污泥堆肥利用中AM对稗草生长及Cu、Pb吸收的影响

在滨海盐渍土中分别混加质量分数为0%、20%、40%和60%的污泥堆肥,作为盆栽基质,研究摩西球囊霉（Glomusmosseae）和根内球囊霉（Glomus intraradices）2种AM真菌对稗草（Echinochloa crusgalli）生长及其吸收Cu、Pb的影响,分别以不接种AM真菌的处理为各自的对照。结果显示：添加污泥堆肥处理中稗草接种苗菌根侵染率均显著高于纯盐泽土处理。同时,随着盐渍土中污泥堆肥含量增加稗草生物量上升,其中在含有40%和60%污泥堆肥处理中接种AM真菌稗草的地上及地下部生物量显著高于未接种苗。接种AM真菌显著提高了稗草Cu、Pb富集总量;接种AM真菌显著提高了稗草地下部Cu富集量,却降低了地下部Pb累积量,提高了Pb向地上部的转运,增加了地上部Pb累积量。这些结果表明污泥堆肥中接种AM真菌可以促进稗草的生长和提高对重金属Cu、Pb的富集能力。     

丛枝菌根真菌对紫花苜蓿与黑麦草修复多环芳烃污染土壤的影响

通过温室盆栽试验,研究接种土著与外源丛枝菌根(AM)真菌对紫花苜蓿与黑麦草修复多环芳烃(PAHs)污染土壤的影响.结果表明,接种外源AM真菌--苏格兰球囊霉(Glomus caledonium)36号能够显著提高紫花苜蓿和黑麦草的AM真菌侵染率并促进植物生长,而接种土著菌剂或土著菌剂与36号菌剂双接种对AM真菌侵染和植物生长无促进作用,甚至降低了黑麦草苗期的AM真菌侵染率.种植紫花苜蓿和黑麦草促进了土壤中PAHs的降解,这2种植物接种36号菌剂的处理60天时土壤PAHs降解率分别达42.3%和41.1%,说明36号菌剂可以显著提高植物修复效率,而接种土著菌剂对修复作用无显著影响,土著菌剂与36号菌剂双接种对紫花苜蓿的修复效果也无显著影响,但60天时显著提高黑麦草的修复效率.土壤中PAHs降解率与植物根系的AM真菌侵染率呈显著正相关关系(P<0.05),表明AM真菌侵染可以提高紫花苜蓿与黑麦草对PAHs污染土壤的修复效率.     

喀斯特生境下AMF侵染对任豆生长的影响

喀斯特地区土壤退化,植被定植更新困难,丛枝菌根真菌(Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)具有增强植物养分吸收能力和抵抗逆境胁迫能力。研究喀斯特生境下植物与AMF共生效果,选择优势菌种促进喀斯特植被恢复,对于提高植物定植成活率具有重要作用。以豆科植物任豆(Zenia insignis)幼苗为试验材料,盆栽条件下,选取喀斯特优势菌种-摩西球囊霉(Funneliformis mosseae)、根内球囊霉(Rhizophagus intraradices),2种菌根真菌混合菌剂进行接种,培养180 d,研究贫瘠喀斯特土壤生境和养分较高的滇柏林下土壤生境下AMF对任豆生长影响。结果表明:摩西球囊霉、根内球囊霉和混合接种均能侵染任豆根系,幼嫩根系更易侵染,木质化根系侵染率下降。接种摩西球囊霉,贫瘠喀斯特土壤生境下,株高、地径、地上生物量、地下生物量和总生物量分别提高68.92%、56.18%、83.90%、42.20%和67.34%;养分较高的滇柏林下喀斯特土壤生境下,株高、地上生物量、地下生物量和总生物量分别提高48.05%、6.77%、7.92%和8.89%;根内球囊霉处理接种效应低于摩西球囊霉和混合接种处理,对生物量增长为负效应,混合接种处理接种效应介于单接种之间,摩西球囊霉接种效果优于根内球囊霉和混合接种。摩西球囊霉在贫瘠喀斯特土壤生境下发挥的促生效应优于养分较高的喀斯特土壤,可作为喀斯特侵蚀区植被恢复菌根真菌干扰途径的优势菌种,混合接种作为接种剂具有单接种兼容效应。     

Cd胁迫下丛枝菌根对花生生长、光合生理及Cd吸收的影响

为了解丛枝菌根(AM)真菌对花生抗Cd胁迫的作用及其机理,采用温室盆栽试验,研究了Cd胁迫下接种AM真菌对花生生长、根系形态、Cd吸收及光合生理的影响.结果显示,AM真菌能与花生形成良好的共生关系,施Cd对菌根侵染率无影响;Cd胁迫下接种AM真菌能够显著改善花生生长状况,植株体内P含量与吸收量分别提高1.16—1.52、1.22—1.79倍,叶片叶绿素相对含量平均增幅11.79%,地上部分和根系生物量分别增加7.55%—8.19%、10.86%—14.05%,同时接种处理显著增大了花生根系的根长、根表面积、根体积,降低了植株地上部分Cd含量;对于同一施Cd水平而言,菌根花生叶片的最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)和潜在光化学效率(Fv/Fo)均显著高于非菌根植株,接种AM真菌使花生叶片的净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和气孔导度(Gs)均显著增大,而胞间CO_2浓度(Ci)显著低于不接种处理.研究表明AM真菌可通过改变花生根系的形态结构来吸附固持重金属Cd,从而减少Cd向花生植株地上部分的转移,降低Cd胁迫对花生植株造成的伤害;另一方面,通过提高花生对矿质元素P的吸收来增加植株体内叶绿素含量及改善叶片叶绿素荧光和光合作用,增强花生抗Cd毒害的能力,进而促进花生生长,提高植株生物量.     

盐胁迫下接种丛枝苗根真菌对甜菊生长和氮磷吸收的影响

盐胁迫是普遍而严重的世界性环境问题,丛枝菌根(Abuscular mycorrhizal,AM)真菌被认为是提高植物抗盐性的有效的生物方法.甜菊(Stevia rebaudiana)作为一种新兴的保健型糖源植物,分布范围较广.通过设置盐胁迫(0mmol/L和200 mmol/L)和接种AM真菌(未接种和接种摩西球囊霉)4种处理组合,解析AM真菌对甜菊抗盐性的作用机理.结果发现,盐胁迫显著降低了甜菊的各部分鲜重和干重、基质pH值和菌根化结构形成的强度,但显著增加了植株的氮、磷含量.在非盐胁迫下,接种AM真菌显著增加了植株各部分的鲜重和干重;而在高盐处理下,AM真菌的促进效应则不明显,这可能与高盐下AM真菌结构的形成和发育状况的显著降低有关.此外,接种AM真菌显著增加了甜菊植株的磷含量尤其是在高盐胁迫下,且随着盐浓度的升高,甜菊的氮依赖性显著下降而磷依赖性显著升高,促进磷元素的吸收可能是AM真菌提高甜菊耐盐性的内在机理.本研究表明,接种摩西球囊霉可显著增加非盐胁迫下甜菊的生物量,同时有利于高盐胁迫下甜菊植株磷元素的吸收,这可为甜菊的产业化经营和管理提供一定的理论依据.     

丛枝菌根真菌和纳米磁性氧化铁对玉米生长和Fe吸收的影响

采用温室盆栽试验方法,模拟不同纳米磁性氧化铁(Fe_3O_4)施加水平(0.1、1.0和10.0 mg·kg~(-1))的土壤,研究接种丛枝菌根(arbuscular mycorrhizal,AM)真菌Glomus caledonium对玉米(Zea mays)植株生长的影响。结果表明,纳米Fe_3O_4在10.0 mg·kg~(-1)施加水平下显著降低(P0.05)玉米植株地上部和地下部生物量、AM真菌侵染率和玉米植株养分(N、P、Ca、Zn)含量,显著增加(P0.05)玉米植株地上部Fe含量。与未接种处理相比,在10.0mg·kg~(-1)的纳米Fe_3O_4施加水平下,接种AM真菌显著提高玉米植株总Fe吸收量和地下部Fe含量(P0.05),但显著降低Fe的转运比率和玉米植株地上部Fe含量(P0.05),改善玉米植株体内养分含量,最终显著促进玉米植株生长(P0.05)。该结果表明接种AM真菌可提高Fe在植物根系的分配比例,降低Fe向植株地上部的转运,从而缓解纳米Fe_3O_4对宿主植物的毒害作用。     

丛枝菌根真菌接种对兔眼蓝莓在华南地区生长的影响

在盆栽条件下,利用根际接种丛枝菌根真菌（地表球囊霉Glomus versiforme和摩西球囊霉Glomus mosseae）的方法对兔眼蓝莓（Vaccinium ashei）在华南地区生长的影响进行了研究。结果表明：与未接种对照相比,接种的2个真菌均可不同程度地侵染兔眼蓝莓根系,增加根系总长、根表面积、植株地上部分鲜质量、新枝长度、主枝数和主枝长度等,促进兔眼蓝莓生长。地表球囊霉接种侵染率高,对兔眼蓝莓生长促进效果更好。接种AMF还能提高根际土壤w（P2O5）。接种丛枝菌根真菌有利于在华南地区引种栽培兔眼蓝莓。     

不同AM真菌对三叶草耐油性的影响

在盆栽条件下研究了4个油浓度（0、5000、10000和50000w/mgkg^-1）下接种辽河油田污染土壤中分离出的3种AM真菌（Glomus mosseae，G.geospora，G.constrictum）对三叶草耐油性的影响。试验结果表明：1）随着油浓度的增加，侵染率亦增加，10000mgkg^-1时G.geospora和G.constrictum的侵染率分别为67.65％和82.86％；2）从侵染率、地上部生物量和菌根依赖性来看，随着油浓度的增加，最适的AM真菌亦不一样，油浓度为0、5000和10000mgkg^-1时，最适AM真菌分别是G.geospora、G.mosseae和G.constrictum；3）油污染土壤上接种AM真菌能促进植株的地下部和地上部的生长，接菌处理的茎干重比相应的对照增加62.2％-267.1％；4）随着油浓度的增加和植物的生育进程，AM真菌的接种效应在增强。图3表3参14     

广西典型高砷区蜈蚣草根围丛枝菌根真菌多样性研究

丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AM真菌)在提高超富集植物蜈蚣草(Pteris vittata L.)修复砷污染土壤方面具有巨大的应用潜力,但是中国砷污染地区的AM真菌的分布和资源调查还不够全面。为探明砷污染地区AM真菌的多样性状况,采用野外调查和室内分析相结合的方法,通过形态学特征分离鉴定AM真菌种属,对广西南丹县高砷矿区及周边地区蜈蚣草根围土壤中AM真菌的多样性及群落组成进行调查研究。结果表明,不同程度砷污染土壤中生长的蜈蚣草均能被AM真菌侵染,随着砷浓度的增加物种多样性总体呈下降趋势。无污染土壤中的AM真菌侵染率和孢子密度主要受土壤磷和海拔的影响。低磷促进孢子萌发和菌丝生长,从而提高侵染率,而海拔升高会导致孢子密度降低。但随着土壤砷污染水平的增加,砷浓度逐渐成为主要影响因子,使侵染率上升,孢子密度下降。孢子密度和物种丰富的变化趋势一致。鉴定出4属10种AM真菌,其中7种属于球囊霉属(Glomus),近明囊霉属(Claroideoglomus)、管柄囊霉属(Funneliformis)和盾巨孢囊霉属(Scutellospora)各1种,球囊霉属是该调查区域的优势属。AM真菌孢子的形态直接影响其适应能力,颜色深、表面网纹间隔致密的AM真菌抗逆性更好,近明球囊霉(C.claroidem)、团集球囊霉(G.glomerulatum)和地表球囊霉(G.versiforme)等适应性较强的菌种分离频度达到了100%,相对丰度也较高。研究结果将会对砷污染地区AM真菌优良菌株的筛选及超富集植物-AM真菌联合修复重金属污染土壤提供有益的指导。     

丛枝菌根真菌与蚯蚓对玉米修复砷污染农田土壤的影响

通过持续3 a的田间小区试验,研究了单独或联合接种丛枝菌根(AM)真菌和蚯蚓对玉米修复砷污染土壤效率的影响.结果表明,接种AM真菌和蚯蚓均显著提高玉米根系的AM真菌侵染率(P<0.05),且双接种处理显著高于单接种处理(P<0.05);接种蚯蚓或蚯蚓与AM真菌双接种能显著提高玉米地上部、地下部生物量(P<0.05),并促进土壤中晶态的水合Fe、Al氧化物态砷含量升高;AM真菌与蚯蚓双接种处理土壤磷酸酶活性显著高于对照(P<0.05);与对照相比,接种AM真菌和蚯蚓均显著降低土壤砷含量(P<0.05),且蚯蚓与AM真菌双接种处理土壤砷含量显著低于单独接种AM真菌或蚯蚓处理(P<0.05).可见,接种AM真菌和蚯蚓可以明显提高玉米对砷污染土壤的修复效率.     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Sequestration of cucurbitacin analogs by New and Old World chrysomelid leaf beetles in the tribe Luperini

Summary Two South American polyphagous leaf beetles,Diabrotica speciosa andCerotoma arcuata, selectively accumulated the bitter tasting compound 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin D in their body after ingesting root tissues of cucurbit plants. Similarly, three Asian Cucurbitaceae-feeding specialists in the genusAulacophora were found to sequester the same compound. Cucurbitacin analogs were shown to deter feeding by a bird predator, indicating an allomonal role for these compounds in cucurbitacin-associated chrysomelid leaf beetles both of New and Old Worlds. The strong affinity to cucurbitacins, selective sequestration of the analogs and consequent protection from predators suggested an ecological adaptation mechanism developed in common among these two geographically isolated subtribes in the Luperini.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

Effects of Controlled Fire and Livestock Grazing on Bird Communities in East African Savannas

Abstract: In East Africa fire and grazing by wild and domestic ungulates maintain savannas, and pastoralists historically set fires and herded livestock through the use of temporary corrals called bomas. In recent decades traditional pastoral practices have declined, and this may be affecting biodiversity. We investigated the effects of prescribed fires and bomas on savanna bird communities in East Africa during the first and second dry seasons of the year (respectively before and after the rains that mark the onset of breeding for most birds). We compared abundance, richness, and community composition on 9‐ha burned plots, recently abandoned bomas, and control plots in the undisturbed matrix habitat over a 3‐year period. Generally, recently burned areas and abandoned bomas attracted greater densities of birds and had different community assemblages than the surrounding matrix. The effects of disturbances were influenced by interactions between primary productivity, represented by the normalized difference vegetation index, and time. Bird densities were highest and a greater proportion of species was observed on burned plots in the months following the fires. Drought conditions equalized bird densities across treatments within 1 year, and individuals from a greater proportion of species were more commonly observed on abandoned bomas. Yearly fluctuations in abundance were less pronounced on bomas than on burns, which indicate that although fire may benefit birds in the short term, bomas may have a more‐lasting positive effect and provide resources during droughts. Several Palearctic migrants were attracted to burned plots regardless of rainfall, which indicates continued fire suppression may threaten their already‐declining populations. Most notably, the paucity of birds observed on the controls suggests that the current structure of the matrix developed as a result of fire suppression. Traditional pastoralism appears critical to the maintenance of avian diversity in these savannas.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Threats to intact tropical peatlands and opportunities for their conservation

Large, intact areas of tropical peatland are highly threatened at a global scale by the expansion of commercial agriculture and other forms of economic development. Conserving peatlands on a landscape scale, with their hydrology intact, is of international conservation importance to preserve their distinctive biodiversity and ecosystem services and maintain their resilience to future environmental change. We explored threats to and opportunities for conserving remaining intact tropical peatlands; thus, we excluded peatlands of Indonesia and Malaysia, where extensive deforestation, drainage, and conversion to plantations means conservation in this region can protect only small fragments of the original ecosystem. We focused on a case study, the Pastaza‐Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB) in Peru, which is among the largest known intact tropical peatland landscapes in the world and is representative of peatland vulnerability. Maintenance of the hydrological conditions critical for carbon storage and ecosystem function of peatlands is, in the PMFB, primarily threatened by expansion of commercial agriculture linked to new transport infrastructure that is facilitating access to remote areas. There remain opportunities in the PMFB and elsewhere to develop alternative, more sustainable land‐use practices. Although some of the peatlands in the PMFB fall within existing legally protected areas, this protection does not include the most carbon‐dense (domed pole forest) areas. New carbon‐based conservation instruments (e.g., REDD+, Green Climate Fund), developing markets for sustainable peatland products, transferring land title to local communities, and expanding protected areas offer pathways to increased protection for intact tropical peatlands in Amazonia and elsewhere, such as those in New Guinea and Central Africa which remain, for the moment, broadly beyond the frontier of commercial development.     

What Every Conservation Biologist Should Know about Economic Theory

Abstract: The last century has seen the ascendance of a core economic model, which we will refer to as Walrasian economics. This model is driven by the psychological assumptions that humans act only in a self‐referential and narrowly rational way and that production can be described as a self‐contained circular flow between firms and households. These assumptions have critical implications for the way economics is used to inform conservation biology. Yet the Walrasian model is inconsistent with a large body of empirical evidence about actual human behavior, and it violates a number of basic physical laws. Research in behavioral science and neuroscience shows that humans are uniquely social animals and not self‐centered rational economic beings. Economic production is subject to physical laws including the laws of thermodynamics and mass balance. In addition, some contemporary economic theory, spurred by exciting new research in human behavior and a wealth of data about the negative global impact of the human economy on natural systems, is moving toward a world view that places consumption and production squarely in its behavioral and biophysical context. We argue that abandoning the straightjacket of the Walrasian core is essential to further progress in understanding the complex, coupled interactions between the human economy and the natural world. We call for a new framework for economic theory and policy that is consistent with observed human behavior, recognizes the complex and frequently irreversible interaction between human and natural systems, and directly confronts the cumulative negative effects of the human economy on the Earth's life support systems. Biophysical economics and ecological economics are two emerging economic frameworks in this movement.