高应变速率反挤压超塑Zn-Al_(22)合金管材

此文简要地叙述了工业性试生产Zn-Al_(22)超塑性管材的工艺流程。采用慢速等液面浇注法和几次均匀化处理实现晶粒细化。在ε=2×10~(-2)S~(-1)的高应变速率下进行反挤压Φ49×2.25×250mm管材1200只,超塑性能最高值δ=1620％,流变应力σ_b=2.36MPa。     

镁合金净化技术研究

利用金相分析、电镜、岛津材料试验机等方法研究了不同净化工艺对镁合金力学性能、组织、断口形貌的影响。结果表明 ,对于AZ91镁合金 ,精炼剂的用量不宜超过 3 .5 % ,浇注温度应控制在 72 0～ 730℃。采用熔剂、吹氩和过滤的复合净化处理工艺可以有效清除镁熔体中的夹杂物和气孔 ,使镁合金的性能得到极大的提高。经复合净化处理后的AZ91的σb和δ可分别达到 2 0 6 .1MPa和 5 .2 1 %。金相观察表明 ,净化处理对金相组织无明显的影响 ,不改变AZ91镁合金的断裂机理 ,断口均成准解理断裂     

5CrMnMo钢的组织超塑性

5CrMnMo钢经热处理组织超细化后,在660～720℃、初始应变速率为(0.6～3.0)×10~(-2)分~(-1)的变形条件下,具有良好的超塑性:最终延伸率δ_T可达300～480％,最大流变应力σ_(max)仅40～50MPa,m值为0.4左右,成功地实现了铜触指热锻模型腔的超塑成形。     

萘乙二胺偶氮光度法测定苯胺的探讨

试验了萘乙二胺偶氮光度法测定苯胺的反应。结果表明 ,显色温度在 2 5℃ ,显色时间为 40min ,通过标样分析 ,相对误差为 - 0 2 %。对 4个废水水样进行测定结果表明 ,回收率在 97%～ 10 2 %之间。     

H2O2湿式氧化处理含酸性红B染料模拟废水的研究

用H2 O2 作氧化剂 ,在连续式的压力反应器内探索了WPO(过氧化氢湿式氧化法 )、CWPO(催化过氧化氢湿式氧化法 )氧化降解含酸性红B染料模拟废水的过程 ,分别考察温度、压力、氧化剂量及催化剂对反应过程与对象污染物降解的影响规律 .结果表明 ,与常规湿式氧化法相比 ,WPO能在较低的温度和压力下降解结构稳定的有机物 ,在 2 2 0℃、8min、0 1MPa时 ,含1 5 0 0mg·L-1 酸性红B染料模拟废水的COD和色度的去除率分别达到 6 0 5 0 %和 96 80 % .同时发现 ,通过升温和增加过氧化氢的投加量不能够使废水COD和色度的去除率进一步提高 ,故引入Cu2 作催化剂来实现CWPO过程 ,在 2 2 0℃、8min、0 1MPa条件下 ,CWPO对同一废水的COD和色度的去除率分别达到 82 5 0 %和 99 71 % .通过计算得出CWPO与WPO相比基于COD的表观活化能降低了 6 5 93 % .     

荧光光度法测定车间空气中氰化物

氰化物有剧毒 ,准确测定其含量十分重要。车间空气中氰化物的测定方法通常为异菸酸钠——巴比妥酸钠比色法 ,该法需在2 5℃至 40℃的环境中反应 40 min后吸光度才达最大值。本研究根据文献 ,利用荧光光度计测定车间空气中氰化物 ,该法的原理是氰化物在铜离子存在的条件下能将无色荧光素氧化成荧光素。实验证明 ,该法简单、快速 ,精密度和准确度较好 ,是一种值得推荐的方法。1　实验方法1 .1　仪器与试剂1 .1 .1　 RF— 5 40荧光分光光度计。1 .1 .2　无色荧光素贮备液称取 0 .0 3g荧光素于 2 5 0 ml烧杯中 ,加入无水乙醇 5 ml,加 1 0 ml水…     

化学工程固沙在塔里木沙漠公路沙害防治中的适宜性

由于天然材料日益紧缺 ,研制适宜于流动性沙漠地区公路沙害防治的人工替代材料势在必行 .结合塔里木沙漠公路沙害环境 ,实验室优选出 L VA、LVP、WBS和 STB 4种抗性较好的固沙剂 ,对其理化性能、粘结体力学性能和抗风蚀性能等测试结果表明 :颗粒粒径 0.2μm～ 0.5μm,粘度 12 Pa·s～ 15Pa·s;10℃～70℃温度下无沉淀 ,不燃烧 ;实验抗压强度 1.0 MPa～12.1 MPa;10℃～-20℃低温下重量损失率 0%～ 1.8%;紫外光照射 300h强度损失率 0%～ 42%;在 5m·s^-1～253m·s^-1实验风速下 ,风蚀量 0g·(106cm²·h)^-1～4.0 g·(106cm²·h)^-1 ;现场试验固结层厚度 0.2 mm～0.5mm,强度高 .化学工程固沙技术适宜于塔里木沙漠公路沙害防治 .     

苯酚降解菌红球菌PNAN5菌株(Rhodococcus sp.strain PNAN5)的分离鉴定、降解特性及其开环双加氧酶性质研究

分离到一株能以苯酚、苯甲酸、对甲酚、萘为唯一碳源和能源生长、具有同时降解单环和双环芳烃能力的细菌菌株,经生理生化、16SrRNA基因序列分析等鉴定为红球菌PNAN5菌株(Rhodococcussp.strainPNAN5).在实验条件下和在温度为20～40℃、pH7 0～9 0范围内菌株PNAN5降解苯酚的效率保持在80%～100%之间,苯酚浓度在2～10mmol·L-1范围内变化对降解效率没有明显的影响.该菌株通过邻苯二酚1,2 双加氧酶催化的开环途径降解芳烃,不同于已知的浑浊红球菌(R.opacus)是通过邻苯二酚2,3 双加氧酶催化芳烃降解.以细胞裂解液测定该酶的酶促反应动力学常数Km值为35 94μmol·L-1,Vmax为0 84μmol·L-1·min-1·mg-1.     

福建东山亲营山岩组变质岩石榴石-黑云母地质温度计的应用

福建东山苏峰山地区亲营山岩组含石榴石、黑云母和白云母。亲营山岩组原岩为泥质岩,经历了岩片俯冲、深埋挤压和逆冲3个构造-变质作用阶段,分别形成俯冲岩片(Ⅰ)、深埋挤压岩片(Ⅱ)和逆冲岩片(Ⅲ)。俯冲阶段为中温低压变质作用,深埋挤压阶段为高温中压进变质作用,逆冲阶段为高温低压退变质作用。石榴石、黑云母和白云母为主要变质矿物,均为无环带的均一矿物。选取相邻石榴石和黑云母矿物对作为地质温度计,结合白云母地质压力计,估算俯冲阶段温度为594～622℃,压力为0. 28～0. 52 GPa;深埋挤压阶段温度为629～655℃,压力为0. 6～0. 7 GPa;逆冲阶段温度为476～495℃,压力为0. 09～0. 1 GPa。     

N-甲基二乙醇胺/哌嗪溶液和氨水吸收二氧化碳的实验研究

MDEA/PZ溶液被认为是目前燃煤电厂煤燃烧后脱碳过程中一种很有应用前景的化学吸收剂.反应速率和气液平衡是研究CO2吸收剂的重要参数.因此,本文在一个加压湿壁塔实验台上,针对45%MDEA/5%PZ(质量分数)溶液进行实验研究,得到了溶液在20～60℃时的反应速率和在20～120℃之间低CO2负载量(<0.2mol·mol-1)条件下的CO2平衡分压,并拟合出了平衡分压的半经验关联式.鉴于氨水是目前另一种被广泛关注的CO2吸收剂,本文在相同的实验装置上,进行了5%氨水的吸收速率实验,并与MDEA/PZ的实验结果进行了对比.结果表明,两者在20℃和40℃之间的吸收速率接近,20℃时氨水的吸收速率略高,但MDEA/PZ溶液在40℃时的吸收速率高于氨水.基于研究结果,本文推荐45%MDEA/5%PZ溶液的吸收温度窗口应为40～60℃,氨水应为20～40℃.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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