有机酸、 EDTA对不同水稻品种Cd吸收及土壤Cd形态的影响

采用盆栽试验研究了重金属Cd (0、 1和5 mg·kg^-1)污染下,外源有机酸、 EDTA对不同水稻品种产量、 品质、 Cd吸收以及土壤Cd形态和含量的影响.结果表明,加入有机酸、 EDTA提高了高Cd积累型水稻秀水63和常规品种Ⅱ优527产量,作用大小为有机酸、 有机酸+1/2EDTA>EDTA.加入有机酸、 EDTA降低了2个水稻品种的土壤交换态、 碳酸盐结合态和铁锰结合态Cd含量,但增加了土壤有机结合态和残渣态含量.加入有机酸、 EDTA使2个品种水稻秸秆、 根系、 籽粒Cd含量明显降低,其中,籽粒Cd含量分别下降了9.0%～49.3%和16.5%～30.6%(1 mg·kg^-1 Cd污染)、 12.7%～28.5%和4.3%～19.1%(5 mg·kg^-1 Cd污染),效果为EDTA>有机酸+1/2EDTA>有机酸.秸秆、 根、 籽粒Cd含量和积累量及土壤全Cd含量则以秀水63>Ⅱ优527,品种间差异达到显著水平（p<0.05）.有机酸+1/2EDTA既可降低Cd污染土壤上水稻籽粒中Cd含量,同时也提高了水稻的产量和品质.     

Cd uptake in rice cultivars treated with organic acids and EDTA

A pot experiment was conducted to examine the activity of antioxidant enzymes, the content of malondialdehyde (MDA), proline and protein, and Cd uptake in different rice cultivars exposed to Cd (0, 1 and 5 mg/kg) in the presence of organic acids and ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA). The results showed the increase in activity of dismutase (SOD), contents of proline and protein but a decline in activities of peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT), and MDA content for cultivars Xiushui63 and IIyou527. The...     

两种油菜不同铅富集能力差异机理

通过水培试验和大田试验研究了秦油1号（QY-1）和三月黄（SYH）2种油菜对Pb的吸收富集能力,并从叶片的亚细胞结构和抗氧化酶活性等角度探究二者对Pb的耐性和解毒机制.结果表明,在水培条件下,2种油菜的生长均未受到明显的抑制,随着Pb胁迫的增加,油菜吸收的Pb更倾向于分配在根部,减弱向地上部的转运.同时,在高Pb处理浓度（20mg/L）下,SYH的地上部和根部的Pb含量分别比QY-1提高了17.03%和77.07%.油菜叶片中Pb亚细胞区隔化研究结果表明,将Pb区隔在生物解毒组分（金属富集颗粒组分和热稳定蛋白组分）中是油菜富集Pb的重要耐性机制,其中SYH在该组分中Pb的分布显著高于QY-1.此外,抗氧化系统是这2种油菜应对Pb胁迫的重要解毒机制,Pb胁迫下SYH体内过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶活性显著高于QY-1,可更有效地应对Pb胁迫对其的毒害效应.大田试验表明,田间条件下2种油菜吸收的Pb更倾向于转运到地上,且SYH的富集系数、地上部和根部Pb含量均显著高于QY-1.综上,SYH具有更高的Pb富集能力,具有修复中轻度Pb污染土壤的应用潜力.     

两种油菜不同铅富集能力差异机理

通过水培试验和大田试验研究了秦油1号（QY-1）和三月黄（SYH）2种油菜对Pb的吸收富集能力,并从叶片的亚细胞结构和抗氧化酶活性等角度探究二者对Pb的耐性和解毒机制.结果表明,在水培条件下,2种油菜的生长均未受到明显的抑制,随着Pb胁迫的增加,油菜吸收的Pb更倾向于分配在根部,减弱向地上部的转运.同时,在高Pb处理浓度（20mg/L）下,SYH的地上部和根部的Pb含量分别比QY-1提高了17.03%和77.07%.油菜叶片中Pb亚细胞区隔化研究结果表明,将Pb区隔在生物解毒组分（金属富集颗粒组分和热稳定蛋白组分）中是油菜富集Pb的重要耐性机制,其中SYH在该组分中Pb的分布显著高于QY-1.此外,抗氧化系统是这2种油菜应对Pb胁迫的重要解毒机制,Pb胁迫下SYH体内过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶活性显著高于QY-1,可更有效地应对Pb胁迫对其的毒害效应.大田试验表明,田间条件下2种油菜吸收的Pb更倾向于转运到地上,且SYH的富集系数、地上部和根部Pb含量均显著高于QY-1.综上,SYH具有更高的Pb富集能力,具有修复中轻度Pb污染土壤的应用潜力.     

Variations between rice cultivars in iron and manganese plaque on roots and the relation with plant cadmium uptake

To understand certain mechanisms causing variations between rice cultivars with regard to cadmium uptake and tolerance, pot soil experiments were conducted with two rice cultivars of di erent genotypes under di erent soil Cd levels. The relationships between plant Cd uptake and iron/manganese (Fe/Mn) plaque formation on roots were investigated. The results showed that rice cultivars di ered markedly in Cd uptake and tolerance. Under soil Cd treatments, Cd concentrations and accumulations in the cultivar Shanyou 63 (the genotype indica) were significantly higher than those in the cultivar Wuyunjing 7 (the genotype japonica) (P < 0.01, or P < 0.05), and Shanyou 63 was more sensitive to Cd toxicity than Wuyunjing 7. The di erences between the rice cultivars were the largest at relatively low soil Cd level (i.e., 10 mg/kg). Fe concentrations in dithionite-citrate-bicarbonate root extracts of Shanyou 63 were generally lower than that of Wuyunjing 7, and the di erence was the most significant under the treatment of 10 mg Cd/kg soil. The results indicated that the formation of iron plaque on rice roots could act as a barrier to soil Cd toxicity, and may be a “bu er” or a “reservoir” which could reduce Cd uptake into rice roots. And the plaque may contribute, to some extent, to the genotypic di erences of rice cultivars in Cd uptake and tolerance.     

Cadmium uptake by different rice genotypes that produce white or dark grains

IntroductionCadmium(Cd)isanon essentialtracemetalthathasadverseeffectsonplants,animalsandhumans.EnvironmentalcontaminationwithCdduetoanthropogenicactivities,suchasmining,industry,agricultureandwastedisposalhasbeenincreasingsincethebeginningofthe 2 0thcentury (Alloway,1995) .ResearchoncontrollingCdpollutionassociatedwithassessingandmanagingacuteinjurytohumanhealththroughoccupationalexposureanddisposalofCdfromindustrialpointsourcestolocalpopulationsthroughseveralpathwayshasmadeconsiderableadva…     

两种不同镉富集能力油菜品种耐性机制

利用水培试验研究了不同浓度镉(cadmium,Cd)胁迫条件下(0、2和5 mg·L~(-1))两种Cd富集能力油菜品种[秦油1号(QY-1)和三月黄(SYH)]生长状况与Cd富集特征的差异,并从Cd亚细胞区隔化和抗氧化酶活性等角度探索了两种油菜Cd富集能力的差异机制,并通过田间试验进行验证.结果表明,水培条件下,这两种油菜在Cd胁迫下生长均未受到明显的抑制.在低浓度Cd(2 mg·L~(-1))处理下,两种油菜地上部Cd含量无显著差异,在高浓度Cd(5 mg·L~(-1))胁迫下SYH的地上部和根部Cd含量均显著高于QY-1,分别提高32. 05%和99. 57%,同时其根部生物富集系数(BCF)也较QY-1显著提高.对两种油菜叶片中Cd亚细胞区隔化研究结果表明,随着Cd处理浓度的增加,QY-1和SYH叶片中Cd在热稳定蛋白和镉富集颗粒组分的分布分别提高了143. 69%、118. 91%和63. 34%、118. 91%,由此可见将Cd区隔在热稳定蛋白和镉富集颗粒体等重金属解毒组分是油菜在亚细胞水平上的重要解毒机制.同时,高浓度Cd胁迫下SYH叶中Cd在细胞碎屑组分的含量达QY-1的4. 41倍,可知Cd在细胞碎屑组分中的分布是导致两种油菜Cd富集能力差异的重要机制.结合对两种油菜抗氧化酶活性研究结果,发现抗氧化酶系统可能是QY-1应对高浓度Cd胁迫的重要解毒机制,而SYH则更多地通过将Cd区隔在金属低活性的亚细胞组分来减轻其毒性.田间试验结果验证表明,SYH地上部和地下部Cd含量均显著高于QY-1,分别是QY-1的2. 34和1. 43倍.综上所述,SYH具有更高的Cd提取量和富集能力,具有应用于中轻度Cd污染农田修复的潜力.     

Effects of insoluble Zn, Cd, and EDTA on the growth, activities of antioxidant enzymes and uptake of Zn and Cd in Vetiveria zizanioides

A root-bag experiment was conducted to study the effects of insoluble Zn, Cd and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) on the plant growth, activities of antioxidant enzymes, proline, glutathione (GSH), water-soluble proteins and malondialdehyde (MDA) of Vetiveria zizanioides, and its uptake capacity of Zn and Cd.The results showed that plant growth of V.zizanioides was inhibited by Zn and Cd.The shoot dry weight (SDW) and root dry weight (RDW) decrease by 0.3%, 8.0%, 9.4% and 10.4%, 15.1%, 24.2% compared to the control without EDTA addition, respectively.After adding EDTA, shoot and root dry weight decreased over 10% and 15% compared to results in the absence of EDTA, respectively.The toxicity from insoluble Zn and Cd in soil on SDW and RDW of V.zizanioides was in order: Zn+Cd > Cd > Zn.The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT), and contents of MDA and proline significantly increased, while the contents of GSH and water-soluble proteins markedly decreased with increasing Zn and Cd toxicity.With EDTA, shoot and root Zn concentrations increased in the Zn treatment by 7.3% and 37.4% compared to the plants grown in absence of EDTA.Shoot and root Cd concentrations in the combined Zn and Cd treatment with EDTA increased by 18.6% and 391.9% compared to the treatment without EDTA.However, Zn and Cd concentrations in shoot and roots decreased in the Cd treatment compared to the plants grown in absence of EDTA, with exception of root Cd concentration in the presence of EDTA).     

三叶鬼针草幼苗对镉污染的耐性及其吸收积累特征研究

通过盆栽实验研究了镉(Cd)胁迫下三叶鬼针草(Bidens pilosaL.)幼苗的耐性能力(包括生长反应和生理生化特性)以及对Cd的吸收积累特征.结果表明,当土壤中投加的Cd浓度为≤32 mg/kg时,三叶鬼针草植物的生长和发育没有受到抑制,与对照相比,地上部和根部生物量分别增加了32.4%~44%和29.1%~57.6%,其中,当Cd处理浓度为8 mg/kg时,地上部干重达到最大值,为0.22 g/pot.在不同Cd处理下,叶绿素(Chl)和可溶性蛋白(SP)含量下降,分别比对照处理降低了23.3%和41.5%;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性随着Cd浓度增加先有所抑制,后逐渐增大;过氧化物酶(POD)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量随Cd处理浓度增加而增大,分别比对照增加了1.2~6.6和1.1~1.5倍.然而,当Cd浓度为50~100 mg/kg时,显示出对三叶鬼针草幼苗的生长发育和生理生化特征都产生了一定的负效应,说明三叶鬼针草对Cd污染的耐性能力具有一定的阈值.在梯度实验中,植物体内Cd的富集系数和转移系数都大于1.0.当土壤中Cd含量达到100 mg/kg时,地上部Cd含量达到119.1 mg/kg,具备...     

不同铁营养状况下根系特征及蒸腾对黄瓜幼苗吸收镉的影响

采用营养液培养方法,研究了不同铁营养状况下的根系形态变化及蒸腾作用对不同品种黄瓜幼苗吸收镉的影响.结果表明,不加铁处理对地上部生物量的影响大于对根系的影响,并且不同品种间生物量差异显著.不加铁处理和低水平铁处理时,黄瓜根长变长、根表面积变大.与不加铁处理相比,加铁处理显著抑制了黄瓜根系对镉的吸收,中农5号(缺铁敏感黄瓜品种)和津春4号(缺铁不敏感黄瓜品种)每克根对镉的吸收量分别降低了25.5%~45.5%和28.8%~55.0%;但却增加了镉向地上部的转运,镉在叶中的分配系数分别增加了2.2~3.6倍(中农5号)和2.6~3.7倍(津春4号).缺铁敏感的中农5号吸镉总量与根长、根表面积都呈显著正相关性,而缺铁不敏感的津春4号吸镉总量与根长、根表面积之间的关系不显著.不管是中农5号还是津春4号,其蒸腾速率与每克根吸收镉的量均呈显著的正相关关系.不同铁营养状况影响了黄瓜幼苗的根系形态和蒸腾速率,从而影响了根系对镉的吸收,高铁水平显著抑制了黄瓜根系对镉的吸收.     

水培条件下秋华柳对重金属Cd的富集特性及光合响应

采用水培试验的方法,研究了不同Cd胁迫浓度〔ρ(Cd2+)分别为0、1、5、10和20 mg/L〕下秋华柳的生长、光合耐性及其对Cd的富集特性和转移能力.结果表明:①随着Cd胁迫浓度的升高,秋华柳生长所受到的抑制程度有所增加.除20 mg/L处理组外,其余各处理组的耐性指数(TI)均大于70,表现出较高的耐性.②低Cd胁迫浓度(1 mg/L)下秋华柳具有较好的光合耐性,当Cd胁迫浓度达到20 mg/L时,秋华柳的光合系统才受到明显影响.③秋华柳对外源Cd的富集能力较强,随着Cd胁迫浓度的升高,秋华柳所积累的Cd显著增加且主要积累于根部,表现为叶<茎<根.当Cd胁迫浓度小于5 mg/L时,秋华柳根部吸收的Cd向地上部分转移的效果较好.试验显示,秋华柳对于较低Cd胁迫浓度(≤10 mg/L)具有较好的耐受性和富集能力,可用于三峡库区消落带表层土壤Cd污染严重区域进行植物修复.      

Differences of cadmium absorption and accumulation in selected vegetable crops

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Salinity elevates Cd bioaccumulation of sea rice cultured under co-exposure of cadmium and salt

Salt-tolerant rice (sea rice) is a key cultivar for increasing rice yields in salinity soil. The co-existence of salinity and cadmium (Cd) toxicities in the plant-soil system has become a great challenge for sustainable agriculture, especially in some estuaries and coastal areas. However, little information is available on the Cd accumulating features of sea rice under the co-stress of Cd and salinity. In this work, a hydroponic experiment with combined Cd (0, 0.2, 0.8 mg/L Cd²⁺) and saline (0, 0.6%, and 1.2% NaCl, W/V) levels and a pot experiment were set to evaluate the Cd toxic risks of sea rice. The hydroponic results showed that more Cd accumulated in sea rice than that in the reported high-Cd-accumulating rice, Chang Xianggu. It indicated an interesting synergistic effect between Cd and Na levels in sea rice, and the Cd level rose significantly with a concomitant increase in Na level in both shoot (r = 0.54, p < 0.01) and root (r = 0.66, p < 0.01) of sea rice. Lower MDA content was found in sea rice, implying that the salt addition probably triggered the defensive ability against oxidative stress. The pot experiment indicated that the coexistent Cd and salinity stress further inhibited the rice growth and rice yield, and the Cd concentration in rice grain was below 0.2 mg/kg. Collectively, this work provides a general understanding of the co-stress of Cd and salinity on the growth and Cd accumulation of sea rice. Additional work is required to precisely identify the phytoremediation potential of sea rice in Cd-polluted saline soil.     

Characteristics of Cd uptake and accumulation in two Cd accumulator oilseed rape species

Two pot experiments were conducted under greenhouse conditions to investigate the characteristics of Cd uptake and accumulation by two Cd accumulator oilseed rape varieties and one Indian mustard grown on a loamy soil that had been artificially contaminated by different amounts of CdSO4 (0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 mg/kg soil). The relationship between shoot Cd uptake of the two oilseed rape cultivars and the soil Cd concentrations could be simulated via quadratic equations. The curve showed that maximum shoot Cd uptake of Indian mustard was 314.7μg/pot at soil Cd concentration of 87.8 mg/kg, while maximum uptake of the variety Xikou Huazi was 543.3 μg/pot at soil Cd concentration of 69.1 mg/kg and that of the variety Zhongyou Za-lhao was 576.7 μg/pot at soil Cd concentration of 84.0 mg/kg, suggesting that shoot Cd uptake ability of the two Cd accumulator oilseed rapes was significantly higher than that of the Indian mustard. Xikou Huazi had higher phytoremediation potential for Cd contaminated soil. Shoot Cd accumulation ability of the two Cd accumulator oilseed rapes was correspond and Cdwas easier translocated to the shoot than hyperaccumulator Indian mustard as comparation plant. Shoot Cd distribution pattern showed consistent and significant reduction from older leaves to younger ones of two oilseed rapes and Indian mustard. Cd uptake by oilseed rapes in growth prophase was higher than that of growth anaphase.     

胡敏酸改性膨润土钝化污染土壤Pb&Cd及机理

通过盆栽试验,探讨了胡敏酸改性膨润土对重金属铅、镉污染土壤的钝化效果及机理。结果表明,铅、镉污染土壤中施加胡敏酸改性膨润土能显著降低小白菜中Pb、Cd的含量,在添加Cd(3 mg/kg)/Pb(250 mg/kg)污染土壤和Cd(1 0 mg/kg)/Pb(5 00 mg/kg)污染土壤上小白菜地上部分Pb含量分别比对照降低19.08%和47.91%,Cd含量分别比对照降低9.79%和14.89%。土壤本身对添加的重金属Pb/Cd有一定的耐受力和自我净化能力,在添加重金属后,添加的Pb/Cd元素大部分直接转化为较为稳定的碳酸盐结合态和铁锰氧化结合态。相关性分析显示小白菜的鲜重与小白菜Pb/Cd含量极显著负相关,进一步说明胡敏酸改性膨润土是通过提高小白菜的生物量,从而降低Pb/Cd在小白菜中的含量。     

Potential of Pteris vittata L. for phytoremediation of sites co-contaminated with cadmium and arsenic： The tolerance and accumulation

Field investigation and greenhouse experiments were conducted to study the tolerance of Pteris vittata L. （Chinese brake） to cadmium （Cd） and its feasibility for remediating sites co-contaminated with Cd and arsenic （As）. The results showed that P. vittata could survive in pot soils spiked with 80 mg/kg of Cd and tolerated as great as 301 mg/kg of total Cd and 26.8 mg/kg of diethyltriaminepenta acetic acid （DTPA）-extractable Cd under field conditions. The highest concentration of Cd in fronds was 186 mg/kg under a total soil concentration of 920 mg As/kg and 98.6 mg Cd/kg in the field, whereas just 2.6 mg/kg under greenhouse conditions. Ecotypes of P. vittata were differentiated in tolerance and accumulation of Cd, and some of them could not only tolerate high concentrations of soil Cd, but also accumulated high concentrations of Cd in their fronds. Arsenic uptake and transportation by P. vittata was not inhibited at lower levels （〈20 mg/kg） of Cd addition. Compared to the treatment without addition of Cd, the frond As concentration was increased by 103.8% at 20 mg Cd/kg, with the highest level of 6434 mg/kg. The results suggested that the Cd-tolerant ecotype of P. vittata extracted effectively As and Cd from the site co-contaminated with Cd and As, and might be used to remediate and revegetate this type of site.     

生物炭和锌对土壤镉赋存形态及小麦镉积累的影响

为探讨生物炭单独施用及其联合锌施用对镉污染土壤安全利用的可行性,采用污灌区镉污染土壤种植小麦盆栽试验,结合小麦生长参数、抗氧化酶活性、相关基因表达,研究单独施用0、1.0%、1.5%和2.0%小麦秸秆生物炭以及与锌混施(在上述4个处理组土壤中施加30 mg/kg七水合硫酸锌)对镉胁迫下土壤镉形态特征和小麦镉积累特征的影响. 结果表明:①施用生物炭可促使土壤可交换态、碳酸盐结合态向稳定性强的有机结合态和残渣态转化,且随着生物炭施用量的增加,转化比例显著增加,但锌施用对土壤镉形态没有显著影响. ②土壤施加1%~2%生物炭能够显著降低小麦籽粒镉含量29%~57%,且施用2%生物炭可将籽粒镉含量降至0.1 mg/kg以下,土壤同时施用生物炭和锌可在单施生物炭基础上降低籽粒镉含量21%~39%,具有协同效应. ③施用生物炭和锌均可促进植物生长,提高小麦产量,并通过调节小麦丙二醛(MDA)和抗氧化酶(SOD、POD和CAT)活性提升小麦根系细胞抗氧化能力,以及调节镉转运基因(TaNramp5、TaLCT1、TaHMA3和TaHMA2)的表达,降低小麦根系从土壤吸收镉以及向地上部分转运,从而减少小麦对镉的吸收和积累. 研究显示,向土壤添加生物炭和锌对污灌区小麦的安全生产具有参考和指导意义.      

丛枝菌根菌丝对重金属元素Zn和Cd吸收的研究

丛枝菌根菌丝对重金属元素Ｚｎ和Ｃｄ吸收的研究陶红群李晓林张俊伶（中国农业大学资源与环境学院，北京１０００９４）关键词丛枝菌根；锌；镉．近年来，由于工业排放及一些农业措施（如污灌等）造成许多土壤中重金属元素的污染．其中锌和镉是两个较为重要的重金属污染...     

Identification of rice cultivars with low brown rice mixed cadmium and lead contents and their interactions with the micronutrients iron, zinc, nickel and manganese

Paddy fields in mining areas are usually co-contaminated by a cocktail of mixed toxic heavy metals (e.g., Cd and Pb in Pb/Zn mines). However, previous studies on rice cultivars screened for effective metal exclusion have mostly focused on individual metals, and have been conducted under pot-trial or hydroponic solution conditions. This study identified rice cultivars with both low Cd and Pb accumulation under Cd-and Pb-contaminated field conditions, and the interactions of the toxic elements Cd and Pb with the micronutrient elements Fe, Zn, Mn and Ni were also studied. Among 32 rice cultivars tested, there were significant differences in Cd (0.06-0.59 mg/kg) and Pb (0.25-3.15 mg/kg) levels in their brown rice, and similar results were also found for the micronutrient elements. Significant decreases in concentrations of Fe and Mn were detected with increasing Cd concentrations and a significant elevation in Fe, Mn and Ni with increasing Pb concentrations. A similar result was also shown by Cd and Ni. Three cultivars were identified with a combination of low brown rice Cd and Pb, high micronutrient and grain yield (Wufengyou 2168, Tianyou 196 and Guinongzhan). Present results suggest that it is possible to breed rice cultivars with low mixed toxic element (Cd, Pb) and high micronutrient contents along with high grain yields, thus ensuring food safety and quality.     

Modified accumulation of selected heavy metals in Bt transgenic rice

Safety assessment of genetically modified crops generally does not take into account the potential hazard of altered patterns of heavy metal accumulation in plants. A pot experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions to evaluate the impact of heavy metal amendments on the accumulation of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in a Bt transgenic rice Ke-Ming-Dao (KMD) and its wild-type Xiushui 11 (Xs11). In control soils, significant di erence was only found in contents of Cu (p < 0.01) and Pb (p < 0.05) in straw between KMD and Xs11. At three levels of Cd amendments (5, 10, and 20 mg/kg), the Cd contents in grain and straw of KMD were significantly higher than those of Xs11, and all grain Cd contents were significantly higher than the International Criteria (0.2–0.4 mg/kg) as specified by the Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC). These results implied that it may be unsafe for growing Bt transgenic rice in heavily Cd-polluted areas. No significant di erence in Zn was found between the two varieties with the exception of roots at Zn amendment level of 600 mg/kg, while Pb contents in KMD were much higher in the straw at the lead amendment level of 1000 mg/kg and in the root at 250 mg Pb/kg. Data on the heavy metal accumulation patterns for the genetically modified rice may be used for the selection of growing areas as well as for plant residue management for Bt rice.