微生物絮凝剂的研究、应用及存在的问题

介绍了微生物絮凝剂的研究及应用现状,包括产生絮凝剂的微生物种类、微生物絮凝剂的絮凝机理,以及微生物絮凝剂的应用。同时提出了微生物絮凝剂在研究、应用中存在的问题和今后的发展方向。     

微生物絮凝剂的研究及应用前景

对微生物絮凝剂的研究及应用进展进行综述,包括产生絮凝剂的微生物种类,微生物絮凝剂的提取纯化,微生物絮凝剂的絮凝机理,影响因素,研究动向以及微生物絮凝剂的应用。     

微生物絮凝剂的研究方法和进展

通过分析目前国内外微生物絮凝的研究现状，归纳了微生物絮凝剂的一般研究方法，综述了微生物絮凝剂的研究成果，提出了微生物絮凝剂研究中亟待解决的问题和建议。     

新型微生物絮凝剂的研究进展

综述了近些年来国内外微生物絮凝剂的发展概况,并对微生物絮凝剂的絮凝机理进行了探讨.分别介绍了单菌株生物絮凝剂、复合型生物絮凝剂、有效微生物群以及微生物絮凝剂的生物学研究,对微生物絮凝剂的发展趋势及其应用情况进行了分析.     

微生物絮凝剂的研究现状与发展趋势

本文综述了国内外关于微生物絮凝剂的研究、应用现状。阐述了研究和开发微生物絮凝剂的必要性 ;概括了其产生菌的筛选、鉴定及培养条件 ;讨论了微生物絮凝剂的结构、特性、性能及作用机理 ;列举了微生物絮凝剂的应用 ;最后 ,展望了微生物絮凝剂的研究发展方向。     

微生物絮凝剂的制备与发展方向

文章对无机絮凝剂、有机合成高分子絮凝剂和微生物絮凝剂三种絮凝剂进行了比较,提出研究和开发絮凝效果好、应用范围广、易生物降解、对环境安全的微生物絮凝剂就成为必然,并综述了微生物絮凝剂其产生菌的筛选、鉴定、培养、微生物絮凝剂的提取和纯化、微生物絮凝剂的化学组成分析和合成途径的探索;列举了微生物絮凝剂对畜产废水有机物的去除、对废水中COD、BOD的去除、对印染废水脱色的应用、对工业废水重金属离子的脱除,最后,展望了微生物絮凝剂的研究发展方向。     

微生物絮凝剂的特性研究及其进展

微生物絮凝剂具有高效、安全、不污染环境等特点，已日益受到重视，综述了微生物絮凝剂的研究发展和应用现状，对絮凝性微生物的培养及絮凝剂的特性进行总结，并展望了其发展趋势。     

微生物絮凝剂的研究进展及应用

系统介绍了微生物絮凝剂的定义、成份、制备及微生物絮凝剂的研究与应用进展等方面的知识,其中包括微生物絮凝剂的产生和培养条件、作用机理、合成絮凝剂的微生物种类,并预示了今后微生物絮凝剂领域的几个重要研究方向。     

微生物絮凝剂

絮凝剂已广泛用于各种工业废水处理。按照生产方式,通常,絮凝剂可分为3类:有机高分子絮凝剂,如聚丙烯酰胺;无机絮凝剂,如铝盐、铁盐;微生物絮凝剂。前2类常用于废水预处理及污泥脱水,而微生物絮凝剂则是目前正在开发的新类型絮凝剂,应用前景广阔。微生物絮凝剂是利用生物技术,通过细菌、真菌等微生物培养方法生产的,不存在二次污染,使用安全、方便。因此,微生物絮凝剂的开发,日益引人注目。随着生物技术的发展,有可能廉价地大量生产。一、生产微生物絮凝剂的微生物某些真菌和细菌能用于微生物絮凝剂的生产。J.Nakamura等人早在1976年就对能产生絮凝效果的微生物进行了研究。从霉菌、细菌、放线菌、酵母菌等214种菌株中,筛选出19种具有絮凝能力的微生物。其中,霉     

微生物絮凝剂研究与应用进展

本文论述了微生物絮凝剂开发应用的必要性，介绍了微生物絮凝剂的种类和研究概况，分析了微生物絮凝剂的絮凝机理及其影响因素，列举了微生物絮凝剂的应用实例，认为今后微生物絮凝剂在环境污染治理中，特别是回收废水中有益物质的过程中将占据重要地位。     

Contribution of additives Cu to its accumulation in pig feces： study in Beijing and Fuxin of China

Massive amounts of pig manure are produced by intensive pig farm in China, and the composition of pig manure has changed much due to the use of feed additives. However, little is known about the exact Cu （copper） feed as additives or present as contaminants in pig feed and the residues in feces. One hundred and thirty-seven feeds and one hundred and forty-two fecal samples from 48 pig farms were collected in Beijing and Fuxin cities in 1999 and 2005, respectively. The concentrations of Cu were in the range of 6.86-395.19 mg/kg in the feed samples, and the mean values were in the order of weaner〉 grower-finisher〉 sow＇s feeds. The high concentrations over EU recommendations implied that excessive levels of Cu are fed on many pig farms in Beijing and Fuxin. Cu was also present in high concentrations in feces, and concentrations were highly variable. Cu concentrations in the feces from grower-finisher and weaner pigs were significantly greater than feces of sows. The super-intensive and small-scale farms had higher levels of Cu in feces than the middle farms. Cu concentrations in pig feces were approximately 5-times greater than in pig feeds. Feed management in grower-finisher pigs on super-intensive and small-scale pig farms is needed to reduce high Cu concentrations in feces and risks to soil contamination while feces are land-applied.     

Distribution of mercury in different environmental compartments in the aquatic ecosystem of the coastal zone of the Southern Baltic Sea

The aim of this study was to characterize mercury (Hg) contamination in the coastal waters of the Southern Baltic Sea, and to investigate transformations of Hg in the initial links of the marine food chain. Concentrations of Hg in water, particulate matter, plankton and macrophytes at various stations in the coastal zone (a bay with restricted water exchange, near an industrial city, river mouths, and the open sea) were measured in 2006–2008. Hg concentrations observed in the Southern Baltic varied greatly, showing the highest average values in all environmental compartments near the river mouths. In shallow, sheltered parts of the gulf, where water exchange is restricted, Hg concentrations in the water and in macrophytes were elevated relative to those in the coastal zone of the deeper part of the bay and in the open Baltic. Distance to the river mouth, terrestrial runoff, and quantity and quality of organic matter were more important than seasonal variations in controlling Hg and HgSPM concentrations in water samples. Mercury concentrations in the surface microlayer at the air/sea interface were over 10 times higher than those in the bulk surface water. Concentrations of Hg in macrophytes in the winter were significantly higher than those in the warm seasons (spring, summer, autumn). This was probably the combined effect of higher availability of Hg in porewaters and leaf growth inhibition.     

长期不同耕作方式下紫色水稻土和上覆水中汞及甲基汞的分布特征

为了解不同耕作方式对稻田中甲基汞的影响,在免耕冬水、垄作免耕、厢作免耕、水旱轮作和常规平作等5种耕作方式的长期定位试验地,分层采集土壤和上覆水样品,分析了汞及甲基汞的垂直分布特征.结果表明,免耕冬水、垄作免耕以及厢作免耕条件下土壤总汞含量在10~20 cm层最高,其中免耕冬水富集效果相对明显;而水旱轮作和常规平作处理则随土层加深呈下降趋势,其中水旱轮作更有利于汞的迁移转化.免耕冬水、厢作免耕、常规平作土壤甲基汞含量在剖面的分布规律与土壤总汞类似,除水旱轮作土壤汞甲基化能力在底层比表、中层较强外,其余4种处理则相反.5种耕作方式下稻田上覆水中溶解态汞(DHg)和溶解态甲基汞(DMe Hg)含量均随水深而增加,且水旱轮作和常规平作相对较高.各处理孔隙水中DHg含量与该层次土壤总汞含量有关,两者在土壤剖面上的波动趋势基本相同.免耕冬水、垄作免耕的孔隙水中DMe Hg含量及DMe Hg占DHg比例均在10~20 cm层出现最大值.水旱轮作和常规平作的孔隙水DMe Hg含量则相反,在10~20 cm层有最低值,两种处理的DMe Hg占DHg比例随土壤深度增加而上升.不同处理孔隙水中DMe Hg含量及DMe Hg占DHg比例均大于对应处理上覆水的值.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

黄、渤海区沉积物中磷的分布

对1998年9月和1999年5月的渤海航次、1998年5月南黄海航次、1999年8月北黄海航次所采集的表层和柱状沉积物样品中总磷和无机磷的含量及分布进行了系统分析和讨论，结果表明：黄、渤海沉积物无机磷占总磷的70%-80%，以无机磷为主，有机磷次之。受海流及陆地河流注入的影响，渤海海区沉积物中无机磷的总磷含量的最大值出现在黄河口附近，而黄海海区沉积物中无机磷和总磷含量的最大值出现在南黄海的西南部；整个黄、渤海海区无机磷和总磷含量的最小值则出现在山东半岛的成山头附近与朝鲜半岛西海岸之间的海区。由于海流作用及生物扰动，所采集的柱状样品中磷的含量产生了一定的波动，但总体趋势还是表层沉积物中磷的含量略高，向下销有减小。     

桑沟湾贝类养殖海域石油烃污染状况及其对贝类质量安全的影响

2008年1～11月在桑沟湾贝类养殖海域分别采集表层海水、表层沉积物和养殖贝类样品,进行了石油烃含量分析.依据石油烃含量检测结果,分析了桑沟湾贝类养殖海域海水和沉积物中石油烃含量的分布和变化趋势以及贝类体内石油烃含量水平和种间差异,并对3种介质中石油烃的污染状况进行了评价,最后探讨了贝类体内积累的石油烃及对贝类质量安全...     

土壤中佳乐麝香和镉污染对苗期小麦生长及其污染物积累的影响

选用潮土和褐土2种理化性质不同的土壤,采用室外盆栽实验,以小麦(Triticum aestivum)为供试植物,研究了佳乐麝香(HHCB)和镉(Cd)复合污染对小麦植株生物量及污染物在小麦植株各部分累积量的影响.结果表明,在2种土壤中小麦植株地上和地下部分的干重变化顺序均为,单一HHCB污染土壤＞HHCB-Cd复合污染土壤＞单一Cd污染土壤.潮土中HHCB在小麦植株各部分的累积量高于褐土,且潮土中Cd对HHCB在小麦植株各部分累积量的影响与褐土中不同.潮土中的单一HHCB在小麦植株根、茎、叶中的累积量顺序为：根＞茎＞叶;Cd能够显著促进HHCB在小麦根部的累积,而对HHCB在小麦茎和叶中的累积则起抑制作用,抑制率最高可达44.07%.褐土中单一HHCB在小麦植株根、茎和叶中的累积顺序为：根>叶>茎;Cd对HHCB在小麦根部累积的影响不显著,但是中高浓度Cd却可显著促进HHCB在小麦茎和叶中的累积,促进率最高可达35.95%.潮土中Cd在小麦植株各部分的累积量低于褐土,但2种土壤中HHCB均能够明显促进Cd在小麦植株根、茎、叶中的累积.潮土中Cd在根、茎、叶中的累积量增加率分别为30.84%、61.82% 和61.82%,褐土中Cd在根、茎、叶中的累积量增加率分别为 41.53%、184.16% 和206.18%,可见褐土中HHCB对Cd在小麦植株中累积的促进作用强于潮土.     

Gaseous elemental mercury concentration in atmosphere at urban and remote sites in China

An investigation of gaseous elemental mercury concentration in atmosphere was conducted at Beijing and Guangzhou urban, Yangtze Delta regional sites and China Global Atmosphere Watch Baseline Observatory (CGAWBO) in Mt. Waliguan of remote continental area of China. High temporal resolved data were obtained using automated mercury analyzer RA-915 . Results showed that the overall hourly mean Hg0 concentrations in Mt. Waliguan were 1.7± 1.1 ng/m3 in summer and 0.6±0.08 ng/m3 in winter. The concentration in Yangtze Delta regional site was 5.4±4.1 ng/m3, which was much higher than those in Waliguan continental background area and also higher than that found in North America and Europe rural areas. In Beijing urban area the overall hourly mean Hg0 concentrations were 8.3±3.6 ng/m3 in winter, 6.5±5.2 ng/m3 in spring, 4.9±3.3 ng/m3 in summer, and 6.7±3.5 ng/m3 in autumn, respectively, and the concentration was 13.5±7.1 ng/m3 in Guangzhou site. The mean concentration reached the lowest value at 14:00 and the highest at 02:00 or 20:00 in all monitoring campaigns in Beijing and Guangzhou urban areas, which contrasted with the results measured in Yangtze Delta regional site and Mt. Waliguan. The features of concentration and diurnal variation of Hg0 in Beijing and Guangzhou implied the importance of local anthropogenic sources in contributing to the high Hg0 concentration in urban areas of China. Contrary seasonal variation patterns of Hg0 concentration were found between urban and remote sites. In Beijing the highest Hg0concentration was in winter and the lowest in summer, while in Mt. Waliguan the Hg0 concentration in summer was higher than that in winter. These indicated that different processes and factors controlled Hg0 concentration in urban, regional and remote areas.     

广西土壤和沉积物砷含量及污染分布特征

广西素有“有色金属之乡”美誉,土壤重金属污染问题较为突出。通过总结1989年以来相关文献,探讨了广西土壤和沉积物中砷含量及污染分布特征。3 045个和477个土壤和沉积物有效样点的统计分析表明,广西砷污染土壤主要分布于桂西北地区,尤其是刁江及金城江流域;矿业活动显著影响土壤砷积累,从其均值看：工矿区非农用土壤（140.5 mg/kg）>工矿区农用土壤（80.68 mg/kg）>非工矿区农用土壤（19.11 mg/kg）>城区土壤（18.35 mg/kg）,重度砷污染农用地样本均来自南丹;工矿区河流沉积物砷含量（283.5 mg/kg）远高于非工矿区,主要受影响区分布在刁江及大环江流域。为了控制环境风险,建议开展主要水系沉积物砷污染详查,加强南丹及周边区域污染防控和污染土壤修复。     

基于卫星资料的华东地区气溶胶三维分布特征研究

利用MODIS和CALIPSO level2气溶胶产品,通过统计分析多个气溶胶光学参数（光学厚度、消光系数、色比和退偏振比）的时空分布及其变化,得出2007~2016年华东地区（27°N~37°N,113°E~123°E）气溶胶三维分布特征.结果表明,华东地区气溶胶光学厚度（AOD）年平均呈现出北高南低,平原高、山地低的分布特征.AOD季节分布表现为春夏高,秋冬低,夏季最高,冬季最低,且研究区域北部（31°N以北）AOD季节变化比南部地区剧烈.气溶胶消光系数（σ）随高度呈指数衰减,秋冬（春夏）低层σ较大（小）但随高度衰减较快（慢）,2km以下北高南低.年平均色比（CR）随高度递增,变化范围为0.6~0.7,随时间有减小趋势.CR季节特征为4km以下春季最大,夏季最小且均一;4km以上冬季最大,夏季最小.年平均退偏振比（PDR）随高度递增,变化范围为0.1~0.25,北部较大.PDR季节特征为5km以下春季最大,夏季最小;5km以上冬季最大,夏季最小.从气溶胶组成来看,华东地区2km以下以污染沙尘为主;2~5km春季以沙尘为主,其它季节以烟尘为主;5km以上冬春以沙尘为主,夏秋以烟尘为主.