桔皮水提液对铜绿微囊藻生长的抑制效果研究

桔皮水提液能显著抑制铜绿微囊藻的生长,定性滤纸过滤,0.45 μm滤膜过滤和0.22 μm滤膜过滤及高温灭菌水提液的预处理操作对其抑藻效果无明显影响. 当桔皮（干质量）水提液投加质量浓度大于1.0 g/L时,培养10 d时对铜绿微囊藻生长的抑制率可超过90%,抑制率随桔皮水提液投加质量浓度的升高而增大;当桔皮水提液的投加质量浓度低于0.1 g/L时,抑藻效果不明显. 在长期（40 d）培养试验中,投加低质量浓度（小于1.0 g/L）桔皮水提液的试验组中,铜绿微囊藻在培养后期生长迅速,某些试验组中出现促进铜绿微囊藻生长的现象;投加高质量浓度（大于1.0 g/L）桔皮水提液的试验组中,培养40 d内均保持接近于100%的抑制率. 透析袋分离试验表明,具有抑藻活性的物质存在于分子量小于3 500的组分中. 由试验结果可推测,桔皮水提液中含有某种或某些物质,可对铜绿微囊藻的生长产生抑制作用,且这些物质经121 ℃高温处理30 min后仍保持抑藻活性. 该抑藻物质易于自然降解,在长期培养过程中,其抑藻效果会逐渐消失.      

稻草秸秆发酵液的抑藻效应及其机理

为有效利用农业废弃物稻草秸秆进行抑藻,本研究对不同稻草秸秆进行了特定方式的发酵,测定了发酵液对常见淡水藻类的化感效应,探讨了其中抑藻作用强的发酵液抑藻机理.结果表明：与普通稻草秸秆发酵液相比,水稻分蘖枝发酵液对铜绿微囊藻的抑制效果显著好于普通稻草秸秆发酵液（P<0.05）,作用72h水稻分蘖枝发酵液抑制率为93.21%,168h为97.96%,而稻草秸秆发酵液120h抑制率为68.20%,168h抑制率反而显著下降,只有27.65%;前者Eh₅₀为14.073h,后者为21.036h;水稻分蘖枝发酵液对蓝藻（铜绿微囊藻）和绿藻（蛋白核小球藻、斜生栅藻）3种淡水藻均有良好抑制作用,对铜绿微囊藻抑制作用最佳（P<0.05）.在水稻分蘖枝发酵液胁迫下,铜绿微囊藻叶绿素a以及藻蓝蛋白（PC）和别藻蓝蛋白（APC）含量下降,藻细胞叶绿素自发荧光值持续降低,藻细胞结构破坏.推测水稻分蘖枝发酵液的抑藻机制之一是将藻细胞光合系统作为其攻击的靶点从而抑制藻类生长,并最终破坏细胞结构,引起细胞凋亡.     

典型植物化感物质对铜绿微囊藻生长的抑制效果评价

以铜绿微囊藻为研究对象,从抑制率,有效剂量,起效时间,抑制时效和使用成本等方面评价了酚酸类,生物碱类,脂肪酸和酯类共13种化感物质的抑藻效应.结果表明,生物碱类物质对微藻生长的抑制效果最强,其抑制率（>80%）高达酚酸类,脂肪酸和酯类化感物质的4~52倍,其抑藻时效也显著长于酚酸类,脂肪酸和酯类化感物质.生物碱类物质中,血根碱具有最大饱和抑制率（>90%）,但其单位剂量的抑藻率[11%/（mg/L）]仅为白屈菜红碱,芦竹碱和小檗碱的16%,49%和63%;白屈菜红碱对铜绿微囊藻的抑制作用最为灵敏高效,抑制铜绿微囊藻所需的最低剂量为0.2mg/L,最短时间为0.4d,且在2mg/L条件下便能维持7d以上的抑制时效.4种生物碱中,血根碱与白屈菜红碱的使用成本较高,超过芦竹碱和小檗碱的800倍.综合各项抑藻特性,植物化感物质的抑藻能力顺序前四为白屈菜红碱 > 小檗碱 > 血根碱 > 芦竹碱;抑藻成本顺序前四为：壬酸 < 芦竹碱 < 小檗碱 < PHBA.     

鄱阳湖灰化苔草浸泡液对铜绿微囊藻的化感作用

在室内控温、控光条件下,研究鄱阳湖洲滩优势植物灰化苔草浸泡液对铜绿微囊藻生长的影响。试验得到,灰化苔草浸泡液对铜绿微囊藻的抑制作用较高;枯灰化苔草浸泡液对铜绿微囊藻的抑制率在81%~88%,随浸泡液植物生物量含量的增加而增加,当浸泡液植物生物量含量大于24 g/L后对铜绿微囊藻抑制率差异较小;鲜灰化苔草浸泡液对铜绿微囊藻的抑制率大于90%,浸泡液植物生物量含量超过6 g/L时,对铜绿微囊藻抑制率差异较小;灰化苔草浸泡液中化感物质使微囊藻细胞直径较对照组减小8%~12%,藻细胞发生固缩现象;微囊藻细胞超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性在0.57~1.14 U/106cell之间占对照组的30%~60%,藻细胞内氧化活性降低,胞内过氧化氢物不能及时去除在胞内积累,单位藻细胞丙二醛(MDA)增加3~4倍,藻细胞膜脂过氧化使藻细胞生长受到抑制。实验结果得到鄱阳湖洲滩优势植物灰化苔草在夏季将对蓝藻水华产生抑制作用,这为开发和利用鄱阳湖岸滩优势植物苔草生态控藻提供基础实验数据。     

氮磷营养盐水平对灰化薹草浸泡液化感抑藻的影响

为了解不同氮、磷营养盐水平下植物化感作用对铜绿微囊藻生长的影响,以鄱阳湖洲滩优势植物灰化薹草为研究对象,在室内控温、控光无菌条件下,采用锥形瓶批式培养法,分别观测3组氮、磷营养盐水平〔5.0、0.5 mg/L（超富营养）;2.0、0.2 mg/L（富营养）;1.0、0.1 mg/L（中营养）〕条件下,灰化薹草质量浓度（以干质量计）为0（对照组）、0.05、0.1、1.5、3和6 g/L时,培养液中铜绿微囊藻细胞密度.通过对比分析铜绿微囊藻的生长曲线、最大比增长率和抑制率得到不同培养条件下铜绿微囊藻生长特征的差异.结果表明:在超富营养和富营养水平下,灰化薹草浸泡液对铜绿微囊藻的生长均呈现“低促高抑”现象,抑制率分别在-23.3%~26.1%和-10%~76.5%之间,由促转抑时灰化薹草质量浓度分别为3和1.5 g/L;而在中营养水平下抑制铜绿微囊藻生长,抑制率在1.6%~85.6%之间.铜绿微囊藻最大比增长速率随氮、磷营养盐水平表现为超富营养（0.81~0.88 d-1）>富营养（0.55~0.80 d-1）>中营养（0.40~0.76 d-1）.相同灰化薹草质量浓度对铜绿微囊藻的化感抑制作用,随氮、磷营养盐水平的增加而降低.3组氮、磷营养盐水平间最大比增长速率的差值,随灰化薹草质量浓度的增加而增大.研究显示,水体氮、磷营养盐对植物化感抑藻起着重要作用,因此利用植物化感控藻效果需综合考虑水体氮、磷质量浓度.      

亚硝酸型反硝化除磷污泥驯化方式的比较

以14d作为目标驯化时间,采用SBR反应器比较了厌氧-缺氧(亚硝酸盐一次投加)、厌氧-缺氧-好氧(亚硝酸盐一次投加)、厌氧-好氧+厌氧-缺氧-好氧(亚硝酸盐一次投加)、厌氧-好氧+厌氧-缺氧-好氧(亚硝酸盐连续投加)4种亚硝酸型反硝化除磷污泥驯化方式的优劣.结果表明,经厌氧-好氧+厌氧-缺氧-好氧(亚硝酸盐连续投加)方法驯化后的污泥,能承受的亚硝酸盐初始浓度最高为80mg/L,吸磷速率最高为14mgP/(gVSS·h),所需要的亚硝酸盐投加量较少,是一种较好的亚硝酸型反硝化除磷污泥快速驯化方法.     

2-氯苯甲酸的生物降解性能

分别用UASB与完全混合反应器对2-氯苯甲酸(2-CBA)在厌氧、好氧条件下的降解进行了小试研究.结果表明,在好氧条件下,经过驯化的污泥对2-氯苯甲酸去除率达80％以上,在与葡萄糖共基质的条件下2-氯苯甲酸的降解受到抑制;而在厌氧条件下,2-氯苯甲酸很难降解,且投加不同浓度的葡萄糖对2-氯苯甲酸的生物可降解性没有明显改善,其去除率均在20％以下.     

鄱阳湖洲滩菰浸泡液对铜绿微囊藻生长的影响

为了解鄱阳湖洲滩优势植物菰浸泡液对铜绿微囊藻生长的影响,通过控温、控光的无菌培养条件下,分析菰浸泡液中铜绿微囊藻细胞密度和藻细胞的理化指标的变化。实验结果表明,菰浸泡液对铜绿微囊藻的抑制率较高;培养到第7天时铜绿微囊藻的抑制率在81%～95%之间,并随菰浸泡液生物量含量的增加而增加,当菰浸泡液生物量8 g/L时铜绿微囊藻抑制率无显著差异(p0.05)。菰浸泡液对藻细胞产生化感作用可能的原因是化感物质使藻细胞内丙二醛(MDA)含量增加,细胞膜破坏,藻细胞直径缩短,这可能是化感物质导致藻细胞死亡的原因;在培养过程中观测到藻细胞胞外多糖含量增加,这将有利于微囊藻群体的形成而抵御化感抑制。可见,鄱阳湖洲滩优势植物菰浸泡液可抑制铜绿微囊藻的生长,防止藻类水华;该研究也可为菰在水环境中控藻提供基础数据。     

秸秆高固体厌氧消化预处理实验研究

农作物秸秆含有大量难降解的木质素,难于直接被厌氧微生物利用,降低了高固体厌氧消化技术处理农作物秸秆的效率.本研究采用4种不同化学药剂浸泡的方法对秸秆进行预处理以破坏木质素结构、加快高固体厌氧消化的进程.实验分别利用浸泡液COD浓度、COD溶出总量和14 d加速产气实验结果来表征预处理效果,考察了预处理药剂种类、浓度,预处理时间、温度,秸秆种类及其破碎程度等因素对预处理效果的影响.结果表明,NaOH溶液是预处理效果最好的药剂,提高秸秆的破碎程度和预处理温度,同样能提高预处理效果.利用4 mg/L的NaOH进行秸秆预处理,14 d加速产气实验共产气约1?500 mL(10　g秸秆);预处理24 h后其浸泡液COD浓度达到39?000　mg/L.经过NaOH溶液预处理,秸秆中难降解木质素的含量从28%下降到19%,有利于提高高固体厌氧消化技术处理秸秆的效率.     

大麦秆提取液对铜绿微囊藻生长的影响研究

大麦秆提取液是无害、高效的抑藻剂.未过滤大麦秆提取液对铜绿微囊藻的生长有显著的抑制效果,投加比例在10mL·L-1以上时,抑制效果与大麦秆提取液投加浓度之间无明显相关关系,6d后的抑制率均在95%以上,且培养液澄清透明;而通过0.22μm滤膜过滤后的大麦秆提取液对铜绿微囊藻的抑制效果不显著.在投加未过滤大麦秆提取液的培养液中发现大量原生动物,推测原生动物的吞食作用是大麦秆提取液抑制铜绿微囊藻生长的主要原因之一.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.