AHP（层次分析法）对城镇污水处理厂的选型进行决策

介绍如何用ＡＨＰ对城镇污水处理厂选型进行决策，最终和出最佳方案。     

基于层次分析法的屠宰废水处理技术性能评估

对废水处理技术性能的综合评估是提高废水处理效率的主要途径,同时也能提高处理技术的经济性。采用层次分析法(AHP)对屠宰废水的处理技术进行优选。利用实验室中试实测COD、TN和TP的去除率,并结合专家咨询法对判断矩阵进行赋值。以3套组合工艺作为方案层,综合效益作为目标层,经济效益、技术性能、管理效益作为准则层建立层次模型和判断矩阵。通过判断矩阵中各因素标度与权重,优选了屠宰废水最佳处理方案为上流式厌氧污泥床(UASB)/序批式活性污泥法(SBR)组合工艺。AHP为屠宰废水处理技术产业化过程中的性能评估提供了科学依据。     

基于群决策的层次分析法构建制浆造纸减排技术评价指标体系

采用层次分析法(AHP)构建了漂白硫酸盐木浆造纸工艺减排技术的评价指标体系,利用群决策的方式确定指标层中各子因素对于准则层的层次单排序,以此降低评价过程中专家评价的主观性.专家的权重由其判断矩阵与其他专家的判断矩阵的相似度和差异度确定,并通过加权几何平均法聚合成共识矩阵.评价指标体系由定量评价和定性评价两部分组成,选取...     

层次分析法在评定最优环境工程方案中的应用

本文根据层次分析法的原理，结合环境工程评标的特点，建立了评定最优环境工程方案的层次结构模型。该模型引入三标度法来间接地构造判断矩阵，简化了专家或决策者的判断难度，增强了判断矩阵的逻辑性。结合某废水治理工程项目，介绍了层次分析法应用于工程评标的计算过程。结果表明，这种改进的层次分析法是进行环境工程方案优选的新颖、科学、简便的方法。     

杭州市大气总悬浮颗粒物中酞酸酯的污染

用大流量采样器采集了杭州市１月份和７月份不同功能区大气中的ＴＳＰ,然后用ＨＰＬＣ其中的酞酸酯含量,结果检出有ＤＭＰ、ＤＢＰ和ＤＥＨＰ,其中１月份ＤＢＰ含量最高,７月份ＤＥＨＰ含量最高。     

阳离子高分子絮凝剂用于印刷油墨废水处理

聚二甲二烯丙基氯化铵（ＰＤＭＤＡＡＣ）用于印刷油墨废水的处理，对共聚物中阳离子含量的选择，最佳投药剂量以及处理体系中温度等因素对处理效果的影响进行了研究，着重研究了絮凝剂的分子量和阳离子度对处理效果的影响，研究结果认为ＰＤＭＤＡＡＣ适用于印刷油墨废水的处理。     

粉煤灰及改性粉煤灰对邻甲酚吸附性能的研究

研究了水溶液中粉煤灰（ＦＡ）和浸渍粉煤灰（ＩＦＡ）吸附有害的邻甲酚,试验了颗粒大小、浸渍条件、ｐＨ值和温度等因素对吸附量的影响。结果表明,在稀溶液中进行吸附时,提高温度、减小粒径和ｐＨ值,可增加粉煤灰对邻甲酚的吸附量;用Ａｌ＾３＋离子浸渍的粉煤灰具有较大的吸附量;吸附过程机理主要是多孔物质和静电作用的共同结果所致。     

采油污水中聚丙烯酰胺的化学降解特性研究

通过模拟实验测定采油污水中聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)的相对分子质量的变化,判断其降解程度。实验研究了光催化氧化、含盐量、氧化剂等化学因素对聚丙烯酰胺降解的影响,从而得到聚丙烯酰胺在采油污水中的一些化学降解特性,为采油污水中聚丙烯酰胺的脱除提供判断和依据。     

采油污水中聚丙烯酰胺的化学降解特性研究

通过模拟实验测定采油污水中聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)的相对分子质量的变化，判断其降解程度。实验研究了光催化氧化、含盐量、氧化剂等化学因素对聚丙烯酰胺降解的影响，从而得到聚丙烯酰胺在采油污水中的一些化学降解特性，为采油污水中聚丙烯酰胺的脱除提供判断和依据。     

模糊综合评价在天然水体水质评价中的应用研究

采用模糊数学方法,对河网地区面源污染影响较大的代表性河流的水质状况进行综合评价研究。根据监测断面水质污染特点,确定了8个指标作为评价因子,建立了评价因素矩阵,计算出影响因子的权重。在此基础上,提出了模糊综合评价的水质级别,证明该河网地区的污染物主要是氮、磷和有机物。     

A modified cyanobacteria prediction model based on cellular automata model using N and P concentration reverse data: a case study in Taihu Lake

The problem of algal bloom caused by eutrophication has attracted global attention. Many scholars have studied the problem associated with algae bloom, but few have carried out dynamic monitoring, instead focusing on the formation mechanism of cyanobacteria. For our study of the Taihu Lake in China, we used Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and Landsat remote sensing image data from 2017 to establish a prediction model. First, we used MODIS data to retrieve the concentration of N, P, and chlorophyll a in water. Then, we applied the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) model to the inversion results to construct the diffusion potential index. Finally, we used C# to compile the cellular automata (CA) model. We found that the distribution of cyanobacteria predicted by our method was consistent with the algal bloom situation of Taihu Lake in 2017. The results showed that the method effectively predicts the dynamic transfer of cyanobacteria from outbreak to diffusion in a short period of time, which can help decision-makers monitor lake health.

     

Application of ultrasonic assisted extraction of chemically diverse organic compounds from soils and sediments

The objective of this research was the development, optimization, and demonstration of an ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) based method for organic anthropogenic waste indicators (AWIs) with a range of physicochemical properties from soil and sediment samples. The optimized method was designed to be cost effective compared to existing extraction methods, which may require large quantities of consumables, produce substantial volumes of organic waste, or require costly instrumentation or equipment. Reagent grade sand, soil collected from the native grassland in proximity to Eastern Washington University (EWU), and sediment samples collected from the Spokane river were used as sample matrices during method development. These matrices were fortified with eight AWIs of varying chemical properties that are representative of a variety of household, industrial, and agricultural sources. The recoveries of the AWIs spiked onto these matrices were determined in the extracts using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). These values reflect the efficiency of the method for extraction of these analytes from representative environmental matrices. Recoveries ranged from 46.1% to 110% in the fortified soil and from 49.2% to 118.6% in the fortified sediment samples, which is comparable with existing methods for the study analytes. The optimized method was then used to quantify AWIs in a biosolid-amended soil. Indole and p-cresol were detected in the biosolid-amended soil.     

Validation of QuEChERS method for the determination of some pesticide residues in two apple varieties

This study was undertaken to validate the “quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe” (QuEChERS) method using Golden Delicious and Starking Delicious apple matrices spiked at 0.1 maximum residue limit (MRL), 1.0 MRL and 10 MRL levels of the four pesticides (chlorpyrifos, dimethoate, indoxacarb and imidacloprid). For the extraction and cleanup, original QuEChERS method was followed, then the samples were subjected to liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for chromatographic analyses. According to t test, matrix effect was not significant for chlorpyrifos in both sample matrices, but it was significant for dimethoate, indoxacarb and imidacloprid in both sample matrices. Thus, matrix-matched calibration (MC) was used to compensate matrix effect and quantifications were carried out by using MC. The overall recovery of the method was 90.15% with a relative standard deviation of 13.27% (n = 330). Estimated method detection limit of analytes blew the MRLs. Some other parameters of the method validation, such as recovery, precision, accuracy and linearity were found to be within the required ranges.     

磷石膏再生利用途径的综合评价

依据层次分析法原理,用经济、环境和资源化3个影响因素建立磷石膏资源化途径优选的递阶层次结构模型。以山东某化工厂生产磷酸产生的磷石膏为研究案例,从磷石膏组成成分与含量分析的角度出发,结合磷石膏各资源化途径的独特要求,探讨磷石膏资源化特性与资源化途径的密切关系,拟合出磷石膏的各种资源化特性,作为结构模型中的资源化因子。然后分别对模型中的3个影响因素进行定性和半定量化处理,最终实现磷石膏资源化途径优选的决策评价,为政府部门和环境管理者提供决策参考。     

High-sensitivity direct analysis of aflatoxins in peanuts and cereal matrices by ultra-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection involving a large volume flow cell

This paper reports a sensitive and cost effective method of analysis for aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2. The sample preparation method was primarily optimised in peanuts, followed by its validation in a range of peanut-processed products and cereal (rice, corn, millets) matrices. Peanut slurry [12.5 g peanut + 12.5 mL water] was extracted with methanol: water (8:2, 100 mL), cleaned through an immunoaffinity column and thereafter measured directly by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence (UPLC-FLD) detection, within a chromatographic runtime of 5 minutes. The use of a large volume flow cell in the FLD nullified the requirement of any post-column derivatisation and provided the lowest ever reported limits of quantification of 0.025 for B1 and G1 and 0.01 μg/kg for B2 and G2. The single laboratory validation of the method provided acceptable selectivity, linearity, recovery and precision for reliable quantifications in all the test matrices as well as demonstrated compliance with the EC 401/2006 guidelines for analytical quality control of aflatoxins in foodstuffs.     

超临界二氧化碳萃取环境样品中金属离子的研究进展

原位络合的超临界萃取技术开辟了超临界二氧化碳（ＳＣ－ＣＯ２）萃取金属离子的新途径。本文综述国外有关ＳＣ－ＣＯ２萃取环境样品中金属离子的原理、流程、应用及影响因素等方面的研究进展,并相信随着研究工作的不断深入,更加理想的络合剂和ＳＣ－ＣＯ２携带剂的发现,必将使ＳＣ－ＣＯ２萃取金属离子的技术在环境样品中痕量金属离子的前处理和分析以及有害金属离子的处理等方面的应用前景更为广阔     

Biochemical and biological assays of endocrine disrupting compounds in various manure matrices

Wastes generated by animal agriculture have complex matrices and present a significant challenge for achieving accurate measurements of estrogens. The objective of this study was to compare two different extraction methods and two different biochemical and biological estrogen assays on two dairy manure matrices. The two extraction methods studied in this research were a two-step base-toluene extraction and a one-step cyclohexane extraction. The two assays assessed were an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and a yeast estrogen screen (YES) bioassay. Estrogenic activity was measured directly as 17beta-estradiol (E2) through the ELISA method or as E2 equivalents (E2-eq) through the YES bioassay. Both extraction methods yielded reasonable recoveries from distilled water in the absence of matrix interferences. In manure samples, ELISA resulted in recoveries slightly higher than 100% in two types of dairy manures, but YES recoveries varied. The YES bioassay detected much higher estrogenic activities in dairy manure compared to the E2 concentrations measured by ELISA. The base-solvent extraction yielded higher E2 concentrations in dairy manure compared to the one-step cyclohexane extraction. These results suggest that manure matrices vary sufficiently that extraction methods must be optimized for specific assays utilized to quantify estrogens in manures.     

Removing perfluorooctane sulfonate and perfluorooctanoic acid from solid matrices, paper, fabrics, and sand by mineral acid suppression and supercritical carbon dioxide extraction

The removal of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) from solid matrices has received considerable attention because of the environmental persistence, bioaccumulation, and potential toxicity of these compounds. This study presents a simple method using concentrated HNO₃ as a suppression agent, and methanol-modified supercritical carbon dioxide (Sc-CO₂) extraction for removing PFOS and PFOA from solid matrices. The optimal conditions were 16 M HNO₃ and 20% (v/v) methanol containing Sc-CO₂, under a pressure of 20.3 MPa and a temperature of 50 °C. Extraction time was set at 70 min (40 min for static and 30 min for dynamic extraction). PFOA and PFOS were identified and quantitated by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. The extraction efficiencies (with double extractions) were close to 100% for PFOA and 80% for PFOS for both paper and fabric matrices. The extraction efficiencies for sand were approximately 77% for PFOA and 59% for PFOS. The results show that this method is accurate, and effective, and that it provides a promising and convenient approach to remediate the environment of hazardous PFOA and PFOS contamination.     

Immersed solid phase microextraction to measure chemical activity of lipophilic organic contaminants in fatty tissue samples

It is known that solid phase microextraction (SPME) fibers can be equilibrated directly within environmental matrices such as water, sediment and soil slurries. Here it is shown that this method can also be applied to biological tissue. SPME extraction of biological matrices reportedly causes lipophilic fouling of the fiber. However, we found no significant measurement bias when combining equilibrium sampling with fiber surface cleaning. The uptake of lipophilic organic pollutants from the tissue and into the SPME fiber coating was characterized by fast equilibrium partitioning without sample depletion and without impacting the sorptive properties of the fiber. The precision of the method when applied to hexachlorobenzene and several PCB congeners in harbor porpoise blubber was 15%, which includes the variation between SPME samplings, manual injections and the instrumental analysis. A good correlation (r(2)=0.95) was obtained between SPME measurements of PCB 153 in blubber and concentrations obtained via a traditional analytical approach. These results indicate that SPME is a promising technique for measuring chemical activity in biological tissue, which would make it a useful tool for studying chemical distribution in organisms as well as biodilution and biomagnification phenomena.