OUAL2E模型在大沽河干流青岛段水质模拟中的应用

采用QUAL2E模型对大沽河干流青岛段的水质进行了模拟和预测。针对大沽河的具体情况，选用BODs、COD和氮作为模拟预测指标，用实验模拟方法、模型率定法并参考相关文献确定了BOD耗氧系数k3、BOD复氧系数k2、BOD沉降系数k3、COD耗氧系数和弥散系数等水质参数，并对模拟结果进行了验证，表明预测值和实测值的相关性较好；对BOD5,k1、k2和Q(流量)进行了灵敏度分析，结果 表明对大沽河DO浓度影响敏感的参数依次是：Q、k2、BOD、k1，即流量Q是模型最敏感的参数，说明河流的水力学参数对DO影响较大。     

基于主成分分析和水质标识指数的天津地区主要河流水质评价

于2009年5月(枯水期)、8月(丰水期)、11月(平水期)对天津地区蓟运河、潮白新河、永定新河、金钟河、北塘排污河、黑猪河、海河、大沽排污河、独流减河、青静黄排水渠、子牙新河和北排水河12条主要河流的水质进行监测,并对监测数据进行主成分分析,构建水质评价指标体系,采用水质标识指数进行水质评价。结果表明,主成分分析与水质标识指数相结合的评价方法客观可靠。从时间分布来看,枯水期水质最差,58.3%的河流为劣Ⅴ类水质,部分河流已经黑臭,8月水质较好。从综合水质标识指数来看,海河以南河流污染较为严重。该地区河流NH3-N污染最为严重,其次是BOD5、CODMn和TP,属于有机型及富营养化污染。     

水网区域的水质模拟预报及污染容量

本文研究了頔塘河震泽段的水质指标(BOD、DO)在水体中的迁移转化规律,建立起模拟頔塘河震泽段的水持数学模型。在以水环境规划为目标的水质数值模拟中,首次结合全面的水文分析及该河段的模型参数估计,给出頔塘河震泽段的水质模拟预报及全年污染容量的计算,作为水质管理规划的定量依据。     

河流综合截污工程对昆明船房河水质的改善效果

通过对云南省昆明市船房河河段、截污泵站以及昆明市第一、七、八污水处理厂的出水水质分析,研究了河流截污综合治理工程对船房河水质的改善效果以及其对削减滇池氮磷污染负荷的贡献.研究表明,河流截污工程的实施极大地改善了船房河的水质状况,与兰花沟对照点相比,船房河水体溶解氧(DO)含量和氧化还原电位(ORP)值显著升高,电导率(EC)明显下降,pH变化不大;兰花沟水体TN、NH+4-N、TP、PO3-4-P、BOD5和COD Cr浓度分别是船房河水体的2.00倍、4.87倍、7.68倍、6.28倍、59.95倍和12.81倍;与2004年船房河水质相比,TN、TP、COD Cr浓度分别下降了45.44%、88.84%、74.85%.经估算,本工程可削减入湖TN1121.36 kg·d-1,NH+4-N 831.05 kg·d-1,TP 111.67 kg·d-1,BOD515.37 t·d-1,COD Cr22.43 t·d-1,对削减滇池污染物负荷具有显著的环境效益.     

基于BP神经网络算法的密云水库水质参数反演研究

密云水库是北京市重要的地表饮用水源地,在保障首都水源安全方面起着重要作用,而密云水库水质参数的区域监测已成为当前亟待解决的问题。为了实现密云水库水质参数大范围、实时获取,该文基于遥感和GIS技术,采用BP神经网络算法,结合地面监测数据和Landsat 8遥感影像,分别建立了反演总磷、总氮、氨氮和COD(化学需氧量)4个水质参数的BP神经网络模型,并反演了密云水库2013-2018年非结冰期主要水质参数,分析了密云水库主要水质参数的年际变化特征、季节变化特征和空间分异特征。结果表明,(1)水质参数的Landsat 8敏感波段分别为:总氮为1、4波段,氨氮为1-7波段,总磷为1、3-7波段,COD为2-5波段。(2)密云水库主要水质参数在2013-2018年总体呈下降趋势,氨氮和COD为Ⅰ类水质,总磷为Ⅱ类水质,总氮为Ⅲ类水质。(3)4个水质参数指标春季最高、秋季次之、夏季最低,总氮、总磷、氨氮和COD的春季值分别是夏季值的1.08、1.36、1.6、1.45倍。(4)密云水库不同水质参数的空间差异性较大,总体来看,水库北部和东部的4个水质参数含量相对较高,这种分布与北部和东部村庄密集以及密云水库两大入库河流有关。综上所述,基于BP神经网络算法的密云水库水质反演研究是可行的,且得到了较为可信的研究结果,该研究可为密云水库水质管理与政策制定提供重要的科学依据。     

双酚A和壬基酚对河蚬呼吸代谢和抗氧化酶活性的影响

为了研究双酚A（Bisphenol A,BPA）和壬基酚（Nonylphenol,NP）对河蚬（Corbicula fluminea）呼吸代谢能力和抗氧化酶活性的影响,探讨BPA和NP对河蚬的毒性作用。以河蚬为受试生物,采用半静态染毒法,研究了BPA和NP对河蚬的单一毒性等级、联合毒性作用类型和对河蚬耗氧率、排氨率以及抗氧化酶系统中SOD、CAT活性的影响。结果显示：① BPA、NP对河蚬的半致死质量浓度（96 h-LC50）分别为6.34和1.09 mg＆#183;L-1,毒性顺序为NP＞BPA,二者均为高毒物质;② BPA-NP对河蚬毒性作用类型为协同作用;③亚急性毒性指标耗氧率、排氨率以及超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）对BPA、NP及二者混合物均比较敏感,在本试验的质量浓度范围内（BPA：0.63、0.79、1.59、3.17 mg＆#183;L-1;NP：0.109、0.136、0.271、0.542 mg＆#183;L-1;BPA＋NP：（0.0782＋0.029）、（0.0978＋0.0363）、（0.196＋0.0725）、（0.391＋0.145） mg＆#183;L-1）,河蚬耗氧率、排氨率以及两种酶活性变化均呈现先下降后上升再下降的趋势,其中在BPA、NP和二者混合物的质量浓度较低时,河蚬的耗氧率和排氨率、SOD和CAT活性只有微小降低,随着质量浓度的升高,河蚬耗氧率和排氨率、两个酶活性相对均有所升高,而在质量浓度极高时其耗氧率和排氨率以及两个酶活性才又受到显著性或极显著性的抑制。实验结果显示河蚬耗氧率、排氨率和SOD、CAT活性对水体中酚类内分泌干扰物反应敏感,具有较好的一致性和规律性,耗氧率、排氨率和SOD、CAT活性与其他敏感性指标一起可以作为酚类内分泌干扰物污染的一项早期监测指标。     

活性污泥-悬浮生物膜系统处理低C/N污水深度脱氮性能

通过农业废弃物玉米芯悬浮生长生物膜的载体,构建了活性污泥-悬浮生物膜混合系统,以SBR工艺运行方式对低浓度低C/N污水的深度脱氮性能进行了研究.探究了挂膜启动阶段系统脱氮效果;在工艺稳定运行后,考察了温度、HRT、DO、进水C/N、进水pH等参数对工艺脱氮性能的影响.经过24 d挂膜后,结合污染物去除情况及镜检显示生物膜挂膜成功.运行结果表明,以预处理后的生活污水作为模拟原水,控制反应温度为26—30℃,HRT=8 h,COD/TN为(4.0±0.1),DO=(2.2±0.1) mg·L^-1,进水pH=(8.0±0.1)的条件下,系统达到最佳运行条件,COD、NH₄⁺-N、TN平均去除率分别为70.2%、94.8%和80.8%,平均出水COD、NH₄⁺-N、TN浓度分别为14.89 mg·L^-1、0.57 mg·L^-1和2.40 mg·L^-1.好氧阶段DO浓度对TN去除率有一定的影响,当好氧阶段DO浓度为(2.2...     

絮凝-光催化处理实际染料废水的研究

采用絮凝-光催化氧化工艺成功地处理了实际染料废水;研究了COD光催化降解动力学。COD和BOD5浓度分别为2169mg／L、295mg／L的染料废水,经絮凝-光催化处理后,出水COD和BOD5分别为214mg／L、18．5mg／L,去除率分别为90．1％、93．7％。向光催化体系中加入H2O2,可促进COD与BOD5的去除。该工艺可处理高浓度染料废水。     

黄河水的COD值能够真实反映其污染状况吗?

本文表述了“黄河水的COD值不能真实反映其水污染程度的见解”，黄河水中泥沙的存在大大提高了COD和高锰酸盐指数的测定值，增大了水质监测结果的随机性和不确定性，加大了判断水污染程度的复杂性和难度。但我们与其他学者在认识上有明显的差异，他们认为，泥沙含有或吸附了耗氧有机物质，不能忽视其作为面源污染物的影响，而我们认为，黄河泥沙中的有机质是无害的稳定性极好的天然腐殖质类物质，它在COD监测方法规定的高温、强酸性、强氧化剂条件下，可被氧化而耗氧，但在正常的地表条件(低温、低压、中性)下，其被氧化而耗氧的过程极为缓慢和有限，不会对水体产生污染危害。我们的认识是，不应将黄河泥沙中的天然腐殖质与通常观念上的耗氧有机污染物混为一谈，COD数值不是评价与判断黄河水污染状况的良好水质指标。     

1997-2011年长江徐六泾江段流量与水质变化

将5-9月和10至次年4月分别作为汛期和非汛期,对1997-2011年长江徐六泾江段的流量与水质变化作趋势分析,探讨徐六泾江段水质污染的变化规律及主要原因.结果表明,徐六泾江段多年平均流量为(27 927±4 699) m3·s-1,最高值出现在1998年,最低值出现在2011年.徐六泾江段汛期流量显著高于非汛期,两者的比值为1.73～2.95.非汛期的COD浓度高于汛期,且其年均值与流量呈显著负相关;14 a中CODMn浓度呈整体下降趋势,且与流量呈显著正相关;BOD5浓度表现为非汛期高于汛期,14 a中汛期BOD5浓度呈下降趋势,但非汛期和年均值变化不明显;氨氮质量浓度范围为0.07～0.83 mg·L-1,一般表现为非汛期高于汛期,并在2002年出现最高值之后趋于平稳;总磷质量浓度范围为0.012～0.450 mg·L-1,其变化趋势同氨氮类似.氮和磷是长江徐六泾江段的主要污染因子.     

Investigation of some basic water quality parameters of the north Bengal Terai river Kaljani--a tributary of river Torsa, and comparison thereof with the mainstream

Some physico-chemical parameters of Kaljani River were studied in and around Alipurduar municipality. The principal characteristics of Kaljani River are high TSS, Mg-hardness, COD, and Phosphate 'P' Comparison of water quality parameters of the two rivers demonstrated higher range of alkalinity, ammonia 'N' content and chloride content in Torsa than Kaljani. River Kaljani showed higher COD range than Torsa. Mean BOD value of both these rivers ranged between 0.93-1.65 mg/l. Overall TDS content of Kaljani was found to be lower than Torsa. Maximum phosphate 'P' content was observed at the downstream of both the rivers.     

Use of epilithic diatoms to evaluate water quality in the Karasu River of Turkey

Epilithic diatom assemblages were used to evaluate water quality in the Karasu River basin (Turkey), which was polluted by industrial, agricultural and urban wastes. A total of 73 diatom taxa belonging to 22 genera were found from all seven sampling stations located in the River basin. The most pollution tolerant species Gomphonema parvulum, Nitzchia palea, Navicula cryptocephala were found in high densities at the polluted stations. Organic load (COD), biological oxygen demand in 5 days (BOD5) and concentrations of nutrients NO3(-)-N, NO2(-)-N, NH4(+)-N and PO4(3-)-P) were correlated negatively with dissolved oxygen. Except for generic index of diatoms (GI), all diatom indices were correlated significantly with COD, BOD5 dissolved oxygen and concentrations of nutrients. Saprobity index (SI), trophic diatom index (TDI) and the percentage pollution tolerant valves values suggested that the stations III, IV located in the River basin were eutrophicated and organically polluted.     

Evaluating the seasonal changes of some water quality parameters of the Buyuk Melen River Basin (Duzce, Turkey)

In this study, some heavy metal concentrations (Pb, Zn, Fe, Cr, Cu), suspended sediment, chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), cyanide, phenol, fecal coliform and total coliform water parameters were determined in the streams (Kucuk Melen, Asarsuyu, Ugursuyu, Buyuk Melen and Aksu) of Buyuk Melen Watershed that provides drinking water to Istanbul in Western Black Sea Region of Turkey. Measurements of water quality parameters were done monthly in eleven separate stations (4 in Kucuk Melen Stream, 1 in Asarsuyu Stream, 1 in Ugur Stream, 1 in Aksu Stream and 4 in Buyuk Melen Stream) from August 2001 to August 2002. The seasonal changes in water quality parameters were evaluated statistically. The results, the parameters, COD, BOD, Pb, Zn, Fe, Cr, Cu, cyanide, fecal coliform, total coliform and suspended sediment showed significant differences among seasons and streams (ANOVA; P <0.05). According to Turkish Standarts (TS) 266, European Union (EU) and World Health Organization (WHO) criteria, the maximum values of each parameter in streams within the Buyuk Melen watershed are recorded and evaluated in this study.     

Artificial neural network modeling of the river water quality—A case study

The paper describes the training, validation and application of artificial neural network (ANN) models for computing the dissolved oxygen (DO) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) levels in the Gomti river (India). Two ANN models were identified, validated and tested for the computation of DO and BOD concentrations in the Gomti river water. Both the models employed eleven input water quality variables measured in river water over a period of 10 years each month at eight different sites. The performance of the ANN models was assessed through the coefficient of determination (R²) (square of the correlation coefficient), root mean square error (RMSE) and bias computed from the measured and model computed values of the dependent variables. Goodness of the model fit to the data was also evaluated through the relationship between the residuals and model computed values of DO and BOD. The model computed values of DO and BOD by both the ANN models were in close agreement with their respective measured values in the river water. Relative importance and contribution of the input variables to the model output was evaluated through the partitioning approach. The identified ANN models can be used as tools for the computation of water quality parameters.     

Methane Production in River and Lake Sediments in Taiwan

To investigate the relationship between methane production in the sediments and pollution of the river and lake, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) of the water sample, organic matter content and methane production of the sediment were measured. Experimental results indicated that BOD, COD and organic matter contents were low in Bei-tan Lake, the I-lan River and reservoirs; and methane production of these sediments ranged from 0.24 to 1.06 mg L- 1. However, BOD, COD and organic matter contents were high in the Hsin-dan River, Keelung River, drainage river of Taoyuan County, park pond and fishery pond. Methane production of these sediments was between 11.75 and 54.54 mg L-1. Sediments of drain river and fishery pond had high methane production, at 25.41 to 54.54 mg methane L. Methane production of sediments had a good correlation with BOD, COD and organic matter contents. Methane production was proportional to the increment in incubation temperature from 12 to 40C.     

3D model for a secondary facultative pond

This paper describes a comprehensive model of wastewater treatment in secondary facultative ponds, which combines 3D hydrodynamics with a mechanistic water quality model. The hydrodynamics are based on the Navier-Stokes equation for incompressible fluids under shallow water and Boussinesq assumptions capturing the flow dynamics along length, breadth and depth of the pond. The water quality sub model is based on the Activated Sludge Model (ASM) concept, describing COD and nutrient removal as function of bacterial growth following Monod kinetics, except for Escherichia coli removal, which was modelled as first order decay. The model was implemented in the Delft3D software and was used to evaluate the effect of wind and the addition of baffles on the water flow pattern, temperature profiles in the pond and treatment efficiency. In contrast to earlier models reported in the literature, our simulation results did not show any significant improvement in COD removal (based on the ASM concept) with addition of baffles or under intermittent wind-induced mixing. However, E. coli removal efficiency, based on a first order decay approach, showed a fair improvement in the presence of baffles or intermittent wind-induced mixing. Furthermore, simulations with continuous wind effect showed a decrease in removal efficiency for COD but a further increase in E. coli removal efficiency. Such contrasting results for two different approaches in modelling could indicate that the first order decay concept might not be appropriate to describe all the interactions between biochemical processes in a pond. However, these interpretations remain theoretical, as the model needs validation with field data.     

沣河水系脱氮微生物群落结构研究

河流水体氮素的超负荷不仅破坏了水体生态环境,也严重威胁着人类的生存和发展.水体中有机氮、无机氮（氨氮、亚硝氮、硝氮）和分子氮之间的转化（氮循环）有赖于水体中大量的氮循环微生物（固氮细菌、硝化细菌和反硝化细菌）,然而这些氮循环微生物的生长繁殖也受到包括氮素的形态和浓度在内的多种环境因子的影响,这些因素也通过影响氮循环微生物的生长繁殖进而使得水体中氮素的转化速率发生变化,对水体氮污染的防治有不可忽视的作用.本研究通过在沣河设置不同的研究断面,采集水体样品,进行水质分析,并通过现代分子生物学技术（PCR-DGGE）方法对研究断面水体中氮循环微生物（固氮细菌、硝化细菌和反硝化细菌）的群落结构进行分析.再通过统计学软件对所得分子生物学信息与水质环境因子的相关性进行统计学分析,发现沣河水体中氮循环微生物群落结构受到多种环境因子共同影响,且在枯水期和丰水期表现出不同的特征.在丰水期沣河水体中,硝化细菌群落在中游表现出较高的多样性和丰富性,这与沣河中上游农业COD（化学需氧量）、BOD（生化需氧量）氨氮及有机氮污染物排放量较大,沣河水体DO（溶解氧）高有关.水体中的氨氮、亚硝氮、温度的增加是促进水体中硝化细菌的均匀性和丰富度的增高的主要因子,而pH 值的升高,使得水体中硝化细菌的均匀性和丰富度降低.反硝化微生物在中游和下游的多样性和丰富度较高,与有机物及硝酸盐含量相关.水体中的BOD、COD、TP（总磷）、硝氮的增加是促进水体中反硝化细菌的均匀性和丰富度的增高主要相关因子,而DO 的增多则会对部分反硝化细菌产生不利影响,使得水体中反硝化细菌的均匀性和丰富度降低.本研究结果为沣河以及其他河流的污染控制以及基于微生物的生态修复提供了科?