电絮凝法去除微污染水中氨氮的研究

考察了不同反应条件下,电絮凝法对微污染水中氨氮的去除效果及其影响因素,并探究了反应机制。结果表明:电絮凝法对于微污染水中的氨氮有较好的去除效果,且去除率随着电流密度和电解时间的增加而提高;初始pH过高或者过低都不利于氨氮的去除,在弱碱性时去除效果最佳;静沉时间对去除率的影响甚微。在电流密度为3.42mA/cm2、电解时间为30min、初始pH为7.0~9.0、静沉时间为20min的条件下,电絮凝法对微污染水中的氨氮具有最佳去除效果。     

电絮凝法处理石油裂化催化剂废水

针对石油裂化催化剂废水高盐高浊、水质水量变化大的特点,采用电絮凝工艺对其进行处理,并对初始p H、极板间距、电流密度及电解时间等工艺条件进行了优化。结果表明,电絮凝法对石油裂化催化剂废水有较好的除浊效果,在最优工艺参数(初始p H=8,极板间距为1.5 cm,电流密度为25 m A/cm2,电解时间为40 min)条件下,电絮凝对废水浊度和SS的去除率分别在97%和95%以上,出水浊度和SS分别低于5 NTU和15 mg/L;电絮凝过程平均电耗为0.723(k W·h)/m3,铝阳极平均损耗为0.1497 kg/m3,主要成本为铝阳极损耗。电絮凝法适于石油裂化催化剂废水的处理,可操作性强,应用前景良好。     

电絮凝-超滤组合技术处理含铜废水

采用电絮凝-超滤(electrocoagulation-ultrafiltration,EC-UF)组合技术对含铜废水中的铜离子进行了处理实验研究。讨论了电流密度、初始pH、初始铜浓度和初始电导率等因素对铜的去除效果和膜污染的影响,并分析了这些影响因素对EC-UF组合技术效率的作用机制。结果表明,在电流密度J=50 A·m~(-2)、初始铜浓度C(Cu~(2+_)≤40 mg·L~(-1)、初始pH=4~8、初始电导率σ=2 m S·cm~(-1)、电解时间20 min的条件下,废水中铜的去除率达到99.6%并有效的减缓了膜污染。本研究为EC-UF组合技术除铜的实践应用提供了科学依据。     

电絮凝对电厂循环冷却水中硬度的去除

以某电厂冷却塔循环冷却水为处理对象,利用电絮凝法,以铝板为牺牲阳极去除水中的Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+),分别考察了电絮凝过程中不同电流密度、电解时间、溶液初始pH、阳极极板数量对总硬度去除率的影响。结果表明:增加电流密度、延长电解时间有利于Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)的去除;当电流密度为10 mA·cm~(-2),电解时间为90 min时,Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)去除率分别达到93.5%和95.8%,总硬度去除率为94.6%;相对于酸性和中性条件,碱性条件更有利于Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)的去除,当初始pH为10时,Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)去除率分别达到85.4%和97.7%,总硬度去除率为93.5%;随极板数量的增加,Ca~(2+)和总硬度去除率均有所提高;投加Na_2CO_3有利于Ca~(2+)和总硬度的去除。上述结果可为进一步提高电絮凝过程中总硬度的去除率提供参考。     

电絮凝-离子交换-生化法处理化学镀铜废液

采用电絮凝-离子交换-厌氧-好氧膜生物反应器(MBR)法处理印刷线路板化学镀铜废液。结果表明,电絮凝在pH为6.0,电流密度为50 m A/cm2、电解时间2 h的条件下,COD去除率约为71.5%,Cu去除率为86%左右,可生化指数从0.11提高到0.30。采用大孔苯乙烯系螯合型阳离子树脂吸附回收铜,在pH为5时,树脂对铜去除率最大,饱和吸附量为31.28 g/kg。流速为6 BV/h时,穿透时间为298 min,处理水量884 m L。选用质量分数为15%的盐酸作为解吸剂,解吸率可达96.4%。离子交换出水进行厌氧-好氧MBR法处理。电絮凝-离子交换法-厌氧-好氧MBR工艺能有效处理化学镀铜废液,生化出水COD浓度低于250 mg/L,铜浓度低于0.5 mg/L,达到广东省《水污染物排放限值(DB44/6-2001)》中COD和总铜的三级排放标准。     

电絮凝─超滤协同去除水中的腐殖酸

采用电絮凝-超滤(electrocoagulation-ultrafiltration,EC-UF)技术协同去除水中腐殖酸(HA),主要考察了电流密度、初始pH、初始HA浓度、初始电导率等因素对HA去除率的影响,解析了在这些影响因素下HA的去除机理,并对滤饼层特征和膜污染机制进行了研究。结果表明,在电流密度j=10 A·m~(-2)、初始pH=7、初始电导率σ0=1 000μS·cm~(-1)、电解时间为15 min的条件下,初始HA浓度为10 mg·L~(-1)时,EC-UF工艺对水中的HA的去除率可以达到97.3%,膜污染为可逆污染,被污染的膜经过清洗后通量可恢复到初始的94%。     

超声强化电絮凝处理洗车废水的试验研究

针对洗车行业对水资源的浪费及污染现状,采用超声强化电絮凝处理洗车废水.考察了电流密度、初始pH、极板间距、处理时间等因素对洗车废水处理效果的影响,并讨论了超声强化电絮凝机制.结果表明,超声强化电絮凝处理洗车废水的最佳条件是电流密度1,500 mA/cm2、初始pH无需调节、极板间距为1.5cm、处理20 min,COD与浊度去除率分别为68.77％、96.89％,出水达到《城市污水再生利用城市杂用水水质》(GB/T 18920-2002)要求.可见,超声能改变电絮凝反应动力学过程,强化电絮凝去除污染物效果.     

电絮凝处理煤层气产出水

采用电絮凝法处理煤层气产出水,通过铁和铝2种电极材料的处理效果的比较,选择铝电极进行实验,研究了电极间距、原水pH值以及电流密度等因素对电絮凝处理效果的影响。实验结果表明,电絮凝法对煤层气产出水的化学需氧量(COD)和固体悬浮物(SS)具有良好的去除效果,原水pH接近中性时处理效果较好,电絮凝处理过程中不需添加可溶性盐和改变pH值。实验中确定的电絮凝处理条件为:电极间距1 cm,电流密度30 A/m2,反应10 min后,出水的COD、SS分别为9.6 mg/L和8.5 mg/L,去除率分别达到75.1%和88.8%,出水pH为7.8,电能消耗为1.75 kWh/m3。     

微絮凝-超滤-膜系统深度处理印染废水

针对二级处理后达标排放的印染废水,采用微絮凝-超滤-膜系统组合工艺深度处理,研究了超滤对污染物的去除效果以及对后续膜系统运行的影响。结果表明,超滤可以有效地去除废水中的浊度,去除率高达98.5%,对COD、色度和总溶解固体(TDS)也有一定的去除率,分别为17%、10%以下和5%;超滤的运用可以大大延长后续膜系统的化学清洗周期,间接提升膜系统产水总量,产水水质符合印染生产要求,成本仅为1.8元/t,整套工艺具有较好的应用前景。     

电絮凝法处理重金属底泥清淤尾水

采用电絮凝法处理湘江霞湾港重金属底泥清淤尾水,研究了电极转换方式、起始p H值和电流密度对尾水中各污染物去除效果的影响。实验结果表明,采用先由铁作为阳极反应20 min,然后转换铝作为阳极反应10 min的组合方式,当起始p H值为6,电流密度为100 A·m-2时,Cd、Zn、Cu、Pb、Hg、As、NH+4-N和TP的去除效率分别可以达到99.2%、98.6%、99.3%、98.4%、99.5%、99.7%、84.8%和95.9%。电絮凝法去除尾水中重金属的主要机制是分布于悬浮物中的重金属主要通过疏松态铝的絮凝以及氢气的气浮作用去除,而分布于过滤液中的重金属主要以其氢氧化物沉淀去除。     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Patterns of volatile metabolites and nonvolatile trichothecenes produced by isolates of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Stachybotrys,Fusarium, Trichoderma,Trichothecium</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Memnoniella</Emphasis>

We reported previously that trichodiene, a volatile trichothecene derivative, was produced by a Stachybotrys isolate, also known to produce highly cytotoxic, non-volatile, macrocyclic trichothecenes (satrotoxins). We investigated the relationship between the production of trichodiene and various non-volatile trichothecenes for several molds. Volatile metabolites were concentrated by adsorption on Tenax TA and analyzed by GC/MS, while non-volatile metabolites were separated by HPLC, derivatized and analyzed by GC/MS. Stachybotrys chartarum isolates producing macrocyclic trichothecenes secreted significantly larger amounts of trichodiene and other sesquiterpenes than isolates which only produced simple trichothecenes. The amounts of secreted trichodiene were relatively small in all cases. With the exception of Memnoniella, which excreted small amounts of sesquiterpenes, the other isolates produced varying amounts of sesquiterpenes, including trichodiene, as well as simple tricothecenes, no detectable trichodiene, but large amounts of griseofulvin derivatives. In Stachybotrys there is apparently a correlation between trichodiene and macrocyclic trichothecene production. In the remaining isolates, there was no simple relationship between trichodiene and non-volatile trichothecene synthesis. Trichodiene is produced in larger amounts by Stachybotrys isolates, which also produce satratoxins, but it will be difficult to utilize this metabolite to detect toxic isolates in buildings due to the relatively small amounts excreted.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.     

Radionuclides and trace elements in fish collected upstream and downstream of Los Alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the consumption of muscle and bone

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine radionuclide and trace element concentrations in bottom‐feeding fish (catfish, carp, and suckers) collected from the confluences of some of the major canyons that cross Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) lands with the Rio Grande (RG) and the potential radiological doses from the ingestion of these fish. Samples of muscle and bone (and viscera in some cases) were analyzed for ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,240Pu, and ²⁴¹Am and Ag, As, Ba, Be, Cr, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, and Tl. Most radionuclides, with the exception of ⁹⁰Sr, in the muscle plus bone portions of fish collected from LANL canyons/RG were not significantly (p<0.05) higher from fish collected upstream (San Ildefonso/background) of LANL. Strontium‐90 in fish muscle plus bone tissue significantly (p<0.05) increases in concentration starting from Los Alamos Canyon, the most upstream confluence (fish contained 3.4E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [126E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]), to Frijoles Canyon, the most downstream confluence (fish contained 14E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [518E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]). The differences in ⁹⁰Sr concentrations in fish collected downstream and upstream (background) of LANL, however, were very small. Based on the average concentrations (±2SD) of radionuclides in fish tissue from the four LANL confluences, the committed effective dose equivalent from the ingestion of 46 lb (21 kg) (maximum ingestion rate per person per year) of fish muscle plus bone, after the subtraction of background, was 0.1 ± 0.1 mrem y^‐1 (1.0 ± 1.0 μSv y^‐1), and was far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem y^‐1 (1000 μSv y^‐1). Of the trace elements that were found above the limits of detection (Ba, Cu, and Hg) in fish muscle collected from the confluences of canyons that cross LANL and the RG, none were in significantly higher (p<0.05) concentrations than in muscle of fish collected from background locations.     

Radionuclides in pinon pine (Pinus edulis) nuts from los alamos national laboratory lands and the dose from consumption

Abstract

One of the dominant tree species growing within and around the eastern portion of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM, lands is the pinon pine (Pinus edulis). Pinon pine is used for firewood, fence posts, and building materials and is a source of nuts for food—the seeds are consumed by a wide variety of animals and are also gathered by people in the area and eaten raw or roasted. This study investigated the (1) concentration of ³H, ¹³⁷Cs, ⁹⁰Sr, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu, and²⁴¹ Am in soils (0‐ to 12‐in. [31 cm] depth underneath the tree), pinon pine shoots (PPS), and pinon pine nuts (PPN) collected from LANL lands and regional background (BG) locations, (2) committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) from the ingestion of nuts, and (3) soil to PPS to PPN concentration ratios (CRs). Most radionuclides, with the exception of ³H in soils, were not significantly higher (p < 0.10) in soils, PPS, and PPN collected from LANL as compared to BG locations, and concentrations of most radionuclides in PPN from LANL have decreased over time. The maximum net CEDE (the CEDE plus two sigma minus BG) at the most conservative ingestion rate (10 lb [4.5 kg]) was 0.0018 mrem (0.018 μSv); this is far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem (1000 μSv). Soil‐to‐nut CRs for most radionuclides were within the range of default values in the literature for common fruits and vegetables.     

Degradation and sorption of imidacloprid in dissimilar surface and subsurface soils

Degradation and sorption/desorption are important processes affecting the leaching of pesticides through soil. This research characterized the degradation and sorption of imidacloprid (1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) in Drummer (silty clay loam) and Exeter (sandy loam) surface soils and their corresponding subsurface soils using sequential extraction methods over 400 days. By the end of the incubation, approximately 55% of imidacloprid applied at a rate of 1.0 mg kg^?1 degraded in the Exeter sandy loam surface and subsurface soils, compared to 40% of applied imidacloprid within 300 days in Drummer surface and subsurface soils. At the 0.1 mg kg^?1 application rate, dissipation was slower for all four soils. Water-extractable imidacloprid in Exeter surface soil decreased from 98% of applied at day 1 to > 70% of the imidacloprid remaining after 400 d, as compared to 55% in the Drummer surface soil at day 1 and 12% at day 400. These data suggest that imidacloprid was bioavailable to degrading soil microorganisms and sorption/desorption was not the limiting factor for biodegradation. In subsurface soils > 40% of ¹⁴C-benzoic acid was mineralized over 21 days, demonstrating an active microbial community. In contrast, cumulative ¹⁴CO₂ was less than 1.5% of applied ¹⁴C-imidacloprid in all soils over 400 d. Qualitative differences in the microbial communities appear to limit the degradation of imidacloprid in the subsurface soils.     

Biochemical interaction of six op delayed neurotoxicants with several neurotargets

Abstract

Five organophosphorous insecticides: Leptophos, EPN, Cyano‐fenphos, trichloronate and salithion proved to cause irreversible ataxia not only to chicken but also to mice and sheep. TOCP was included as a reference. Cyanofenphos blocked the catecholamine B‐receptor binding activity with ³H‐norepinephrine at a level similar to that of the specific inhibitor propranolol in the mouse heart preparation. In the lamb heart preparation, the B‐receptor was more sensitive to Leptophos, salithion and TOCP than to propranolol. The six compounds and their oxons were screened for their in‐vitro inhibition to monamine oxidase (MAO), acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) and neurotoxic esterase (NTE) in the brain of either mouse, lamb or chicken. It is believed that their AChE inhibition stands for their acute toxicity, while NTE inhibition is responsible for their paralytic ataxia.