化工厂环境风险评价方法探讨

对某化工厂事故隐患进行了周密调查及工程分析，筛选出主要风险因子并进行风险预测，运用概率统计法对不同生产方案，不同污染源强及不同环境功能区的污染风险进行了综合评价研究。     

电子垃圾拆解区不同用地类型土壤重金属空间分布特征与风险评价

为了探究电子垃圾拆解区不同用地类型土壤重金属的空间分布特征及潜在生态风险,对广东某电子垃圾拆解区稻田、菜地、荒地和拆解地土壤重金属Cu、Zn、Cd和Pb的质量分数及形态空间分布特征进行了研究,并采用地累积指数法和潜在生态风险指数法分别评价重金属潜在的生态风险.结果表明,4种用地类型土壤的Cd质量分数全部超标,超标倍数为...     

饮用水功能区水环境健康风险阈值体系研究

结合天津市饮用水功能区水环境现状,筛选出14种特征污染物,通过危害识别将其分为化学致癌物、非致癌有毒物和特殊物质3类。针对不同类别污染物建立健康风险评价模型,给出化学致癌物的致癌强度系数、非致癌有毒物参考剂量、人均寿命、不同年龄段人群日均饮水量和平均体重等参数,建立针对不同人群的饮用水功能区水质风险阈值体系。在此基础上,对天津市饮用水功能区——于桥水库进行水质风险进行评价。结果显示,于桥水库国控监测点位10个监测指标中,氨氮、挥发酚、汞、铅具有健康风险,4个指标的浓度均处于10-7的风险水平以下,说明于桥水库水环境健康程度较好,4个指标对成人及儿童的风险水平排序为铅氨氮汞挥发酚,重金属铅是主要健康风险污染物。     

典型氯碱污染场地环境风险评价

以广东某氯碱化工污染场地为研究区域,采集了场地22个土壤及地下水样品,分析了25项污染物在不同区域的分布特征及其来源。监测结果表明,煤炭堆场与锅炉房区土壤受重金属铅、镍污染。六六六、四氯化碳、三氯甲烷、六氯苯、苯是场地的特征污染物,主要分布在危险品仓库、漂洗车间与四氯化碳车间。根据监测结果开展了不同暴露途径致癌风险值及非致癌危害商的计算。结果表明,部分样品表层土壤中上述有机污染物的基于人体健康致癌风险指数均超过10-6,最高达到1.65×10-2,表明风险水平高;非致癌危害在各暴露途径下也超过可接受值1,最高达5.59×104,表明风险水平高。说明对于存在高风险的区域必须进行采取合适的措施进行修复,减缓场地再利用后对人群健康的影响。     

福州市主栽蔬菜品种对砷的积累及健康风险

为阐明福州市主要蔬菜基地种植的蔬菜中砷积累特征与食用风险水平,对研究区域内蔬菜和对应土壤中砷含量进行了分析检测,采用Monte-Carlo模型法对蔬菜中砷引起的健康风险进行了评价,并探讨了蔬菜和土壤砷含量之间的相关性及不同品种、不同类别蔬菜之间积累砷的差异。结果表明:研究区内菜地土壤没有明显的砷超标,砷含量均未超出国家土壤二级标准(30 mg·kg~(-1));研究区内蔬菜安全状态很好,不存在明显的健康风险;蔬菜中砷与其对应土壤中砷之间无显著相关性;不同类别的蔬菜之间对于砷的累积存在差异性,蔬菜中砷的富集系数顺序为叶菜类根茎类瓜果类,其中茼蒿的富集系数最大,豌豆和辣椒的最小。     

尾矿库溃坝风险评价方法的研究进展

溃坝风险评价作为管理者开展尾矿库风险管理的重要手段,对减少和防止尾矿库溃坝事故的发生,保障其安全运行具有重要意义。因此,进行尾矿库溃坝风险评价相关理论和方法的研究非常必要。通过大量的文献调研和分析,较系统回顾和总结了中国尾矿库溃坝风险评价方法的运用现状,并对不同方法存在的问题和局限性进行了探讨。在此基础上,指出了尾矿库溃坝风险评价未来的研究方向。     

北京西城区雨水管道沉积物中重金属污染风险评价

采用地累积指数法、次生相与原生相分布比值法以及Hakanson潜在生态风险指数法从不同角度对雨水管道沉积物中重金属的污染风险进行了评价。地累积指数法的评价结果表明,不同重金属的污染级别为ZnCuCdCrPbNi。而次生相与原生相分布比值法以及Hakanson潜在生态风险指数法的评价结果表明,不同重金属的潜在污染效应关系和潜在生态危害系数大致排序均为CdCuZnPbNiCr。     

城市垃圾焚烧底灰资源化处理的可行性研究

对天津某城市垃圾焚烧发电厂的垃圾焚烧底灰进行采样,测试评价了不同粒径焚烧底灰的工程特性及环境风险,并以焚烧底灰为骨料制备混凝土平板试件,分析了焚烧底灰中杂质组分对再生建筑材料的工程特性影响.研究发现,焚烧底灰的颗粒级配分布、主要元素成分及含量、砂当量、压实强度与天然建筑骨料相似,且不同粒径的焚烧底灰在使用过程中无毒性重...     

宝鸡市长青镇冶炼厂周边居住区土壤重金属污染特征与风险评估

采用实地采样与室内测试方法对宝鸡市长青镇冶炼厂周边居住区土壤重金属(Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr)的含量进行了测定分析,利用地质累积指数法和改进的综合污染指数法对其土壤环境质量进行了评价,应用美国环境保护署(USEPA)推荐的健康风险评价模型对研究区土壤重金属在3种暴露途径下的健康风险做出了初步评价,并用相关性分析法和聚类分析法对污染源进行了解析。结果表明,研究区域13个采样点表层土壤中重金属元素Pb、Zn、Cd和Cr的质量浓度分别为52.43~96.42、82.54~151.32、0.065~0.309、59.26~104.13mg/kg,平均值分别为67.55、107.20、0.120、75.23mg/kg,其值均高于陕西和中国的背景值,说明土壤受到不同程度污染;地质累积指数法进一步证实研究区域土壤已经受到4种重金属不同程度的污染,且处于中等污染及以内;而4种重金属的综合污染评价显示,除4号村庄、7号村庄处于中等污染外,其余均处于轻污染至中污染;研究区域中,4种重金属在3种暴露途径下对儿童的非致癌健康风险均大于成人,但对成人和儿童均不存在显著的非致癌健康影响和非致癌健康总风险,其风险顺序是经口摄入经皮肤接触经呼吸吸入;其次,Cd对成人和儿童经呼吸暴露途径均不存在致癌健康风险,而Cr对成人和儿童经呼吸暴露所致的致癌健康风险处于不可接受状态;另外,源解析结果显示,Pb和Zn具有相同的污染源,而Cd和Cr具有不同的污染源。     

啤酒行业涉氨环境风险特征、评估及防控对策

为了解和掌握啤酒行业涉氨环境风险状况,分析了啤酒行业液氨在运输、贮存和使用过程中的环境风险单元和特征。以典型啤酒厂为例,对其环境风险进行评估,确定环境风险等级,并利用环境风险评价系统(RiskSystem)模型对其在不同风速条件下发生液氨泄漏的环境风险进行了预测分析,进而提出有针对性的环境风险防控对策。研究结果表明:啤酒行业在液氨贮存和运输环节存在较大的环境风险,阀门、法兰、接口等连接部位腐蚀和操作不当是氨泄漏的主要原因。根据典型案例环境风险评估和模拟预测结果,在受体敏感区域环境风险较大,风速对氨泄漏事故的影响范围有较大作用,需要严格预防和加强风险控制。建议国家和地方尽快出台相应的环境风险防范技术规范;涉氨单位应以预防为主,加强环境风险单元和重点环节的隐患排查力度,严格落实风险防控措施和要求。     

中国土壤环境污染态势及预防、控制和修复策略

在综述中国土壤环境污染态势及成因的基础上,提出了土壤环境污染的预防、控制和修复策略.指出了当前中国土壤环境污染态势严峻,表现出土壤污染范围在扩大,污染物种类在增多,出现了复合型、混合型的高风险污染区,呈现出从污灌型向与大气沉降型并重转变、城郊向农村延伸、局部向区域蔓延的趋势;体现出土壤污染与土壤酸化的叠加、多种传统污染物与新兴污染物相互混合的态势,危及粮食生产、食物质量、生态安全、人体健康以及区域可持续发展.认为以预防为主,预防、控制和修复相结合是中国在相当长时期内的土壤环境保护策略;土壤污染预防需要法律法规、评价标准、管理政策和公众参与,土壤污染控制需要发展物化控制、生物学控制及其协同控制技术,土壤污染修复需要研发工程修复技术、材料、产品与设备,建立技术规范、评价标准和管理体系,推动市场化和产业化发展.     

Environmental Pollution Liability Insurance in China: In Need of Strong Government Backing

Environmental pollution liability insurance was officially introduced in China only in 2006, as part of new market-based approaches for managing environmental risks. By 2012, trial applications of pollution insurance had been launched in 14 provinces and cities. More than ten insurance companies have entered the pollution insurance market with their own products and contracts. Companies in environmentally sensitive sectors and high-risk industries bought pollution insurance, and a few successful compensation cases have been reported. Still, pollution insurance faces a number of challenges in China. The absence of a national law weakens the legal basis of pollution insurance, and poor technical support stagnates further implementation. Moreover, current pollution insurance products have limited risk coverage, high premium rates, and low loss ratios, which make them fairly unattractive to polluters. Meanwhile, low awareness of environmental and social liabilities leads to limited demand for pollution insurance products by industrial companies. Hence, the pollution insurance market is not yet flourishing in China. To improve this situation, this economic instrument needs stronger backing by the Chinese state.     

房地产用地土壤污染环境风险评价——以江苏某搬迁企业原址用地为例

许多房地产项目都是在工业企业原址上进行开发建设,可能存在不同程度的土壤污染。土壤污染的评估和修复方案已成为房地产开发项目环评的重点,文中采用单因子指数法、内梅罗指数法和土壤背景值对照法对江苏某房地产用地土壤进行了环境风险评价,结果表明该地块不需要进行土壤修复和处置。     

The use of a multimedia risk analysis approach in designing waste management strategies

A pollution source may release residuals to any of several environmental media, depending on the process design and control strategies. These residuals then are subject to transfer, transport, and transformation within the interconnected compartments of the environmental system. The exposure and susceptibility of people and other receptors to pollutants are different in these various media, and so that risks imposed will vary according to the fate of the pollutants in the system. Because of interactions between compartments in the system, a single-medium approach to environmental management that mitigates problems in one environmental medium at a time independently of risk through other media may not minimize the aggregate risk a receptor receives from all pathways. Alternatively, a multimedia approach advocates focusing on the full environmental system providing pathways for exposure and selecting risk management strategies based on minimization of the aggregate and cumulative risk from all pathways and all compounds. This study combines multimedia risk analysis and an optimization framework to examine a methodology for selecting waste treatment/disposal and pollution control measures, applies the methodology to a sludge management decision problem, and considers the implications for continued use of single-medium analyses.     

Pollution of the roadside environment by dust particles from road surface repairs

The purpose of the study is to investigate the practical aspects of environmental pollution near motorways by dust particles formed during repair works and to identify specific ways to improve the overall environmental situation near highways and reduce the level of pollution during road maintenance. The leading approach is a systematic analysis of the problems of environmental pollution by dust emissions in general. The study results reflect the entire volume of research efforts made to determine the optimal composition of the concrete mixture for road repairs, which allows reducing the emission of dust particles into the surrounding roadside environment and improves the environmental situation on the roadside.

     

项目决策阶段清洁生产分析方法的研究

企业在建设项目决策时就应该按照清洁生产的原则，从源头控制污染。提出了在项目决策中，应从产品选择、工艺路线选择、主要设备选型和节能降耗4个方面进行清洁生产的分析方法，通过此分析方法的应用，可以避免项目决策中的环境失误和降低企业的环境风险。     

农药优先监测品种的筛选研究

本文对我国目前正在广泛使用的几百个农药品种,从其产量,田间的施用量以及环境毒理学,环境化学,环境生物学的角度进行了系统的研究。在对各种农药进行环境风险性评价的基础上,筛选出目前在我国使用量大,毒性高,环境危害严重的10个农药品种,作为我国近期内应执行的环境优先监测品种。可以认为,若能控制了这些优先监测农药的环境污染,那么,也就在总体上控制了农药的污染问题。     

The Use of a Multimedia Risk Analysis Approach in Designing Waste Management Strategies

ABSTRACT

A pollution source may release residuals to any of several environmental media, depending on the process design and control strategies. These residuals then are subject to transfer, transport, and transformation within the interconnected compartments of the environmental system. The exposure and susceptibility of people and other receptors to pollutants are different in these various media, and so the risks imposed will vary according to the fate of the pollutants in the system. Because of interactions between compartments in the system, a single-medium approach to environmental management that mitigates problems in one environmental medium at a time independently of risks through other media may not minimize the aggregate risk a receptor receives from all pathways. Alternatively, a multimedia approach advocates focusing on the full environmental system providing pathways for exposure and selecting risk management strategies based on minimization of the aggregate and cumulative risk from all pathways and all compounds. This study combines multimedia risk analysis and an optimization framework to examine a methodology for selecting waste treatment/disposal and pollution control measures, applies the methodology to a sludge management decision problem, and considers the implications for continued use of single-medium analyses.     

Accidental Versus Operational Oil Spills from Shipping in the Baltic Sea: Risk Governance and Management Strategies

Marine governance of oil transportation is complex. Due to difficulties in effectively monitoring procedures on vessels en voyage, incentives to save costs by not following established regulations on issues such as cleaning of tanks, crew size, and safe navigation may be substantial. The issue of problem structure is placed in focus, that is, to what degree the specific characteristics and complexity of intentional versus accidental oil spill risks affect institutional responses. It is shown that whereas the risk of accidental oil spills primarily has been met by technical requirements on the vessels in combination with Port State control, attempts have been made to curb intentional pollution by for example increased surveillance and smart governance mechanisms such as the No-Special-Fee system. It is suggested that environmental safety could be improved by increased use of smart governance mechanisms tightly adapted to key actors’ incentives to alter behavior in preferable directions.     

Ecological risk assessment of pollutant chemicals: extinction risk based on population-level effects

The extinction probability is one of the most useful endpoints that are utilized in conservation biology. A parallel approach is advocated for the ecological risk assessment of chemical pollutants. The presented framework estimates extinction probability induced by pollutant chemicals in order to evaluate ecological hazards of pollution, and is applicable to any biological community (aquatic or terrestrial). The analytical framework, which is based on stochastic population dynamics theory, is briefly explained. The extinction risk estimation is feasible if ecotoxicological data concerning pollutant effects on population growth rate of organisms (the intrinsic rate of natural increase), and if environmental exposure concentration is provided. Tentative risk estimation was made for some agrochemicals and surfactants on zooplankton populations (Daphnia) as target organisms.