A2O工艺中N2O的产生与逸散特征

目前污水处理过程中产生温室气体的问题已经引起普遍关注。本文通过实验室小试,研究了不同污水水质条件下A2O工艺中N2O的产生特征,以及氧化亚氮还原酶编码基因nosZ含量对N2O产生量的影响。结果表明,在A2O工艺中的各单元均有N2O产生,其中厌氧池产生量最大,约占总产生量的32％～85％;A2O工艺产生的N2O主要通过逸散进入大气,少量随二沉池出水进入到环境中。N2O的产生量与污泥中nosZ的含量成负相关,而碳源和DO对含有nosZ基因的反硝化细菌有明显的影响,低DO环境和充足的碳源能够极大的促进其含量的提高,从而显著减少N2O的产生量。     

A/O和A2/O工艺对膜生物反应器处理焦化废水影响的研究

为提高膜生物反应器对焦化废水的处理效果,采用A/O和A²/O两种工艺的膜生物反应器处理焦化废水,通过对比处理效果、分析膜污染情况,寻求膜生物反应处理焦化废水的最优工艺。实验结果表明：A²/O工艺系统对酚、NH₃-N、COD的去除率分别为99%、90%和95%;A/O工艺系统对酚、NH₃-N和COD的去除率分别为97%、75%和93%。A²/O膜生物反应器系统对焦化废水中NH₃-N的去除效果明显优于A/O膜生物反应器系统,其反硝化率为50%～70%。对膜污染分析表明不同工艺对膜污染的影响不显著,A²/O工艺膜通量衰减59%,A/O工艺膜通量衰减56%。研究表明在膜生物反应器中,A²/O工艺对焦化废水的去除效果要优于A/O工艺。     

城市污水处理厂A2/O工艺的节能降耗途径研究

以北京某污水处理厂二期工程A²/O工艺为例,结合现场调查及小试试验,研究了A²/O工艺中降低供氧能耗的可行性。研究表明,已建污水厂A²/O工艺存在2种可操作的节能方法：一是严格控制曝气池中的DO,将DO控制在2～3 mg/L,避免过度曝气造成浪费;二是通过工艺调节,把好氧前段变成缺氧区,减少曝气段的长度,这种方式能节约17.1%的曝气量,同时增加约13.6%的TN去除率。     

倒置A2/O污水处理工艺的特点及应用实例

传统A²/O工艺在保证脱氮效果的同时除磷效果往往不佳。在充分分析传统A²/O工艺的基础上，提出了将缺氧池置于厌氧池前面，厌氧池后设置好氧池的分点进水倒置A²/O工艺。某污水厂的现场试验表明，在COD去除能力与常规A²/O工艺相当的情况下，倒置A²/O工艺的脱氮除磷功能明显优于常规A²/O工艺。     

MB(A2/O)处理城市污水富磷上清液的化学除磷研究

为开发新型除磷脱氮工艺,研制了将MBR和A²/O工艺相结合的新型MB(A²/O)反应器。研究了MB(A²/O)反应器处理城市污水厌氧富磷上清液的化学除磷,并分析了过程机理及特性。结果表明：对于TP在30～45 mg/L的富磷上清液,采用含20% Ca(OH)₂的工业石灰与P的最佳投加质量比为22.5;纯Ca(OH)₂与P的最佳投加质量比为5.6（摩尔比为2.5）;FeSO₄·7H₂O与P的最佳投加质量比为10.7（Fe^2＋与P的摩尔比为1.3）;Al₂(SO₄)₃·12H₂O与P的最佳投加质量比为12（Al^3＋与P的摩尔比为1.3）时,均可使出水TP稳定在0.3 mg/L以下;以石灰、NaOH的联合投加方式可大幅减少石灰投加量。     

A2/O-MBR工艺处理低负荷污水并回用

将A²/O生物处理单元与MBR相结合构建了的处理能力为2 000 m³/d的A²/O-MBR工艺,并应用于缺水地区校园生活污水的处理与回用。该系统运行稳定,运行阶段的实验结果表明,在进水COD为100~200 mg/L、NH₄⁺-N为19~33 mg/L、TN为25~43 mg/L、TP为3~5 mg/L和低碳氮比的情况下,出水水质优于《城市污水再生利用城市杂用水水质》 (GB/T 18920-2002) 的要求,且全部用于杂用及校园绿化等。经分析该工艺运行成本为0.96 元/m³,每年可节省自来水73万t,获得较好的环境效益与经济效益。     

污泥回流分离工艺（RSSP）除磷脱氮试验研究

介绍了一种新型的脱氮除磷工艺——回流污泥分离工艺（return sludge separate process）,及其运行情况。该工艺在传统的厌氧缺氧好氧（A²/O）的模式下,针对硝酸盐对厌氧释磷的抑制问题进行改进,提出回流污泥的气浮浓缩分离方案,以提高系统的脱氮除磷效果。研究结果表明,在进水COD为250～400 mg/L,NH⁺₄-N为30～45 mg/L,PO^3-₄-P为8～10 mg/L左右时,该工艺对NH⁺₄-N和PO^3-₄-P的去除率分别可达79.3%和95%。该系统与A²/O的平行比较数据表明,该系统能够提高氮磷综合处理效率,解决A²/O处理工艺中存在无效释磷和硝酸根抑制问题。     

负载V2O5-WO3/TiO2掺炭纤维脱除烟气中Hg0

通过固定床实验系统研究烟气脱除零价汞的实验,首先研究了滤袋常用的聚苯硫醚（polyphenylene sulfide,PPS）以及活性炭纤维（activated carbon fiber,ACF）在不同温度、不同气体组分下负载V₂O₅-WO₃/TiO₂催化剂,对模拟燃煤烟气中零价汞（Hg⁰）的脱除效果。然后对比研究了活性炭纤维协同滤袋常用纤维负载催化剂后,对模拟燃煤烟气中Hg⁰的脱除性能。结果表明,在汞蒸气入口浓度为50 μg/m³,纯N₂气氛下,当温度为25℃时,两者脱除率均能达到99%,当温度为200℃,负载催化剂的活性炭纤维脱除率在30%左右,PPS纤维仅为10%左右。在200℃情况下,模拟烟气的组分为N₂+O₂时,2种纤维的Hg⁰脱除率提高了10%~20%,当在混合气体中添加0.01‰后,负载催化剂的PPS纤维Hg⁰脱除率能达到80%,活性炭纤维Hg⁰脱除率能达到98%。当温度为200℃,模拟烟气的组分为N₂+O₂+HCl时,不同性能掺炭纤维负载催化剂后Hg⁰脱除率在69%~95%范围之间变化,其中PPS掺炭纤维对Hg⁰脱除效率最高达到95%,因此,负载V₂O₅-WO₃/TiO₂催化剂的PPS掺炭纤维能在高温烟气中保持较高的Hg⁰脱除率。     

超细粉煤灰基成型吸附剂的动态吸附实验

以粉煤灰为原料制备成型吸附剂,对水溶液中亚甲基蓝和Cr⁶⁺进行动态吸附研究,绘制穿透曲线,利用Origin软件对实验数据分析处理,得出穿透曲线的通式C_t=A₁－A₂〖〗1+(t/t₀)^p+A₁。结果表明,初始浓度C₀=25 mg/L,填料高度不同时,达到穿透点的时间随填料高度的增加而增加;填料高度h=200 mm,初始浓度不同时,达到穿透点的时间随初始浓度的增加而减小;该吸附剂对有机染料和重金属离子均有较好的吸附性能;穿透曲线通式的回归线性相关系数表明,该通式可很好地反映超细粉煤灰成型吸附剂的动态吸附过程。     

一体化A/O移动床生物膜反应器中DO、TN分布及脱氮效果研究

采用一体化A/O移动床生物膜法工艺,以模拟生活污水研究了该工艺的除碳脱氮效果,并对一体化移动床生物膜反应器的好氧区和缺氧区各纵向断面的COD、DO、NH₃-N、TN、NO^-₃-N和NO^-₂-N进行了检测,通过对缺氧区各断面的DO和TN浓度分布情况,分析了脱氮的产生过程。试验结果表明: 在水力停留时间HRT＝12 h,好氧区DO保持5 mg/L左右,COD进水浓度处于250～400 mg/L时,COD的去除率均在90%以上,且出水COD均在40 mg/L以下;TN进水浓度为20～50 mg/L时,NH₃-N去除率高于90%,其出水浓度可达到5 mg/L以下,脱氮效率也较高,TN去除率可达到65%～85%。COD和NH₃-N的浓度分布状况表明该一体化A/O移动床生物膜反应器的流态趋于全混式。     

分段进水SBR短程生物脱氮过程中N2O产生及控制

利用SBR,控制曝气量为60 L/h,利用在线pH曲线控制曝气时间,成功实现了短程生物脱氮过程,并考察了不同进水方式下SBR运行性能及N2O产量。结果表明,分段进水能够有效降低短程生物脱氮过程中外加碳源投加量。在原水进水碳氮比较低时,采用递增进水量的进水方式,能够有效降低生物脱氮过程中NO-2积累量,从而降低系统N2O产量。1次进水、2次等量进水和2次递增进水方式下,生物脱氮过程中N2O产量分别为11.1、8.86和5.04 mg/L。硝化过程中NO-2-N的积累是导致系统N2O产生的主要原因。部分氨氧化菌(AOB)在限氧条件下以NH+4-N作为电子供体,NO-2-N作为电子受体进行反硝化,最终产物是N2O。     

Effect of influent C/N ratio on N2O emissions from anaerobic/anoxic/oxic biological nitrogen removal processes

The problem of producing strong greenhouse gas of nitrous oxide (N₂O) from biological nitrogen removal (BNR) process in wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) has elicited great concern from various sectors. In this study, three laboratory-scale wastewater treatment systems, with influent C/N ratios of 3.4, 5.4, and 7.5, were set up to study the effect of influent C/N ratio on N₂O generation in anaerobic/anoxic/oxic (A²O) process. Results showed, with the increased influent C/N ratio, N₂O generation from both nitrification and denitrification process was decreased, and the N₂O-N conversion ratio of the process was obviously reduced from 2.23 to 0.05%. Nitrification rate in oxic section was reduced, while denitrification rate in anaerobic and anoxic section was elevated and the removal efficiency of COD, NH₄ ⁺-N, TN, and TP was enhanced in different extent. As the C/N ratio increased from 3.4 to 7.5, activities of three key denitrifying enzymes of nitrate reductase, nitrite reductase, and nitrous oxide reductase were increased. Moreover, microorganism analysis indicated that the relative abundance of ammonium-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB) were positively correlated with N₂O generation, which was reduced from (8.42 ± 3.65) to (3.61 ± 1.66)% and (10.38 ± 4.12) to (4.67 ± 1.62)%, respectively. NosZ gene copy numbers of the A²O system were increased from (1.19 ± 0.49) × 10⁷ to (2.84 ± 0.54) × 10⁸ copies/g MLSS with the influent C/N ratio elevated from 3.4 to 7.5. Hence, appropriate influent C/N condition of A²O process could optimize the microbial community structure that simultaneously improve treatment efficiency and decrease the N₂O generation.

     

一体式A/O反应器中不同碳硫比对除碳脱臭效率的影响

在污水处理领域同步除碳脱臭研究一直是个难题,本实验开发了一种新型同步除碳脱臭一体式A/O反应器,研究了该一体式A/O反应器处理不同碳硫比有机废水时的同步除碳脱臭功能。结果表明,碳硫比为30∶1时,即进水SO24-浓度为133 mg/L,该反应器总COD去除率可达到95%。在进水SO24-浓度不大于400 mg/L时,中间产物臭气硫化氢气可以完全去除,实现了同步除碳脱臭的功能,减少了在有机废水处理过程中的大量臭气的排放。微生物学角度分析,表明污泥中含有大量的硫细菌。     

A/O工艺N_2O的产生与释放的影响因素

采用A/O工艺,在连续运行条件下,以DO、SRT和硝化液回流比(R)为影响因素,对A/O生物脱氮工艺处理模拟城市生活污水过程中N2O的释放进行了研究。实验结果表明,SRT对A/O工艺N2O释放的影响最大,其次是DO,R的影响最小。N2O转化率随着SRT的升高而降低,当SRT从10 d升高到20 d时,总N2O平均转化率从0.319%下降到0.002%。总N2O转化率随着好氧池DO的升高先降低后有所升高,当DO分别为0.6 mg O2/L、1.2 mg O2/L、2.5 mg O2/L时,反应器的总N2O平均转化率分别为0.306%、0.007%和0.013%。R对N2O释放的影响差异不明显,总N2O平均转化率在300%时最低,为0.007%。N2O释放量最低的工艺运行条件组合是SRT为20 d、DO为1.2 mg O2/L、R为300%。     

Nitrous oxide generation in denitrifying phosphorus removal process: main causes and control measures

Despite the many benefits of denitrifying phosphorus removal process, the significant generation of nitrous oxide (N₂O), a potent greenhouse gas, remains a problem for this innovative and promising process. To better understand and more effectively control N₂O generation in denitrifying phosphorus removal process, batch experiments were carried out to investigate the main causes of N₂O generation, based on which the control measures were subsequently proposed. The results showed that N₂O generation accounted for 0.41 % of the total nitrogen removal in denitrifying phosphorus removal process, whereas, in contrast, almost no N₂O was generated in conventional denitrification process. It was further demonstrated that the weak competition of N₂O reductase for electrons and the high nitrite accumulation were the two main causes for N₂O generation, evidenced by N₂O production and reduction rates under different conditions. Accordingly, the reduction of N₂O generation was successfully achieved via two control measures: (1) the use of continuous nitrate addition reducing N₂O generation by around 91.4 % and (2) the use of propionate as the carbon source reducing N₂O generation by around 69.8 %.     

Impact of carbon source on nitrous oxide emission from anoxic/oxic biological nitrogen removal process and identification of its emission sources

Wastewater treatment is an important source of nitrous oxide (N₂O), which is a strong greenhouse gas and dominate ozone-depleting substance. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of carbon source on N₂O emission from anoxic/oxic biological nitrogen removal process. The mechanisms of N₂O emission were also studied. Long-term experiments were operated to evaluate the effect of three different carbon sources (i.e., glucose, sodium acetate, and soluble starch) on N₂O emission characteristics. And batch experiments, in the presence or absence of specific inhibitors, were carried out to identify the sources of N₂O emission. The ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and denitrifiers community compositions under different circumstances were also analyzed based on which the underlying mechanisms of N₂O emission were elucidated. The conversion ratios of N₂O in reactors with glucose, sodium acetate, and soluble starch were 5.3 %, 8.8 %, and 2.8 %, respectively. The primary process responsible for N₂O emission was nitrifier denitrification by Nitrosomonas-like AOB, while denitrification by heterotrophic denitrifiers acted as the sink. Reactor with sodium acetate showed the highest N₂O emission, together with the highest nitrogen and phosphate removal ratios. Carbon source has a significant impact on N₂O emission quantity and relatively minor effect on its production mechanism.     

A2/O工艺中的反硝化除磷

A2/O工艺是一种最简单的同步脱氮除磷工艺,但由于其系统中固有的基质竞争和污泥龄等矛盾,在实际应用中特别是处理低C/N比污水时脱氮除磷效率较低.反硝化除磷工艺作为近年来颇受关注的污水生物处理新技术.由于在脱氮除磷过程中可以在碳源利用上耦合,可从一定程度上缓解A2/O工艺中的基质竞争矛盾,使得其在处理低C/N比污水时也能实现较高的脱氮除磷效率.就反硝化除磷的技术原理,结合其在A2/O工艺中的最新研究成果及其控制策略,对A2/O工艺中的反硝化除磷的实现、维持及影响因素进行了分析和探讨,并对其发展方向进行了展望.     

连续流反应器污水硝化过程中的N2O释放

污水生物脱氮硝化阶段是温室气体一氧化二氮(N2O)的重要释放源。采用连续流反应器在2种进水氨氮(NH4-N,低氮反应器60 mg/L和高氮反应器180 mg/L)浓度条件下驯化硝化菌,并研究了不同初始NH4-N浓度和不同初始亚硝酸盐(NO2-N)浓度条件下所驯化硝化菌释放N2O的特征。结果表明在反应器运行过程中2个反应器释放N2O较少,均小于去除NH4-N浓度的0.01%;N2O的释放均随着初始NH4-N浓度或初始NO2-N浓度的升高而增加;不同初始NH4-N浓度条件下,低氮反应器驯化硝化菌的N2O释放率在0.51%~1.40%之间,高氮反应器驯化硝化菌在0.29%~1.27%之间;不同初始NO2-N浓度条件下,低氮反应器驯化硝化菌的N2O释放率在1.38%~3.78%之间,高氮反应器驯化硝化菌在1.16-5.81%之间。