Effects of landscape complexity on farmland birds in the Baltic States

Data on birds occurring in farmland in the Baltic States of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania were related to the spatial organisation of farmed habitats in three different agricultural landscape types. Species richness, abundance, and diversity of farmland bird communities, as well as abundance of the most frequently observed species were positively related to the number of residual non-cropped elements within farmland, the local mixture of annual crop and grass fields, and the variety of field types. The positive association of the species richness and abundance of the farmland bird community with richness in residual habitats and crops was most prominent in open landscapes. The results suggest that, by simplifying farmland structure and making it more homogenous, EU agricultural policies will have a detrimental effect on farmland bird populations in Eastern Europe. Ways of better targeting of the agri-environment schemes are suggested.     

Biodiversity,profitability, and vegetation structure in a Mexican coffee agroecosystem

We studied the relationships of bird and small mammal species richness, composition, and abundance to vegetation structure and economic profitability across a coffee intensification gradient in central Veracruz, Mexico. We conducted 2 years of point count censuses for summer resident birds, 2 years of Sherman live trapping for small mammals, and gathered vegetation structure data at 147 sampling points distributed over 16 sites spanning a cultivation intensification gradient. We calculated net annual revenue per hectare as an index of profitability from economic and management data collected during interviews with plantation owners/managers. Both the species richness and abundance of forest-affiliated birds were significantly greater in floristically and structurally diverse ‘bajo monte’ coffee and forest compared with commercial polyculture coffee, which was, in turn, significantly richer than statistically indistinguishable specialized shade and sun coffee. Mammal capture rates were extremely low at all but two sites. Forest bird species richness and abundance were explained by multiple linear regression models that included statistically significant effects of shade cover, percent of trees with epiphytes, and canopy height. We found no clear relationship between profitability and biodiversity, with biodiverse bajo monte coffee plantations ranking among the most profitable under all price scenarios. The high profitability of biodiverse bajo monte coffee systems was not dependent on the inclusion of long-term environmental costs or premium pricing systems. Our results demonstrate that high-biodiversity coffee cultivation can be compatible with high profitability, and has significant potential for conserving biodiversity in coffee-growing regions, but only as a substitute for low-biodiversity coffee cultivation, not forest.     

基于高通量测序技术分析青岛市典型海滩沉积物的微生物多样性

为了解青岛典型海滩沉积物环境中微生物群落结构的组成及差异性,采集了青岛市五大典型海水浴场的近海沉积物样品,利用高通量测序技术研究了不同沉积物环境中微生物群落结构的组成差异。结果表明,在门的水平上,五大海水浴场沉积物中变形菌门（Proteobacteria）占主导地位。主坐标分析（principal co-ordinates analysis,PCoA）的结果表明,五大海水浴场沉积物环境中的微生物群落结构组成存在明显差异（p<0.05）。通过比对致病菌数据库发现,五大海水浴场沉积物环境中检测到潜在致病菌属13种,包含致病菌种共有17种。其中,弧菌属（Vibrio）的相对丰度均高于其他潜在致病菌属,且在第三和金沙滩海水浴场中相对丰度最高,对海洋环境生态及海产品养殖造成一定的影响。     

Effects of organic and soil conservation management on specialist bird species

Bird abundance was assessed on a total of 58 farms across the Seine-et-Marne department, France (12 organic, 19 conservation-tillage and 27 conventional farms). Local abundance variations among the three farming systems were related to two species traits, i.e. habitat specialisation and diet, considering both farmland and non-farmland species. It was found that organic farming favoured specialist birds, either considering the whole community or non-farmland birds only. On the opposite, specialist farmland species were found to be less abundant in conservation-tillage farms than in conventional ones. Invertebrate-feeders were found to benefit from conservation-tillage practices compared to omnivorous species but not compared to granivorous ones; an interaction between species diet and the species specialisation level was also found. Granivorous species tended to increase with the conservation-tillage duration and in particular specialist birds.     

Patterns of bird abundance along the agricultural gradient of the Pampean region

Bird and land-use surveys were conducted along the agricultural gradient covering from pure croplands through mixed-farming to pure pastoral-farming scenario in the Pampean region of Argentina. Simple regression analyses were performed to analyse the responses of bird abundance to the percentage of land devoted to crop-production. The specific variables associated to bird abundance within both the crop and pastoral-farming landscapes were identified by running redundancy analyses (RDA). The abundance of 20 out of 43 species (47%) was significantly related to the percentage of cropland, finding negative (65%), positive (25%) unimodal (5%) and bimodal (5%) responses of birds to increasing intensity of crop production. The results showed three types of negative and two types of positive responses of bird abundance to the agricultural gradient. RDA revealed the importance of crop-field types in the crop-production scenario and of cattle presence and grass height in the pastoral-farming scenario for the structuring of the grassland bird community. As most species were negatively affected by crop production, the current land-use homogenisation towards high-intensity croplands will most likely result in population decline of many birds in the region.     

Does bird species diversity vary among forest types? A local-scale test in Southern Chile

Birds are the most diverse vertebrate group in Chile, characterized by low species turnover at the country-size scale (high alpha but low beta diversities), resembling an island biota. We tested whether this low differentiation is valid at a local scale, among six forest habitat types. We detected 25 bird species; avifauna composition was significantly different among habitat types, with five species accounting for 60 % of the dissimilarity. We found a higher level of bird assemblage differentiation across habitats at the local scale than has been found at the country-size scale. Such differentiation might be attributed to structural differences among habitats.     

随机森林算法在新疆物种丰富度影响因素研究中的应用

基于多源遥感数据及其产品,以2010年新疆地区鸟类与哺乳动物物种丰富度空间分布数据为基础,结合土地利用、植被、气候、地形等遥感数据产品,探讨了影响新疆地区鸟类和哺乳动物物种丰富度的各环境因子空间分布及其差异.通过随机森林算法对影响鸟类和哺乳动物种数的环境解释变量进行了重要性评估,同时采用探索性回归分析对物种丰富度与环境因子的关系进行建模,比较了鸟类和哺乳动物在草地、林地和耕地三种生境中的主要环境影响因子及其差异.结果显示：影响物种丰富度的环境因子中,植被生长状态与能量转换能力对鸟类丰富度十分重要,且草地的海拔高度重要性最高,为38.38%;耕地所处的气候类型对鸟类丰富度有明显影响,其中年均温重要性达到32.98%;哺乳动物的三种生境选择中气候和海拔条件十分重要,共占重要性的60%以上,最高达76.85%,在耕地中哺乳动物更看重气候而非植被生长情况;三种生境中鸟类和哺乳动物的最优模型及其影响因子均不同,耕地对于鸟类、林地对于哺乳动物的模型解释力最高,分别为69.9%和68.9%,随机森林和探索性回归分析均显示年均温、年降水量和海拔高度是哺乳动物丰富度差异的重要解释因子.     

Spatial variations of macrozoobenthos and sediment nutrients in Lake Yangcheng: Emphasis on effect of pen culture of Chinese mitten crab

We determined the effect of Chinese mitten crab (CMC) pen culture on the quantified spatial distribution of the macrozoobenthic community and sediment nutrients in Lake Yangcheng. Redundancy analysis indicated that water temperature, macrophyte occurrence, sediment type, and crab culture were the main environmental factors that influence the spatiotemporal macrozoobenthic distribution. Macrozoobenthic assemblages in the lake were characterized by eutrophic indicator species. In the most polluted estuaries, the abundance and diversity indices of the whole community and abundance of chironomids and oligochaetes were significantly depressed, and sediment carbon (C) and phosphorus (P) were significantly enhanced compared with those in the western, middle (MB), and eastern basin (EB). Crab culture in this lake had significant effects on the species composition of the macrozoobenthic community in one of three CMC culture pens (CP), and generally depressed the abundance of most chironomid and oligochaete species. Significantly increased diversity, evenness, sediment carbon and nitrogen content, and sediment C:P ratio in the CP were found compared with those in the three basins. However, no conspicuous difference in sediment P content between the CP and the two basins of MB and EB was detected. Our results showed that the enhanced diversity and evenness of macrozoobenthos might be associated with the joint effect of macrophyte planting and crab predation, and macrophyte planting may modify the effects of CMC culture by leading to disproportional accumulation of C and N in the sediment relative to P in the CP of the lake.     

我国鸟类特有种地理分布与气候要素关系的初步分析

分析了我国鸟类特有种与气候要素的关系. 结果表明:我国鸟类特有种中,分布区狭窄的有63种,分布区广泛的有8种,其中呈不连续分布的有38种,连续分布的有33种,留鸟有67种,候鸟有4种;大部分地区鸟类特有种丰富度较低,但在青海东南部、四川中部和西北部、甘肃南部等地区的丰富度较高;在93°E~121°E或26°N~39°N范围内鸟类特有种丰富度较高. 我国鸟类特有种分布受气候因素限制,年均气温过高或过低、年降水量过高或过低、过于干燥、辐照日数过长或过短等都将使鸟类特有种减少. 鸟类特有种的适宜气候可分为低温干燥、较高温湿度、高温高湿和中等温湿度等类型,但以低温干燥和中等温湿度型为主. 鸟类特有种丰富度与各气候要素相关系数较低,气候要素下丰富度变化呈抛物线型趋势,其中在年均气温为1~18 ℃,年降水量为500~1 300 mm的范围内丰富度较高.      

洪泽湖湿地资源保护与可持续利用研究

洪泽湖湿地生物多样性比较丰富，湿地植被群丛多样，重点保护鸟类种类众多，种群数量大。调查结果显示：洪泽湖湿地共鉴定出浮游植物165种、水生高等植物81种、浮游动物91种、底栖动物69种、鱼类102种、鸟类194种。我们研究了洪泽湖湿地的大气、河流、湖泊环境质量，在分析洪泽湖湿地的破坏程度和原因后，提出了洪泽湖湿地保护对策和可持续利用途径。     

Community richness and stability in agricultural landscapes: The importance of surrounding habitats

In this paper, the role played by habitat diversity in the landscape on species richness and on the stability of farmland bird communities was investigated. Species richness was estimated on 374 samples monitored in farmland by the French breeding bird survey during the 2001–2005 period. A capture–recapture approach was used to estimate species richness accounting for the variation in detection probability among species of the 100 most common species detected in farmland. Landscape structure and composition were measured both in farmland and in adjacent habitats. The independent effect of each variable on community richness and stability was further assessed using hierarchical variance partitioning and taking spatial autocorrelation into account. A strong matrix effect was detected: non-cropped land deeply influenced richness and stability of bird assemblages.     

城市化对上海市五角场地区鸟类群落的影响

从时间及空间2个尺度上分析了城市化对上海市五角场地区鸟类群落的影响。结果表明，城市化过程中五角场地区的鸟类急剧减少，种类数从128种降至46种，科的数目也减少近半，其原因主要是城市化导致鸟类栖息地丧失和栖息环境的改变。农田水网生境的消失直接导致游禽在该区域的全部消失，80%游禽和农田村居鸟类也随之迁出该区域。现存的鸟类群落组成以林区鸟为主，其次是灌丛鸟，主要分布在公园，学校等有大片绿地的区域，其组成特点与现有的园林系统植物群落结构直接相关。城郊自然保护地段仍孕育了大量的鸟类，但由于现有的园林绿化系统结构单一，且彼此分离，呈片断化，难以承担向城内输送物种的任务。一个具有复层混交立体且空间上连续的园林绿地系统是维持城区鸟类多亲性的物质基础。     

三峡工程对库区鸟类资源的影响评价

经1984—1986年的研究,在掌握三峡库区鸟类资源现状及特点的基础上对国内已建水库鸟类的变动情况进行考察,了解影响鸟类的各种因素,研究这些生态因子对鸟类群落的影响,采用统计学方法量化三峡工程对鸟类资源的影响程度,作出定性、定量的预断评价。 研究结果表明,兴建三峡水库必将引起适应原有生态环境的鸟类群落在组成、生态分布等方面的变化,一方面使珍稀鸟类、经济鸟类受到破坏,使已趋贫乏的森林鸟类更加贫乏;另一方面水禽资源将会增长。但总的影响是弊大于利。建坝150m和180m对不同群落的影响各异。高坝对森林和农田鸟类不利影响值均大于低坝30％;对水域鸟类的有利影响值,高坝为低坝的两倍。     

Protozoa of Lough Neagh,Northern Ireland,UK

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Potential effects of climate change on birds of the Northeast

We used three approaches to assess potential effects of climate change on birds of the Northeast. First, we created distribution and abundance models for common bird species using climate, elevation, and tree species variables and modeled how bird distributions might change as habitats shift. Second, we assessed potential effects on high-elevation birds, especially Bicknell’s thrush (Catharus bicknelli), that may be particularly vulnerable to climate change, by using statistical associations between climate, spruce-fir forest vegetation and bird survey data. Last, we complemented these projections with an assessment of how habitat quality of a migratory songbird, the black-throated blue warbler (Dendroica caerulescens) might be affected by climate change. Large changes in bird communities of the Northeast are likely to result from climate change, and these changes will be most dramatic under a scenario of continued high emissions. Indeed, high-elevation bird species may currently be at the threshold of critical change with as little as 1°C warming reducing suitable habitat by more than half. Species at mid elevations are likely to experience declines in habitat quality that could affect demography. Although not all species will be affected adversely, some of the Northeast’s iconic species, such as common loon and black-capped chickadee, and some of its most abundant species, including several neotropical migrants, are projected to decline significantly in abundance under all climate change scenarios. No clear mitigation strategies are apparent, as shifts in species’ abundances and ranges will occur across all habitat types and for species with widely differing ecologies.     

安西极旱荒漠国家级自然保护区鸟类资源的消长变化

1988-1989年安西极旱荒漠自然保护区进行了首次全面的综合考察,为了解1988年以来保护区鸟类资源的变化及其原因,2002-2004年又4次调查了该地区鸟类的种类及数量。15年来安西自然保护区的鸟类资源变化明显。鸟类种类新增加31种(其中甘肃新记录3种),但同时减少了36种。国家重点保护鸟类由原来的18种下降到16种。与1988-1989年相比,2002-2004年春季和夏季鸟类数量下降,秋季数量增加;各个季节的优势种的种类和数量都发生明显变化。影响安西自然保护区鸟类资源变化的主要原因是鸟类迁徙和人类活动。     

Arthropods associated with fungal galls: do large galls support more abundant and diverse inhabitants?

Fungus-induced galls can attract spore-feeding arthropods as well as gall-feeding ones, resulting in diverse communities. Do large fungal galls support more abundant and diverse arthropod communities than small fungal galls? To address this question, we investigated the structure of the arthropod community associated with bud galls induced by the fungus Melanopsichium onumae on the tree species Cinnamomum yabunikkei (Lauraceae) in central Japan. Thirteen species of arthropods were associated with M. onumae galls. Dominant arthropod species were represented by the larvae of a salpingid beetle (a spore feeder), a nitidulid beetle (a spore feeder), a cosmopterigid moth (a spore feeder), an unidentified moth (a gall tissue feeder), and a drosophilid species (a gall tissue feeder). Arthropod abundance and species richness were positively correlated with gall diameter. The majority of the most abundant species were more frequently found in large galls than in small ones, indicating that large fungal galls, which have more food and/or space for arthropods, could support a more abundant and diverse arthropod community.     

辽宁滨海(环渤海)湿地鸟类多样性调查与研究

本研究于2019－2020年对辽宁滨海（环渤海）湿地开展了春迁徙季、秋迁徙季、繁殖季和越冬季的鸟类多样性调查,共监测到鸟类150种,隶属于16目38科,其中,留鸟25种,夏侯鸟26种,冬侯鸟26种,旅鸟73种;国家一级保护鸟类11种,国家二级保护鸟类20种。调查显示:调查区内鸟类多样性的季节差异明显,春、秋迁徙季,鸟类种类与数量明显高于其他两季,越冬季鸟类的种类数量均最少,丰富度指数、均匀度指数、多样性指数和优势度指数均最低。空间分布显示,盘锦地区鸟类种类和数量均最多,达到78种,473084只;营口地区调查到的鸟类种类最少,为55种;锦州地区鸟类数量最少,只有57723只。从鸟类多样性对比来看,盘锦地区最高,大连地区最低,各地鸟类群落组成的空间差异较为明显,在一定程度上受到该地区鸟类生境种类数量及面积大小的影响。辽宁滨海（环渤海）湿地作为东亚—澳大利西亚候鸟迁徙带上的关键区域,当前正面临气候变化、人类围垦干扰造成的鸟类栖息地减少等不利情况,建议通过扩大保护范围、实施修复和管理对策措施、强化宣传等手段保护鸟类多样性及其栖息生境,巩固渤海综合治理攻坚战的治理成效。     

Breeding birds in short-rotation coppices on farmland in central Sweden—the importance of Salix height and adjacent habitats

Plantations of short-rotation coppice (SRC) have a potential for being a useful measure to stop the ongoing impoverishment of farmland biodiversity by increasing structural diversity, and decreasing cultivation intensity and use of pesticides in intensively managed farmland landscapes. The aim of this study was to investigate the relative importance of the structure of the plantation and composition of adjacent habitats for breeding birds in 41 SRCs (meansize±S.E.=9.4±1.6 ha). Mean number of species per ha in the SRCs was 2.8±0.3 species and there were more farmland birds (32 species, 808 territories) than forest birds (22 species, 400 territories). A major result of the present study was the strong influence of adjacent habitats on bird community composition (18 of 22 analysed species affected). There were large differences in bird communities between forest-bordered and open-bordered sites, but occurrence of residual habitats (i.e. other habitats than forest, pastures, shrub areas and arable fields) was also associated with occurrence of several species. The second factor of major importance for the bird fauna was the height of the plantations. Most species (14) were associated with tall plantations (>2 m), seven species were associated with plantations of intermediate (1–2 m) height, and six species were associated with plantations of low height (<1 m). A comparison of ecological traits between species classified as preferring SRC and species classified as avoiding SRC suggests that nest height was the only ecological character associated with a preference for Salix habitats, i.e. species with nests on the ground or in shrubs were more abundant in Salix habitats than in farmland landscapes in general. However, a broad spectrum of species was found in the SRCs and many of these seemed to be dependent on habitat features outside the plantations. Planting of Salix in intensively managed farmland plains will have positive effects on bird diversity by increasing the structural diversity of the landscape. In contrast, plantations on infields in forest-dominated landscapes will have negative effects, since the mosaic structure (i.e. mixture of open and forested habitats) positive for most farmland birds will disappear, and Salix plantations favour relatively few forest species. Additionally, Salix could be planted along sharp edges between coniferous plantations and open farmland in order to increase the complexity of the ecotone in intensively managed forest-farmland landscapes.