基于动态模型的四川盆地植物挥发性有机物排放

本文在Guenther提出的经典天然源模型的基础上,结合WRF-CHEM简单天然源算法,针对气象变化和CMAQ模型数据格式特点,对BVOCs的算法进行了适当修正和改良,开发了可直接用于空气质量模型的BVOCs动态排放模型.研究结果表明,四川盆地2015年异戊二烯和单萜烯的年排放量分别为5.79×10~(-5)Tg C和3.05×10~(-5)Tg C,月排放具有显著差异;四川盆地植物异戊二烯、萜烯的排放量空间分布很好地反映了四川盆地的植被分布情况,异戊二烯、萜烯排放主要集中在盆地边缘的高山地区,两个物种的高浓度排放主要集中在气温较高、日照较强的夏季和初秋季节,且均在7月达到月均排放量的最大值.本研究建立的动态排放模型能够为空气质量模型提供一种快速衡算BVOCs排放的方法,具备一定的实用性.     

基于Landsat 8影像的太湖生化需氧量遥感反演

生化需氧量(BOD)是监测水体有机污染的重要水质参数,运用遥感技术进行水体BOD监测具有快速、便捷的优势。利用2016年7月27日和2016年8月28日Landsat 8/OLI影像数据与2016年8月1—4日和2016年9月1—8日40个样点实测BOD浓度数据,对BOD浓度与Landsat 8像元光谱反射率进行相关分析并选取敏感波段,运用建模集数据构建偏最小二乘回归模型(模型决定系数为0.61,预测均方根误差为0.69mg·L~(-1),预测偏差比为1.61)进行数据验证,实测值和预测值的相关系数达到0.85,预测均方根误差为0.74mg·L~(-1),预测模型效果较好,说明应用Landsat8/OLI数据进行太湖BOD浓度监测具有可行性。将得到的偏最小二乘回归模型运用至2016年7月27日和2016年8月28日Landsat 8影像得到BOD遥感反演图,遥感反演图中BOD空间分布特征与2016年8月1—4日和2016年9月1—8日样点BOD空间插值结果吻合较好。遥感反演图能更清楚地表征太湖BOD的分布情况,BOD浓度从太湖南部向北部逐渐增加,中南部区域BOD浓度低,西北部、边缘地区以及东南部区域BOD浓度较高。运用太湖其他时段Landsat 8影像与实测BOD浓度构建偏最小二乘回归模型,2016年4月和2017年3月建模效果均比较好,说明偏最小二乘回归方法具有较强的适用性。分析多时段反演结果,2016年中期太湖有机污染状况较初期严重,说明水体有机物质受季节和温度等因素的影响。综上,偏最小二乘回归模型能够较准确估算水体BOD浓度及其空间分布,可为太湖有机污染的评价和治理提供依据。     

城市污水二级生化出水中有机污染物特性表征

城市污水经过二级生化处理后的出水中仍含有种类繁多的有机污染物,目前对水中有机物的常规监测指标(如TOC,COD,BOD5等)主要针对有机物总量的监测,过于笼统.水中有机物种类及特性的不同将极大地影响着有机物在水处理系统中的处理效果和排放后的行为.因此,开展城市污水二级生化出水中各类有机污染物的特性研究,对于了解和掌握城市污水二级出水中有机物对排放水体及周边环境的影响,以及指导生化出水进行深度处理,实现废水再生和循环利用,减轻污染负荷,均具有十分重要的理论意义和实用价值.     

污水处理厂暴露模型参数及对化学品归趋的影响

污水处理厂(STP)暴露预测模型是评估化学品环境归趋的重要手段。调研和实际测定了中国典型污水处理厂的处理工艺、污水特征及环境条件等参数,结果显示,中国STP进水的生化需氧量(BOD5)和悬浮颗粒浓度(SS)普遍低于欧盟。应用欧盟Simple Treat模型,比较了2,6-二叔丁基苯酚、2,4-二叔戊基苯酚和1-萘酚3种化学品在中国和欧盟场景参数下的归趋差异。结果显示,中国场景参数下3种化学品进入污泥的比例较低,向水体中排放比例较高,水环境风险较大。模型灵敏度分析结果表明,进水BOD5、进水SS、活性污泥有机碳含量和环境温度是影响化学品环境归趋的主要因素。     

QUAL2E模型在大沽河干流青岛段水质模拟中的应用

采用QUAL2E模型对大沽河干流青岛段的水质进行了模拟和预测。针对大沽河的具体情况,选用BOD5、COD和氮作为模拟预测指标,用实验模拟方法、模型率定法并参考相关文献确定了BOD耗氧系数k1、BOD复氧系数k2、BOD沉降系数k3、COD耗氧系数和弥散系数等水质参数,并对模拟结果进行了验证,表明预测值和实测值的相关性较好;对BOD5、k1、k2和Q(流量)进行了灵敏度分析,结果表明对大沽河DO浓度影响敏感的参数依次是:Q、k2、BOD、k1,即流量Q是模型最敏感的参数,说明河流的水力学参数对DO影响较大。     

OUAL2E模型在大沽河干流青岛段水质模拟中的应用

采用QUAL2E模型对大沽河干流青岛段的水质进行了模拟和预测。针对大沽河的具体情况，选用BODs、COD和氮作为模拟预测指标，用实验模拟方法、模型率定法并参考相关文献确定了BOD耗氧系数k3、BOD复氧系数k2、BOD沉降系数k3、COD耗氧系数和弥散系数等水质参数，并对模拟结果进行了验证，表明预测值和实测值的相关性较好；对BOD5,k1、k2和Q(流量)进行了灵敏度分析，结果 表明对大沽河DO浓度影响敏感的参数依次是：Q、k2、BOD、k1，即流量Q是模型最敏感的参数，说明河流的水力学参数对DO影响较大。     

北京市春夏挥发性有机物的污染特征及源解析

2017年4月—7月期间对北京北五环附近大气中的挥发性有机物(VOCs)进行观测研究,并利用主成分分析/绝对主因子得分受体模型对VOCs进行源解析,同时结合气象数据推判污染源分布.结果表明,观测期间VOCs主要有烷烃、烯烃、芳香烃、卤代烃和含氧烃等.源解析的结果表明,VOCs来源于燃料挥发、汽车尾气排放、溶剂挥发、单一的溶剂使用、工业排放和干洗六种污染源.其中汽车尾气排放、燃料挥发和溶剂挥发共占所有污染源的73%,是主要的污染源.观测期间污染物的高值区主要分布于观测点南部,而无具体污染源的污染物则可能受气象等因素的影响而更广泛地分布在观测点周围.     

兰州黄河银滩湿地公园生态效益的评定——水体净化功能指标分析

对水体净化功能的强弱是评定湿地公园生态效益的一个重要指标.在兰州黄河银滩湿地公园中,对两个选定采样点(①污水入口,②污水出口)水样的DO(溶解氧)、BOD5(五日生化需氧量)、CODCr(化学需氧量)三个可以衡量水体污染程度的指标进行了测定和分析.结果表明:(1)DO①=0mg/LDO②=2.36mg/L;BOD5①=225.25mg/LBOD5②=66.25mg/L;CODCr①=342.40mg/LCODCr②=176.20mg/L.DO越低,表明污染越严重;而BOD5、CODCr越高,意味着污染越严重.由数据结果显示该湿地公园对污水有一定的净化作用;(2)BOD5②=66.25mg/LBOD5标准=60mg/L;CODCr②=176.20mg/LCODCr标准=120mg/L,与Ⅲ级排放标准相比,表明该湿地公园还需采取一定的措施加以改进,使净化效果更为显著,如可增种各类挺水、漂浮植物(灯心草,凤眼莲等).综上可评定该湿地公园的生态效益为良.     

我国主要污染物排放强度的区域差异分析

污染物排放强度反映了单位新创造经济价值的环境负荷大小.运用均方差赋权法对我国大陆30个省区2005年度废水、化学需氧量、氨氮、二氧化硫、烟尘、工业粉尘和工业固体废物等7种主要污染物排放强度的区域差异进行了评价,结果表明,当年七种主要污染物排放强度综合评价的全国平均水平为0.2154,东部各省区污染物排放强度明显比中西部地区各省区的小.然后,分别将我国东、中、西部各污染物排放强度的最小数值作为各地区污染物排放强度目标值,计算各省区的污染物排放强度降低潜力,结果表明,我国主要污染物排放强度减排潜力具有显著的区域间差异与区域内差异.最后,从增加环境保护投资、改善能源使用结构、调整和优化产业结构和大力发展循环经济等方面提出了促进污染物排放强度降低的一些建议.     

北京地区植物源挥发性有机物(BVOCs)排放清单

利用现场连续监测的方法获取或采用专业气象部门资料以及林业资源二类清查数据的植被资料,运用Gl OBEIS模型,对北京地区2011年度植物源挥发性有机物(BVOCs)排放总量进行了估算,同时,也对所研究树种异戊二烯、单萜烯排放量进行了估算.结果表明,BVOCs的排放量分布情况与北京地区植被的分布情况有一定的相关性,并且VOCs的排放情况具有明显的季节依赖性.研究树种类型分为常绿乔木、落叶乔木、灌木、草本花卉,BVOCs排放量最大的依次为油松、苹果树、大叶黄杨和竹.其中,异戊二烯排放量最高为法桐,排放年通量可达313.92μg·(g·h)~(-1);单萜烯排放量最高为苹果树,排放年通量可达726.68μg·(g·h)~(-1).估算过程中的误差主要来自于植物标准排放因子的获取、叶生物量的计算,气象参数的变化也会给排放清单带来较大的不确定性.     

苏州河底泥对上复水水质污染影响

研究了上海市苏州河底泥中有机物及营养盐释放对上复水水质的影响,分析了微生物与底栖生物底泥再悬浮对底泥释放过程的影响。研究表明,底泥中化学需氧量与水体中的化学需氧量成正比,底泥中生化需氧量与水体中的生化需氧量呈正比,再悬浮促进底泥中污染物向上复水体释放。底泥SOD与水体中DO成正比,底泥污染是影响苏州河水质的重要因素;对苏州河底泥进行疏浚工程可较好地提高水体中溶解氧的浓度、降低化学需氧量、生化需氧量及氨氮的浓度。     

扎龙河滨湿地水体营养化污染特征及水环境恢复对策

对扎龙湿地水体富营养化污染状况进行调查，指出沼泽湿地、湖泊湿地TN、TP、BOD，等多项水质指标都已严重超标；阐明了营养物年季变化特征；总结了扎龙湿地水体富营养化发展趋势；提出了保障湿地供水、生态工程恢复及控制流域地表水污染的多项管理策略。     

沣河水系脱氮微生物群落结构研究

河流水体氮素的超负荷不仅破坏了水体生态环境,也严重威胁着人类的生存和发展.水体中有机氮、无机氮（氨氮、亚硝氮、硝氮）和分子氮之间的转化（氮循环）有赖于水体中大量的氮循环微生物（固氮细菌、硝化细菌和反硝化细菌）,然而这些氮循环微生物的生长繁殖也受到包括氮素的形态和浓度在内的多种环境因子的影响,这些因素也通过影响氮循环微生物的生长繁殖进而使得水体中氮素的转化速率发生变化,对水体氮污染的防治有不可忽视的作用.本研究通过在沣河设置不同的研究断面,采集水体样品,进行水质分析,并通过现代分子生物学技术（PCR-DGGE）方法对研究断面水体中氮循环微生物（固氮细菌、硝化细菌和反硝化细菌）的群落结构进行分析.再通过统计学软件对所得分子生物学信息与水质环境因子的相关性进行统计学分析,发现沣河水体中氮循环微生物群落结构受到多种环境因子共同影响,且在枯水期和丰水期表现出不同的特征.在丰水期沣河水体中,硝化细菌群落在中游表现出较高的多样性和丰富性,这与沣河中上游农业COD（化学需氧量）、BOD（生化需氧量）氨氮及有机氮污染物排放量较大,沣河水体DO（溶解氧）高有关.水体中的氨氮、亚硝氮、温度的增加是促进水体中硝化细菌的均匀性和丰富度的增高的主要因子,而pH 值的升高,使得水体中硝化细菌的均匀性和丰富度降低.反硝化微生物在中游和下游的多样性和丰富度较高,与有机物及硝酸盐含量相关.水体中的BOD、COD、TP（总磷）、硝氮的增加是促进水体中反硝化细菌的均匀性和丰富度的增高主要相关因子,而DO 的增多则会对部分反硝化细菌产生不利影响,使得水体中反硝化细菌的均匀性和丰富度降低.本研究结果为沣河以及其他河流的污染控制以及基于微生物的生态修复提供了科?     

Artificial neural network modeling of the river water quality—A case study

The paper describes the training, validation and application of artificial neural network (ANN) models for computing the dissolved oxygen (DO) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) levels in the Gomti river (India). Two ANN models were identified, validated and tested for the computation of DO and BOD concentrations in the Gomti river water. Both the models employed eleven input water quality variables measured in river water over a period of 10 years each month at eight different sites. The performance of the ANN models was assessed through the coefficient of determination (R²) (square of the correlation coefficient), root mean square error (RMSE) and bias computed from the measured and model computed values of the dependent variables. Goodness of the model fit to the data was also evaluated through the relationship between the residuals and model computed values of DO and BOD. The model computed values of DO and BOD by both the ANN models were in close agreement with their respective measured values in the river water. Relative importance and contribution of the input variables to the model output was evaluated through the partitioning approach. The identified ANN models can be used as tools for the computation of water quality parameters.     

Simulating the impacts of land-use changes on non-point source pollution in Lugu Lake watershed

Protection of the water quality of Lugu Lake is important because it is a unique geographic and cultural resource. Not only point source pollution but also non-point source pollution contribute to degradation of water quality. A GIS-NPS model, with long-term hydrologic impact assessment (L-THIA), was used to evaluate long-term implications of land-use change impacts on non-point source (NPS) pollution. The land-use patterns of 1995 and 2005 were analysed to determine the changes in Lugu Lake watershed. A 30-year (1974–2003) precipitation dataset was used to estimate mean annual surface runoff and NPS pollutant loads. The contributions of different land-use categories to average annual runoff and NPS pollutant production were assessed with a unit contribution index (UCI). Results show loss of agricultural land (by 44.9%), while forest, grass/pasture and residential land increased to different degrees from 1995 to 2005. At the same time, annual average NPS pollutants, TN, TP, TSS and BOD loads all decreased, while heavy metal lead increased by 6.87%. The UCI formulated in this research was a more useful method to assess land-use impact on NPS pollutants than simple investigations of the percentage land-use change. Agricultural and residential land changes had more impact on NPS pollutants and were identified as the main source types. Suggestions on regulating land uses and management proposals for protecting lake water quality in Lugu Lake watershed are made.     

水网区域的水质模拟预报及污染容量

本文研究了頔塘河震泽段的水质指标(BOD、DO)在水体中的迁移转化规律,建立起模拟頔塘河震泽段的水持数学模型。在以水环境规划为目标的水质数值模拟中,首次结合全面的水文分析及该河段的模型参数估计,给出頔塘河震泽段的水质模拟预报及全年污染容量的计算,作为水质管理规划的定量依据。     

Restoration of the Marine Ecological Environment Along the Charting Coast: Primary Productivity and Biomass Study

Since 1986, when green oysters occurred due to the copper and organic pollution in the Charting coastal area, the government banned all maricultural activity. It has been claimed that growing algae in a polluted environment may clean the water of pollutants and restore the marine ecosystem. to test this hypothesis, in the Charting coastal area a three-year programme (from August 1992 to July 1995) was carried out. the survey programme included environmental components such as salinity, temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand (BOD), particulate organic carbon (POC), heavy metals and ecological indicators such as nutrients, chlorophyll-a, primary productivity. in the first year study, the environmental background data collected was used to select the suitable season and locations for growing large algae transferred from the laboratory to the field study area. Since September 1993, various species of large algae have been cultured. Although some of the growing algae were damaged by a typhoon in August 1994, the impact of the growing algae on the environmental conditions in the area has been monitored throughout. Elsewhere, we have reported that in the algae growing area higher dissolved oxygen with lower values of BOD and POC were found, and the concentrations of heavy metals in both water and sediments decreased. the purpose of this paper is to evaluate the possible impact of growing large algae on the ecological conditions in Charting coastal waters through the period from August 1983 to May 1995. As a result of the positive results obtained, large amounts of algae have again been cultured in the same area during the period from April 29 to May 25, 1995. We expect that inorganic and organic pollutants will be reduced by the algal growth, oyster mariculture will be restored and finally, the fishery resources potential will be increased.     

Restoration of the Marine Ecological Environment Along the Charting Coast: Primary Productivity and Biomass Study

Since 1986, when green oysters occurred due to the copper and organic pollution in the Charting coastal area, the government banned all maricultural activity. It has been claimed that growing algae in a polluted environment may clean the water of pollutants and restore the marine ecosystem. to test this hypothesis, in the Charting coastal area a three-year programme (from August 1992 to July 1995) was carried out. the survey programme included environmental components such as salinity, temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand (BOD), particulate organic carbon (POC), heavy metals and ecological indicators such as nutrients, chlorophyll-a, primary productivity. in the first year study, the environmental background data collected was used to select the suitable season and locations for growing large algae transferred from the laboratory to the field study area. Since September 1993, various species of large algae have been cultured. Although some of the growing algae were damaged by a typhoon in August 1994, the impact of the growing algae on the environmental conditions in the area has been monitored throughout. Elsewhere, we have reported that in the algae growing area higher dissolved oxygen with lower values of BOD and POC were found, and the concentrations of heavy metals in both water and sediments decreased. the purpose of this paper is to evaluate the possible impact of growing large algae on the ecological conditions in Charting coastal waters through the period from August 1983 to May 1995. As a result of the positive results obtained, large amounts of algae have again been cultured in the same area during the period from April 29 to May 25, 1995. We expect that inorganic and organic pollutants will be reduced by the algal growth, oyster mariculture will be restored and finally, the fishery resources potential will be increased.     

混凝-厌氧-好氧-气浮处理含油污水

食用植物油生产过程中排放的污水,是一种较难处理的高浓度污水。结合污水处理工程设计及工程运营情况,对该工程进行了介绍,并提出了进一步完善的建议。该工程进水（高浓度污水）主要污染物浓度为CODCr：20000～25000mg/L,BOD5：10000～15000mg/L,SS：1000～2000mg/L,经过混凝-厌氧-好氧-气浮等工序处理后,出水达到了《污水综合排放标准》（GB8978-96）中的1级排放标准（1998年1月1日后）。