木齐2014年3月1日至2015年2月28日PM2.5、PM10、SO2、CO、NO2、O3浓度的日平均数据,结合相应气象要素资料,分析了大气污染物浓度的逐日变化、季节变化特征.建立了基于气体污染物的PM2.5浓度预测模型,探讨了污染物浓度与气象要素的相关性.结果表明:(1)整个1年期间PM2.5、PM10、SO2、NO2、O3年平均浓度分别为67.9、159.3、24.9、56.1、31.5μg·m-3,CO为1.4 mg·m-3.(2)各污染物浓度频率分布不一.期间SO2的污染并未超标,NO2超标率为15.3%,说明"煤改气"能源结构的调整对SO2浓度的降低起到了积极作用,但是由于机动车保有量的增加,使得机动车排放的NO2浓度超过了燃煤.(3)PM2.5与PM10、SO2、CO、NO2、O3具有很强的相关性,尤其与SO2、CO、NO2更为明显,说明机动车尾气和化石燃料的燃烧是乌鲁木齐市PM2.5的重要来源,此外,建立了基于气体污染物的PM2.5浓度预测模型为:CPM2.5=0.21376CPM10+0.42422CSO2+41.66384CCO-0.24325CNO2+0.12466CO3-24.15316.(4)PM2.5、SO2和CO均与气温和水汽压存在较大的负线性相关关系,与O3呈显著的正相关关系.相对湿度与O3浓度的相关性最高为-0.62,与CO有一定的正相关关系,与其他污染物的相关性不大.风速对大气污染的影响较小.日照时数对污染物也有一定影响.     

武汉市三类不同大气污染过程下大气污染物特征及潜在源区分析

为了探讨武汉市不同类型大气污染过程中大气污染物变化特征,分析对比了沙尘、秸秆燃烧和霾污染过程中大气污染物(SO2,NO2,CO,O3,PM2.5和PM10)的变化特征及其影响因素。使用HYSPLIT模式计算了不同类型污染过程中气团轨迹,并利用潜在源区贡献(potential source contribution function,PSCF)和浓度权重轨迹(concentration weighted trajectory,CWT)分析方法,揭示了武汉市不同类型污染过程中大气污染物的潜在源区分布及其贡献特性。结果表明,不同类型污染下大气污染物变化不同。沙尘天主要以PM10污染为主,平均浓度为408.8μg/m^3,是干净天的5.9倍,PM2.5/PM10仅为29%。霾过程中主要以PM2.5污染为主,平均浓度为182.8μg/m^3,是干净天的3.7倍,PM2.5/PM10为90.4%。秸秆燃烧过程中大气污染物浓度均不同程度地增加,其中PM2.5、PM10和SO2的浓度分别为100.2μg/m^3,155.4μg/m^3和23.7μg/m^3,是干净天的1.8倍,1.6倍和1.6倍。表明,不同类型污染下大气污染物的日变化不同,不同类型污染过程中大气污染物的潜在源区差异较大。沙尘期间大气污染物的主要潜在源区为安徽、河南南部、沙尘源区的内蒙古和甘肃等地区。霾过程中大气污染物的主要潜在源区为湖南东北部、湖北东部、安徽西南部、浙江西部、江西北部和河南南部。秸秆燃烧过程中大气污染物的主要潜在源区为安徽、江苏西南部和河南东南部。     

沈阳市大气PM2.5中水溶性离子的季节变化特征

为研究沈阳市大气中PM2.5及其水溶性离子的污染特征、季节差异和来源情况,使用URG-9000D在线监测系统对沈阳市2019年大气颗粒物进行连续的采样分析,并利用正交矩阵因子分析法(PMF)进行污染物的来源解析.结果 表明,2019年沈阳市秋冬季节PM2.5质量浓度变化受相对湿度影响较大,冬季PM2.5平均质量浓度达到85.76 μg·m-3,细粒子污染较为严重.沈阳市大气PM2.5中SNA(SO42-、NO3和NH4+)所占比重表现为春季最高秋季最低;夏季SO42-和NH4+浓度较高,而NO3-浓度较低.SO42-在夏季呈单峰型日变化,与NO3-变化趋势相反.春夏秋三季NH4+与SO42-、NO3-主要结合为(NH4)2SO4和NH4NO3,冬季NH4+主要以(NH4)2SO4和NH4HSO4的形式存在.沈阳市存在较强的SO2和NOx二次转化现象,且各季节中SO2的转化率均高于NO2.PMF源解析结果表明,二次源对沈阳市大气污染贡献最大,夏秋季生物质燃烧和冬季燃煤源贡献同样不可忽视.     

西安冬、夏季PM2.5中水溶性无机离子的变化特征

为探讨西安市冬、夏季水溶性无机离子的季节和空间变化特征,2010年1月和7月分别在西安城区4个站点及上风区高陵(GL)和下风区黑河(HH)连续采集2周的PM2.5样品,使用离子色谱仪分析样品中水溶性无机离子成分.结果表明,PM2.5质量浓度冬季明显高于夏季,空间变化表现为:城区站点浓度均值(172.6μg.m-3)>上风区点GL(98.9μg.m-3)>下风区点HH(81.0μg.m-3).水溶性无机离子浓度总和占PM2.5质量浓度的41.8%,其中SO24-、NO3-和NH4+是水溶性离子的主要成分,分别占总离子质量浓度的35.1%、22.6%和12.2%.Na+、Ca2+和Mg2+在冬、夏季浓度相差不大,而SO24-、NO3-、NH4+以及K+、Cl-等均明显表现为冬季浓度高于夏季.SO24-、NO3-和NH4+在冬、夏季空间变化均表现为城区站点>GL>HH,这3种离子夏季在大气中的主要存在方式为NH4HSO4和NH4NO3,而冬季主要以(NH4)2SO4、NH4NO3和NH4Cl形式存在.NO3-/SO24-的比值为0.64,表明西安市固定源仍是主要污染贡献源,但是移动源所占比例较之前研究有所上升,应采取一定措施控制机动车数量并加强排放监控.     

遂宁市大气细颗粒物污染现状及成因

通过研究遂宁市环境空气质量变化趋势、城区空气颗粒物组成及浓度变化,系统分析了遂宁市雾霾天气的污染状况及成因,并横向比较了四川省内各城市的空气质量.研究结果表明,细颗粒物(PM2.5)是遂宁市环境空气中的主要污染物.2012年遂宁市大气中PM2.5浓度值为35—119μg·m-3,平均值为68μg·m-3.2013年1—4月,PM2.5浓度值为21—120μg·m-3,达标率不到50%.尤其在2013年3月,PM2.5/PM10由62.0%—87.2%降低为45.3%.由此判断遂宁市环境空气质量主要受细颗粒物类型、气象条件以及大气污染物长距离迁移等因素影响,其中细颗粒物的最主要来源为机动车尾气排放,并提出了细颗粒物污染防治的对策措施.     

北京市大气PM2.5中四种水溶性阴离子的水平变化比较

了解北京市城区和郊区大气细颗粒物中的四种水溶性阴离子F-、Cl-、SO42-、NO3-的浓度水平,并分析影响其水平高低的因素。使用聚四氟乙烯滤膜分别采集北京市城区和郊区大气中的PM2.5,用纯水提取后采用离子色谱法测定水溶性阴离子质量浓度。采样期间北京市大气PM2.5、F-、Cl-、SO42-和NO3-质量浓度几何均数分别为55.36、0.02、0.46、6.72和1.09μg·m-3,四种水溶性阴离子质量浓度总和占PM2.5质量浓度的19.14%;同一季节(春季)郊区监测点大气PM2.5、SO42-和NO3-质量浓度显著高于城区监测点;城区大气PM2.5与四种水溶性阴离子质量浓度秋季高于春季,但差异无统计学意义;大气PM2.5与Cl-、SO42-和NO3-质量浓度均高度相关。Cl-、SO42-、NO3-是北京市大气PM2.5的重要组成成分。     

北京市大气PM_(2.5)中四种水溶性阴离子的水平变化比较

了解北京市城区和郊区大气细颗粒物中的四种水溶性阴离子F-、Cl-、SO42-、NO3-的浓度水平,并分析影响其水平高低的因素。使用聚四氟乙烯滤膜分别采集北京市城区和郊区大气中的PM2.5,用纯水提取后采用离子色谱法测定水溶性阴离子质量浓度。采样期间北京市大气PM2.5、F-、Cl-、SO42-和NO3-质量浓度几何均数分别为55.36、0.02、0.46、6.72和1.09μg·m-3,四种水溶性阴离子质量浓度总和占PM2.5质量浓度的19.14%;同一季节(春季)郊区监测点大气PM2.5、SO42-和NO3-质量浓度显著高于城区监测点;城区大气PM2.5与四种水溶性阴离子质量浓度秋季高于春季,但差异无统计学意义;大气PM2.5与Cl-、SO42-和NO3-质量浓度均高度相关。Cl-、SO42-、NO3-是北京市大气PM2.5的重要组成成分。     

西安市春季大气细粒子的质量浓度及其水溶性组分的特征

为了探讨西安市春季大气细粒污染物的污染水平及水溶性组分的特征及来源,2005年3—5月对西安大气PM2.5进行了观测,并应用离子色谱对其中的水溶性组分进行了分析。结果显示,西安市春季大气PM2.5的质量浓度为159.9μg·m-3。分析的11种阴阳离子(Na 、NH4 、K 、Mg2 、Ca2 、F-、Cl-、Br-、NO2-、NO3-和SO42-)质量浓度占PM2.5的30%,表明水溶性组分是大气细粒子的主要组成之一。NH4 、SO42-和NO3-为水溶性离子的主要组分,其平均质量浓度分别为6.6、20.1和7.6μg·m-3,在总水溶性离子中的百分比分别为12.4%、47.4%和16.9%,SO42-和NO3-质量浓度与能见度有较好的负相关性,表明细粒子中二次气溶胶组分对能见度有显著的影响。阴阳离子的平衡和pH值的测定结果显示,西安市大气细粒子污染物为弱酸性。离子间的相关性分析揭示水溶性离子在颗粒物中主要结合方式为(NH4)2SO4、NH4HSO4、NH4NO3、KHSO4和K2SO4。Mg2 和Ca2 的相关性也较好,其摩尔比率为0.07,小于中国北方沙漠和黄土的平均值(0.15),揭示二次扬尘和建筑扬尘等过程对Ca2 的质量浓度影响较大。计算的NO3-/SO42-质量浓度比值的均值为0.38,说明固定排放源(燃煤)对细粒子中水溶性组分的贡献大于移动排放源(机动车)。     

北京市大气PM_（2.5）中四种水溶性阴离子的水平变化比较

了解北京市城区和郊区大气细颗粒物中的四种水溶性阴离子F-、Cl-、SO42-、NO3-的浓度水平,并分析影响其水平高低的因素。使用聚四氟乙烯滤膜分别采集北京市城区和郊区大气中的PM2.5,用纯水提取后采用离子色谱法测定水溶性阴离子质量浓度。采样期间北京市大气PM2.5、F-、Cl-、SO42-和NO3-质量浓度几何均数分别为55.36、0.02、0.46、6.72和1.09μg·m-3,四种水溶性阴离子质量浓度总和占PM2.5质量浓度的19.14%;同一季节（春季）郊区监测点大气PM2.5、SO42-和NO3-质量浓度显著高于城区监测点;城区大气PM2.5与四种水溶性阴离子质量浓度秋季高于春季,但差异无统计学意义;大气PM2.5与Cl-、SO42-和NO3-质量浓度均高度相关。Cl-、SO42-、NO3-是北京市大气PM2.5的重要组成成分。     

Intercontinental transport of air pollution

There is an increasing interest on the intercontinental transport of air pollution among the three main emission regions at northern mid-latitudes: North America, Europe, and East Asia. Air pollutants with sufficient long lifetime can be transported from one continent to another. Observations from ground sites, aircraft and satellites have demonstrated this intercontinental-scale transport of air pollutants in the free troposphere. Numerical models have been applied to understand the pathways of the transport and the impact of intercontinental pollution transport. This paper reviews current observational evidence and modeling studies of intercontinental transport of ozone and its precursors, and the resulting impacts on air quality.     

Characteristics of major volatile organic hazardous air pollutants in the urban air of Kaohsiung city

The concentrations and characteristics of volatile organic hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) in the urban city of Kaohsiung from motor vehicles and dense pollutant sources has become a national concern. To continuously monitor volatile organic HAPs, sampling sites were selected near the four air-quality monitoring stations established by Ethe nvironmental Protection Administration of Taiwan ROC, namely Nan-tz, Tso-ying, San-min and Hsiao-kang, from north to south. An on-site automated online monitor of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) was used for continuous monitoring. This study performed two consecutive days of 24-h monitoring of five volatile organic HAPs form August to October 2005 at the four monitoring sites, which cover the northern, central, and southern areas of Kaohsiung city. The average monitored concentration was 2.78–4.84 ppb for benzene, 5.90–9.66 ppb for toluene, 3.62–5.90 ppb for ethylbenzene, 3.73–5.34 ppb for m,p-xylene, 3.38–4.22 ppb for o-xylene, and 4.48–7.00 ppb for styrene. The average monitored concentrations of the major volatile organic HAPs tended to follow the pattern San-min > Nan-tz > Hsiao-kang > Tso-ying. Among all the species monitored in this study, toluene had the highest ambient concentration, followed by styrene, m,p-xylene, ethylbenzene, o-xylene, and benzene. The results showed that the concentration at night was higher than that in the day for toluene at Nan-tz, San-min, Hsiao-kang, and for benzene at Nan-tz and Hsiao-kang.     

空气清新剂中挥发性有机物的组成及其对室内空气质量的潜在影响

研究调查了广州市各大型超市销售的14个品牌,15种不同香型,共26个盒装空气清新剂中挥发性有机物（VOCs）的成分.通过顶空GC-MS分析获得的结果可以看出各个空气清新剂的成分组成差别较大,即使是相同香型的产品,其中的化合物种类和百分比浓度都不尽相同.定性出94种化合物,包括烯烃18种,醇类15种,醛类14种,酮类4种,醚类5种,酚类1种,酯类25种及其它化合物12种,其中萜类化合物约占总化合物数量的40%.β-月桂烯、罗勒烯、苧烯、苯乙醇、乙酸苄酯、β-蒎烯、β-水芹烯、伞花烃、1-甲基-4-（1-甲基乙烯基）苯、里拉醇等化合物在各种清新剂中出现频率为100%.空气清新剂中萜类化合物与臭氧反应,可生成二次有机气溶胶,对室内空气质量造成影响.     

Functional zoning for air quality

Environmental local agencies have to enforce European directives that impose a land classification, according to air quality status, to distinguish zones needing further actions from those needing only maintenance. This paper presents a land classification in zones featured by different criticality levels of atmospheric pollution, considering pollutant time series as functional data: we call this proposal “Functional Zoning”. Our proposal is articulated in order to also meet two specific requirements: upscaling pollutant concentration data to the municipality scale, since municipalities are the reference territorial administrative units for undertaking actions; aggregating different pollutants in order to provide a multi-pollutant zoning outcome reflecting the air quality status. Specifically, we present three different alternatives to upscale data from a regular grid to the municipality scale. Then, to aggregate by pollutant, we evaluate two strategies summarizing time series: the assessment of an air quality index and the use of the Multivariate Functional Principal Component Analysis (MFPCA). The partition of municipalities is obtained by clustering air quality time series and MFPCA scores. In particular, the proposed functional zoning is carried out for Piemonte (Northern Italy), considering the hourly concentration fields of the main pollutants. We obtain six classifications of the same land and we propose a comparison study of the different strategies’ results, by mapping and analyzing the differences between clusters’ labels. By taking into account the comparison study’s findings, we finally suggest an analysis strategy to environmental agencies and policy makers to obtain an easily interpretable outcome at a very reasonable computational cost.     

Health impacts of air pollution in China

•Impacts of air pollution on various body systems health in China were highlighted. •China’s actions to control air pollution and their effects were briefly introduced. •Challenges and perspectives of the health effects of air pollution are provided. The health effects of air pollution have attracted considerable attention in China. In this review, the status of air pollution in China is briefly presented. The impacts of air pollution on the health of the respiratory system, the circulatory system, the nervous system, the digestive system, the urinary system, pregnancy and life expectancy are highlighted. Additionally, China’s actions to control air pollution and their effects are briefly introduced. Finally, the challenges and perspectives of the health effects of air pollution are provided. We believe that this review will provide a promising perspective on the health impacts of air pollution in China, and further elicit more attention from governments and researchers worldwide.     

The economics of enforcing air pollution controls

The goal of this paper is to determine the likely effect on a firm's control actions of alternative implementation and enforcement policies available to the control agency. Three alternatives are studied, legal enforcement through the new source performance standards set forth by EPA, and two effluent fee enforcement alternatives. First, a generalized model of the effects of implementation and enforcement policies on the firm's control action is developed. This model assumes that the firm is an expected cost minimizer. The model is then applied to the case of particulate matter discharges from coal-fired power plants in order to estimate empirically the effect of policy alternatives on the firm's control efforts. Finally, the results of the model and its empirical application are used to develop policy functions which relate control to the values of various policy parameters. These results lead us to several policy recommendations.     

Indoor air quality and academic performance

I examine the effect of school indoor air quality (IAQ) on academic outcomes. I utilize a quasi-natural experiment, in which IAQ-renovations were completed at virtually every school in a single Texas school district at different points in time, combined with a panel of student-level data to control for many confounding factors and thereby uncover the causal effect of IAQ-renovations on academic outcomes. Results indicate that performance on standardized tests significantly improves while attendance is unresponsive to improvements in IAQ. Rough calculations suggest that IAQ-renovations may be a more cost-effective way to improve standardized test scores than class size reductions.