太原市空气中硫污染物的植物体内积累的研究

太原市是我国污染最严重的城市之一，SO2是污染的主要因子。文章对该市54科121种绿化植物作了调查，测定比较了44种植物叶片的含硫量，在一年时间内逐月测定了国槐树枝条和叶片的含硫量，分析了硫化物在树体内积累的动态规律，为利用绿化植物净化污染提供了科学依据。     

园林绿化树种香樟叶片的含硫量动态分析

植物对一定浓度范围内的大气污染物,具有一定程度的抵抗及吸收净化作用。为了解南京市主要园林绿化树种香樟（Cinnamomum camphora）叶片吸收净化SO2的能力,选择在5个不同污染靶区,以3个不同胸径级的香樟叶片为研究对象,采用硫酸钡比浊法测定了不同季节香樟叶片的含硫量。结果表明：香樟叶片对SO2具有一定的吸收净化能力,其叶片含硫量平均为0.2160%,且其含量随分布区、生长季节及个体胸径不同差异显著;并与异域大气中SO2污染指数成一定的正相关;与个体胸径大小成显著负相关;季节间呈现出＂先降后升再降＂的动态趋势,于春秋季较高,而夏冬季较低。     

太原市空气中硫污染物在植物体内积累的研究

太原市是我国污染最严重的城市之一 ,SO2 是污染的主要因子。文章对该市 5 4科 12 1种绿化植物作了调查 ,测定比较了 44种植物叶片的含硫量 ,在一年时间内逐月测定了国槐树枝条和叶片的含硫量 ,分析了硫化物在树体内积累的动态规律 ,为利用绿化植物净化污染提供了科学依据     

城市道路防护绿地对空气微生物污染的屏障作用

深入研究城市道路防护绿地对空气微生物污染的屏障作用,对城市空气污染的控制、环境质量的改善以及城市道路绿化的科学配置具有重要指导意义。以北京市西土城路旁边3块不同结构防护绿地为研究对象,在垂直道路不同距离设置取样点,用平皿沉降法同时采样,带回实验室培养计数。通过分析道路及其防护绿地内空气细菌、霉菌种类和所占比例,细菌、霉菌的水平扩散特征和道路防护绿地的减菌效应,以及基于空气细菌污染防治的城市道路防护绿地宽度。结果表明,(1)城市道路空气微生物主要以细菌为主,占99.4%,霉菌占0.6%;道路防护绿地中空气细菌占96.2%,霉菌占3.8%,霉菌数量比道路略高。细菌优势菌群包括Micrococcus,Staphylococcus,Bacillus,Microbacterium,Arthrobacter;霉菌优势菌群包括Alternaria,Penicillium,Aspergillus,Cladosporium。(2)道路防护绿地空气总微生物浓度和空气细菌浓度水平梯度变化一致,表现为从道路中央到距林缘15 m处急剧降低,距林缘15~55 m范围变化不大。(3)3块绿地对空气细菌污染有显著防护效果,减菌效应都达到了70%以上,以乔灌草混交结构绿地防护效益最佳,达到90%以上;但防护绿地对空气霉菌的防护效果不明显。(4)在该研究背景下降低城市道路空气细菌污染的单侧最佳防护宽度应在15 m以上,10 m以上宽度也有一定防护效果。(5)城市道路防护绿地树种选择应以乔木树种为主,合理搭配灌草景观植物,优先选择具有滞尘、杀菌、吸收SO2等特殊功能的树种。绿化空间结构配置北方城市以乔灌草复层结构为主,南方城市以多树种混交的乔草结构为主。     

绿化树种对大气污染物吸收净化能力的研究

通过熏气试验，研究测定了部分绿化树种对主要大气污染物－SO2，Cl2和HF的吸收净化能力，结果表明：绿化树种对大气污染物具有一定的吸收净化能力，并依污染气体和树种的不同具有明显差异。     

南京市15种树木叶片对铅锌的吸收吸附能力

运用ICP仪对南京市15种主要绿化树木的叶片吸收吸附铅、锌的能力进行了研究。结果表明:15种树木叶片对铅、锌具有一定的吸收净化能力,并依污染物和树种的不同差异明显。在被研究的15个树种中,对铅吸收量较高的树种是雪松和圆柏,对锌吸收量较高的树种是杨树。对铅吸附能力强的树种是雪松,对锌吸附能力强的树种是海桐。叶片吸收和吸附铅的能力强的树种是雪松,叶片吸收和吸附锌的能力强的树种是杨树。最后,通过综合分析得出,杨树和雪松叶片中重金属铅和锌的累积量,可作为铅锌污染监测和评价的重要依据。     

北京香山空气负氧离子垂直变化测量研究

空气负离子具有降尘、抑菌功能,净化空气、调节小气候、保健等效果显著,其浓度水平已成为评价城市空气清洁程度和环境优劣的重要指标。采用空气离子测量仪,对北京香山的空气正、负离子浓度进行了测量,并分析总结空气负离子的垂直变化规律。结果显示,在一定范围内空气负离子浓度随海拔高度的升高而增大,同时呈现出跳跃性。在同一个海拔高度,空气负离子浓度的变化趋势为春季夏季秋季。     

嘉兴市化工区土壤-植物-大气连续体硫氟含量水平变异特征

采用典型设点调查法对嘉兴市北部化工区污染源正西方向上3条样带(分别距污染源100、600和1 200 m)和无污染区(距污染源8 000 m)的土壤、28种绿化树种叶片和空气进行取样分析,以明确该区域土壤-植物-大气连续体(SPAC)硫、氟含量在水平方向上的变异特征。结果表明:土壤硫质量分数随水平距离增加而减少,而土壤氟质量分数先增加后减少;表层土壤硫质量分数最高(0.036%),而20 cm深处土壤氟质量分数最高(35.7 mg?kg~(-1))。乔木、小乔木和灌木叶片硫浓度均随水平距离增加而降低,但叶片氟浓度先增加后降低;各样带上乔木叶片硫浓度均高于小乔木和灌木,而氟浓度则比较接近,灌木叶片硫、氟浓度在水平方向上的变异均大于乔木和小乔木。空气中SO_2质量浓度峰值(0.176 mg?m~(-3))出现在100 m样带上,随水平距离增加而持续减小,但HF质量浓度的峰值(1.487μg?m~(-3))出现在600 m样带上,二者浓度呈现不同的水平变异特征。对土壤、树木叶片和空气硫、氟含量的相关性分析表明:空气中的SO2和HF可能是土壤中的硫和氟的主要来源,凋落物的贡献次之。总体上,研究区SPAC系统硫、氟含量水平变异特征是统一的,3种介质通过相互作用共同调节SPAC系统硫、氟的动态平衡。对于SPAC系统硫、氟含量水平变异特征的认识有利于更好地控制城市工业区硫、氟污染,采取相应的土壤和植物修复措施,营造更加美好的城市生态人居环境。     

厦门14种主要树种吸收硫及固碳能力

对厦门市14种主要树种吸硫强度以及不同环境(清洁环境和污染环境)对其固碳能力的影响进行研究。结果表明:不同树种叶片的吸硫强度在0.04~1.73 mg/g。单位绿地面积不同树种净化SO2量为8.84~1 513.05kg/(hm2·a),其中天竺桂最大,其次为黄槿、芒果和刺桐,洋紫荆最小。多数树种在污染环境下单位绿地面积年固碳量受到明显抑制,如大叶榕、高山榕、小叶榕和印度紫檀等树种。然而还有些树种其固碳能力在污染环境下受到促进,如鸡冠刺桐、夹竹桃和小叶榄仁,表明这些树种对污染环境有较强的适应能力。综上所述,夹竹桃、小叶榄仁和天竺桂等树种既能吸收相当数量的硫,同时其固碳能力未受到削弱,表明这些树种是适宜在污染环境下种植的树种。     

大气污染物与绿化植物光合速率的关系研究

为了研究大气环境污染物与绿化植物光合速率的相关关系,以鸢尾(lris tectorum)、黄鑫(Jasminum mesnyi Hance)、山茶(Camellia japonica)、无患子(Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn)、红叶李(Prunus ceraifera cv.Pissardii)、复羽叶栾树(Koelreuteria bipinnata Franch)和三叶草(Trifolium)等7种常见绿化植物为研究对象,分析了绿化植物的光合速率及其叶片中有机酸浓度,同时采用SEM对其叶面结构进行了表征,并考察了大气环境污染物浓度,探讨了大气污染物和绿化植物光合速率之间的关系,以期为城市绿化提供理论参考。结果表明:所选择的7种绿化植物中,复羽叶栾树的光合速率最大,达到11.85μmol?m-2?s-1,三叶草的光合速率最小,最大仅为4.99μmol?m-2?s-1。所测植物中三叶草的的草酰乙酸含量最高,值为277.64μg?g-1。光合速率对草酰乙酸的浓度产生显著影响,与草酰乙酸呈显著负相关关系,与乙醛酸、α-酮戊二酸和丙酮酸的相关关系不显著,光合速率可以作为叶片中草酰乙酸的指示指标。PM2.5、O3、SO2、NO2浓度与无患子和三叶草的光合作用显著相关,和另外5种植物没有相关性,说明PM2.5、O3、SO2、NO2对这3种植物影响较大,而其它5种植物的耐受性较好。复羽叶栾树的气孔比三叶草的气孔多且大,导致了其光合速率较大,同时也说明叶面表面结构和气孔形状可能是导致环境污染因子致敏的原因。从绿化植物的净光合作用和耐污能力方面综合选择,这7种绿化植物中,宜选取复羽叶栾树作为绿化植物。     

Architecture of 54 moist-forest tree species: traits, trade-offs, and functional groups

Tree architecture is an important determinant of the height extension, light capture, and mechanical stability of trees, and it allows species to exploit the vertical height gradient in the forest canopy and horizontal light gradients at the forest floor. Tropical tree species partition these gradients through variation in adult stature (Hmax) and light demand. In this study we compare 22 architectural traits for 54 Bolivian moist-forest tree species. We evaluate how architectural traits related to Hmax vary with tree size, and we present a conceptual scheme in which we combine the two axes into four different functional groups. Interspecific correlations between architecture and Hmax varied strongly from negative to positive, depending on the reference sizes used. Stem height was positively related to Hmax at larger reference diameters (14-80 cm). Species height vs. diameter curves often flattened toward their upper ends in association with reproductive maturity for species of all sizes. Thus, adult understory trees were typically shorter than similar-diameter juveniles of larger species. Crown area was negatively correlated with Hmax at small reference heights and positively correlated at larger reference heights (15-34 m). Wide crowns allow the small understory species to intercept light over a large area at the expense of a reduced height growth. Crown length was negatively correlated with Hmax at intermediate reference heights (4-14 m). A long crown enables small understory species to maximize light interception in a light-limited environment. Light-demanding species were characterized by orthotropic stems and branches, large leaves, and a monolayer leaf arrangement. They realized an efficient height growth through the formation of narrow and shallow crowns. Light demand turned out to be a much stronger predictor of tree architecture than Hmax, probably because of the relatively low, open, and semi-evergreen canopy at the research site. The existence of four functional groups (shade-tolerant, partial-shade-tolerant, and long- and short-lived pioneer) was confirmed by the principal component and discriminant analysis. Both light demand and Hmax capture the major variation in functional traits found among tropical rain forest tree species, and the two-way classification scheme provides a straightforward model to understand niche differentiation in tropical forests.     

铜与锌对香樟、广玉兰及榉树生理生化特性的复合影响

为了解土壤中铜（Cu）与锌（Zn）对不同乔木抗氧化系统的复合影响及植物生态修复土壤cu和Zn复合污染的生理生化基础,以香樟（Cinnamomumcamphora）、广玉兰（Magnolia grandiflora）和榉树（Zelkovaschneideriana）3种乔木为实验材料,采用土培盆栽方法,研究单-Cu2＋（75mg·L-1）溶液和单一Zn2＋（210mg·L-1）溶液及两者复合溶液污灌对香樟、广玉兰和榉树叶片丙二醛（MDA）含量、脯氨酸（Pro）含量、过氧化物酶（POD）活性和过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性的动态影响。结果表明,Zn2＋／t~用下3种乔木MDA含量升高,Cu2＋作用下MDA含量降低,Zn2＋和Cu2＋复合作用下3种乔木MDA含量低于Zn2＋作用,即210mg-L。Zn2＋对3种乔木生长的毒害作用比75mg·L。Cu2＋明显,两者复合作用使Zn2＋的伤害作用减轻。随胁迫时间延长,香樟POD和CAT活性增加,MDA含量和Pro含量减少。广玉兰细胞活性氧代谢失衡,POD活性和CAT活性急剧上升,第7天时分别达到1243．89％和300．00％（单一Cu2＋’）、149．22％和60．00％（单一Zn2＋）、653．96％和170．00％（Cu2＋和Zn2＋复合作用）。榉树无法承受高浓度Cu2＋和Zn2＋伤害而死亡。综合考虑,Zn2＋对3种乔木伤害严重,Cu2＋在诱导POD和CAT活性过程中与zn2＋存在拮抗作用,香樟对重金属Cu2＋和zn2＋的耐性最强。     

“十一五”期间安庆市环境空气质量状况分析

根据安庆市环境空气质量监测数据,对＂十一五＂期间安庆市环境空气质量状况进行了分析,并与＂十五＂期间进行了比较。结果表明,＂十一五＂期间安庆市环境空气质量优良率总体呈下降态势,首要污染物主要为PM10,老城区的污染重于开发区。采暖期SO2及PM10的质量浓度高于其它月份,NO2测值随季节变化不明显,2009年起各种污染物浓度有所下降。与＂十五＂比较,＂十一五＂期间PM10的质量浓度大幅下降,SO2及NO2均有不同幅度的上升,环境空气质量优良率比＂十五＂略有下降。     

4种蔬菜对土壤Mn转运累积特征及食用安全性研究

为探究土壤中锰(Mn)污染对蔬菜食用安全性的影响,以上海市常见的4种蔬菜(青椒,CA;黄瓜,CS;豇豆,VU;菠菜,SO)为试验材料,采用温室盆栽土培试验方法研究了不同土壤Mn含量梯度下的蔬菜生物量变化以及各部位Mn转运累积特征,并基于各蔬菜食用安全分析了土壤中Mn的安全阈值。研究结果表明,Mn对4种蔬菜的生长均表现出低含量促进、高含量抑制现象,SO和VU对Mn的耐受度强于CA和CS。Mn主要富集在SO的茎叶,以及CA、CS和VU的茎叶和根部,可食部分中Mn含量大小排序为SO>VU>CS>CA。SO可食部分Mn含量与土壤Mn含量呈显著对数相关(P<0.01),其他3种蔬菜的可食部分Mn含量与土壤Mn含量均呈显著指数相关(P<0.01)。依据新鲜蔬菜中Mn食用安全限量值,推导出各蔬菜对应的土壤Mn安全阈值预测区间为:SO 992.5～1 097.3 mg·kg~(-1),VU 2 607.5～2 910.0 mg·kg~(-1),CS 3 147.5～3 494.6 mg·kg~(-1),CA3 618.0～3 921.5 mg·kg~(-1)。Mn污染土壤的安全利用应优先选择种植CA、CS和VU等低累积品种。     

天津大气PM_(2.5)垂直特征及边界层影响

利用2006年12月17日至2007年1月1日天津250 m气象铁塔40 m、120 m、220 m高度PM2.5浓度监测资料及铁塔边界层气象资料,分析了不同天气背景下PM2.5随时间、高度变化的分布特征,研究了铁塔边界层气象条件包括逆温、特征摩擦速度、湍流动量和热量对PM2.5的影响,发现垂直PM2.5细粒子的浓度高低与天气背景及边界层气象条件是密切相关。边界层垂直动力和热力变化影响着PM2.5浓度的变化,冷空气过境时刻,PM2.5浓度达到最高峰值。40 m高度出现一个临界摩擦速度0.4 m/s,高浓度PM2.5比较集中在摩擦速度小于0.4 m/s的区域内,大于0.4 m/s这个摩擦速度,边界层的垂直湍流动量及水平和垂直方向的热量输送通量就会明显的变化,因而促使PM2.5在空中的扩散或沉降。也就是说,当摩擦速度小于0.4 m/s时,有利于PM2.5在空中的累积,PM2.5浓度趋于增高的趋势;反之,有利于PM2.5扩散,PM2.5浓度趋于减小的趋势。     

Assessment of urban air pollution and it's probable health impact

The present study deals with the quantitative effect of vehicular emission on ambient air quality during May 2006 in urban area of Lucknow city. In this study SPM, RSPM, SO2, NOx and 7 trace metals associated with RSPM were estimated at 10 representative locations in urban area and one village area for control. Beside this, air quality index (AQI), health effects of different metals and mortality were assessed. The 24 hr average concentration of SPM, RSPM, SO2 and NOx was found to be 382.3, 171.5, 24.3 and 33.8 microg m(-3) respectively in urban area and these concentrations were found to be significantly (p < 0.01) higher by 94.8, 134.8, 107.4 and 129.6% than control site respectively The 24 hr mean of SPM and RSPM at each location of urban area were found to be higher than prescribed limit of National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) except SPM for industrial area. The 24 hr mean concentration of metals associated with RSPM was found to be higher than the control site by 52.3, 271.8, 408.9, 75.81, 62.7, 487.54 and 189.5% for Fe, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, Mn and Cr respectively. The inter correlation of metals Pb with Mn, Fe and Cr; Zn with Ni and Cr; Ni with Cr; Mn with Fe and Cu with Cr showed significant positive relation either at p < 0.05 or p < 0.01 level. Metals Pb, Mn and Cr (p < 0.01) and Cu (p < 0.05) showed significant positive correlation with RSPM. These results indicate that ambient air quality in the urban area is affected adversely due to emission and accumulation of SPM, RSPM, SO2, NOx and trace metals. These pollutants may pose detrimental effect on human health, as exposure of these are associated with cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, neurological impairments, increased risk of preterm birth and even mortality and morbidity.     

Echolocation signals of the bat Eptesicus serotinus recorded using a vertical microphone array: effect of flight altitude on searching signals

The acoustic behaviour of Eptesicus serotinus was investigated in the field using a 13.5-m vertical, linear microphone array that allowed for simultaneous recordings at three different heights and for the calculation of flight altitude and distance from the array. Recordings were made at two locations that differed in bat species diversity. E. serotinus hunted on average at an altitude of 10.7 m (±2.7) at one location and 6.8 m (±3.6) at the other location. Search signals were 5–17 ms long depending on flight altitude, and consisted of two to three frequency-modulated harmonics. For bats flying below 8–10 m altitude, signal duration decreased with decreasing flight altitude, whereas signal interval, terminal frequency, peak frequency and frequency range of the first harmonic increased. Above 8–10 m flight altitude, the signal parameters were fairly constant. The –10 dB bandwidth and duty cycle did not change with flight altitude. Source levels were calculated to between 121 and 125 dB peSPL re 20 μPa at 10 cm. For bats flying higher than 9 m, the microphone placed 1.5 m above the ground recorded significantly reduced signal durations and frequency ranges of the first harmonic compared to the same signals recorded with the microphones at heights of 7 or 15 m. We caution the use of ground recordings to fully describe the echolocation signals of high-flying bats. We demonstrate that flight altitude significantly influences the structure of sonar signals from E. serotinus. Received: 17 May 1999 / Received in revised form: 20 September 1999 / Accepted: 25 September 1999     

A correlation of secondary aerosol (nitrate and sulfate) with respirable particulate matter (RPM) in ambient air at different traffic junctions of Vadodara city

The correlation study of secondary aerosol (nitrate and sulfate) with RPM in ambient air at different traffic junctions of Vadodara city is reported. RPM was analyzed using Ion Chromatography technique and measured the level of nitrate and sulfate in ambient air. The correlation studies of these particulates with RPM have been established. The average concentration of sulfate and nitrate in ambient air was found 35.74 microg/m3 and 24.22 microg/m3, which ranged of 5.33-84.69 and 1.93-77.86 microg/m3 respectively. The correlation of RPM and SO4 (r = 0.813, P<0.01), RPM-NO3 (r = 0.5549, P<0.01) and SO4-NO3 (r = 0.6133, P<0.01) were found significant. The presence of sulfate and nitrate in RPM is 8.25% and 5.60% . The pH of water extract of RPM averaged 6.81, which ranged 6.17-7.28. Regression analysis result showed that the relationship between RPM-SO4 was significantly (R2=0.66215) correlated. This indicate that probably the secondary aerosols such as nitrate and sulfate in excess may cause irritation and increasing lung disease.     

四川喇叭河自然保护区的两栖爬行动物垂直分布及保护区型式

四川省喇叭河自然保护区已知分布有39种两栖爬行动物，本文对在该地区海拔700-2600m的地段划分为19个小带，并对其物种多样性的分布特点和分布规律进行了研究．结果表明：两栖爬行动物在保护区内具有明显的垂直分布现象，海拔900-1099m过渡带和2100-2299m过渡带是该地物种保护的关键地区，该区域具有物种丰富、区系复杂和生态脆弱等特点；因此，在规划建设和旅游开发过程中应避免对该区域的影响，同时保护区的规划应遵循物种多样性的分布规律，合理设计保护区的空间格局，初步提出了多核心、多层次的保护区新型式．图5表2参16