榉树秋季叶片呈色机理及化学物质的调控

榉树(Zelkova schneideriana)为高大落叶乔木,既是一种用材树种也是一种优良的观赏树种.榉树秋季叶色变化多样,根据其秋季叶色不同可分为红色系、绿色系和黄色系三个系列.研究表明,榉树秋季叶色表现不一的主要原因是叶片中所含的花青素、叶绿素和类胡萝卜素的含量和百分比不同.红色系榉树秋季叶片色素含量表现为花青素含量增加,叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量降低;黄色系榉树的花青素、叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量同时降低;绿色系榉树则表现为花青素含量降低,叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量增加.叶片颜色还与叶片内的N、P、K等元素的含量有关.此外,植株生长温度和光照等外界环境条件也与叶片颜色有关.喷施不同浓度的水杨酸、柠檬酸、蔗糖和赤霉素都会对榉树秋季叶片产生颜色加深、变色提前或变色推迟等调控作用.     

《临武县森林植物研究》简介

我校潘锦祥副教授主持,曾意纯、左家哺、丁厚勇等同志参加的《临武县森林植物研究》项目,全面系统地研究了临武县的自然地理条件、森林树种分布与区系、森林植被分布、森林资源开发利用途径以及造林树种选择等问题。此项研究填补了湖南省森林植物研究上的一个空白点,发现了湖南省18个新分布树种,在树种区系分析中。以种作为基本对象来研究,     

铜、锌对3种常见乔木抗氧化指标的复合影响

为了解不同浓度铜（Cu）、锌（Zn）重金属污染土壤对乔木抗氧化指标的影响以及为植物修复蠡河重金属污染岸带提供理论依据,选取广玉兰（Magnoliagrandiflora）、香樟（Cinnamomumcamphora）、榉树（Zelkovaschneideriana）幼苗,采用土培法浇灌重金属溶液模拟土壤污染环境,研究不同浓度重金属Cu／Zn对乔木脯氨酸含量、过氧化物酶活性、过氧化氢酶活性及丙二醛含量的单一及复合影响。实验表明,单一Cu胁迫对广玉兰、香樟和榉树的毒害作用较单一,Zn胁迫严重;Cu／Zn复合作用下,3种乔木抗氧化指标均在Cu15和Zn110时达到最大值,表现出较强的抗性,而后随着复合作用强度增加,重金属对其毒害作用增大;75μg／gCu和210μg／gZn单一及复合胁迫时,广玉兰丙二醛含量相对香樟和榉树较接近对照值,过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶活性较大,脯氨酸含量差别不大。综合分析,不同乔木在不同浓度重金属胁迫下抗氧化指标作出不同响应,广玉兰对高浓度Cu／Zn胁迫不敏感,承受能力和抗性较强,适合于修复Cu／Zn污染较严重土壤。     

天津市东疆港区绿化树种适应性评价

筛选适生树种是盐碱地绿化工作的技术关键。天津市东疆港区的土壤是淤泥质盐渍土,在该区域绿化树种现场调查的基础上,依据树种的适生能力、生态效益和实际生长效果建立了综合评价多级指标体系。通过确定各指标因子的权重和评判标准,计算出各树种的综合指数,并依次划分为骨干树种、重要树种、辅助和补充树种以及不适宜树种4个级别,该综合评价多级指标体系为类似盐碱地绿化建设工程提供了实践和理论依据。     

庐山若干常绿树种对冬季低温的生理生化响应

为了探讨引种的珍贵树种对庐山冬季低温环境的适应性,以庐山植物园引种栽培的6种常绿园林树种即乐东拟单性木兰(Parakmeria Latungensis)、红花木莲(Manglietia insignis)、桂南木莲(Manglietia chingii)、四川含笑(Michelia szechuanica)、深山含笑(Michelia maudiae)和广玉兰(Magnolia grandiflora)为研究对象,以庐山乡土树种云锦杜鹃(Rhododendron fortunei)为对照,采集冬季不同时期的鲜叶样品,分析了7个树种叶片4个主要生理生化指标随气温变化而变化的特征,研究低温环境对这些树种生理生化过程的影响。结果表明:1)在冬季,大部分树种的可溶性糖含量呈现出与气温变化相反的趋势即先上升后下降,只有深山含笑在1月份,比上年12月份下降了7.54%,其他树种增加幅度处于11.56%~34.49%之间,而乐东拟单性木兰和广玉兰的可溶性糖含量呈现不断上升趋势。2)除桂南木莲和广玉兰外,可反映植物耐寒程度的丙二醛含量呈现不断上升的趋势,从上年12月份到当年1月份,上升幅度较大的有红花木莲、深山含笑和四川含笑,而从1月份到3月份,增加幅度较大的为广玉兰、桂南木莲、深山含笑和云锦杜鹃等树种。3)乐东拟单性木兰和深山含笑呈逐渐增加的趋势,而大部分树种的SOD活性都呈现与气温相似的变化趋势即先下降后上升的趋势;除了广玉兰的POD活性先上升后下降,其他树种则不断上升,但不同树种POD活性大小及变化幅度不尽相同,POD活性最高且变异性最大的是乐东拟单性木兰。4)单因素方差分析表明,可溶性糖含量和POD活性在不同温度下和不同树种间存在显著差异,丙二醛含量和SOD活性只在不同温度下存在显著差异,树种之间差异不明显。通过分析4个表征植物耐寒性的生化指标,显示出可溶性糖含量能够较客观地反映植物随着气温变化所发生的生理生化变化,可作为本地区植物耐寒性的一个重要指标。由于不同树种适应低温环境的生理生化机制存在差异,在选择表征植物耐寒性的生化指标时,应综合分析。     

百色城市园林绿化树种调查研究

通过对百色城区园林树种的调查研究,分析当地园林绿化树种应用中存在的问题,并对树种的选择和配置提出了建议,为今后园林规划设计中合理选择、利用绿化树种提供参考.     

逆境对木兰科树种伤害机理研究进展

逆境对木兰科树种伤害机理的研究已受到广泛重视,但关于木兰科树种抗逆性机制的研究和综合评价缺乏系统性.文章论述了近年来逆境对木兰科树种伤害机理的研究进展,特别是对其光合生理的影响,主要包括植物生物量、净光合速率(Pn)、细胞间隙CO2浓度(Ci)、气孔导度(Gs)、叶绿素含量(Chl)、蒸腾速率(Tr)及叶绿素荧光等参数,并概述了逆境对木兰科树种细胞膜稳定性和渗透调节作用的影响.提出应加强逆境胁迫下木兰科树种抗性机制的研究,并结合实际的栽培环境,运用多个生理生态指标,对木兰科树种的环境适应性进行综合评价,以期科学指导木兰科树种的保护栽培和引种驯化.     

南京市15种树木叶片对铅锌的吸收吸附能力

运用ICP仪对南京市15种主要绿化树木的叶片吸收吸附铅、锌的能力进行了研究。结果表明:15种树木叶片对铅、锌具有一定的吸收净化能力,并依污染物和树种的不同差异明显。在被研究的15个树种中,对铅吸收量较高的树种是雪松和圆柏,对锌吸收量较高的树种是杨树。对铅吸附能力强的树种是雪松,对锌吸附能力强的树种是海桐。叶片吸收和吸附铅的能力强的树种是雪松,叶片吸收和吸附锌的能力强的树种是杨树。最后,通过综合分析得出,杨树和雪松叶片中重金属铅和锌的累积量,可作为铅锌污染监测和评价的重要依据。     

增温对南亚热带混交林4个树种养分含量及化学计量的影响

为了解南亚热带针阔叶混交林不同树种的养分元素含量及其计量比对增温的响应情况,基于鼎湖山森林生态系统定位站的模拟增温研究平台,选取混交林中红枝蒲桃(Syzygium rehderianum)、红锥(Castanopsis hystrix)、马尾松(Pinus massoniana)和木荷(Schima superba)4个树种为研究对象,采用沿海拔梯度垂直移位模拟增温的方法,研究了4个树种叶、枝和根中主要元素含量及计量比对增温的响应情况。结果显示,增温降低了各树种各器官的C和N含量,升高了P含量。增温条件下,各树种C含量变化幅度不大,叶的N和P含量大于枝和根,不同树种对增温的响应有所差异,红锥和木荷的C、N和P含量对增温的响应大于红枝蒲桃。增温显著降低了各树种各器官的C/P和N/P,各树种在化学计量比上对增温的响应表现为红锥木荷马尾松红枝蒲桃。增温升高了各树种叶的Ca含量,其他养分在不同器官没有表现出一致的规律。研究结果揭示了南亚热带针阔叶混交林主要树种养分含量及化学计量学特征对增温的响应特征,发现增温对南亚热带主要乡土树种的影响存在一定的种间差异性,这种差异可能会影响不同树种生长,进而影响森林群落结构和功能。     

秋色叶树种在园林造景中的应用

秋色叶树种是园林造景中重要的观赏树种之一，我国秋色叶树木资源十分丰富，开发利用秋色叶树木资源对我国园林建设具有重要意义．作者分析了秋色叶树种内涵，主要树种的性状、特征、观赏价值及在我国自然秋色景观中的应用等，初步探讨了它们在城市园林造景中应用方式、应用前景，提出了秋色叶树种选择应用的原则及应注意的问题．     

Contrasted dynamics of northern Labrador tree lines caused by climate change and migrational lag

The northern Québec-Labrador tree lines are the most climatically stressed tree ecosystems of eastern North America. In particular, white spruce (Picea glauca) tree line populations distributed between 56 degrees N and 58 degrees N and 61 degrees W and 66 degrees W show contrasted responses to recent changes in climate according to their geographic position relative to the Labrador Sea. Along the coast, the northernmost latitudinal and altitudinal tree lines responded positively to warming over the last 50 years with invading spruce several tens of meters above the current tree line. In contrast, white spruce tree lines across the wind-exposed Labrador plateau are located much higher in altitude and have receded a few tens of meters beginning around AD 1740-1750 and have not yet recovered. Whereas no field evidence of recent fire and insect damage was found, all inland tree line stands were progressively damaged likely due to mechanical defoliation of wind-exposed trees. Massive tree death in the 19th century caused a reduction in the number of seed-bearing trees, and declining tree lines were not replenished by seedlings. Recent warming reported for northern latitudes has not been strong enough to change the regressive tree line trajectory in interior Labrador. However, white spruce expansion above coastal tree line in the northernmost forest site in Labrador is in line with current climatic trends. It is hypothesized that the species is still advancing toward its potential tree line higher in altitude due to delayed postglacial migration. The slow advance of white spruce in northernmost coastal Labrador is likely caused by the rugged topography of the Torngat-Kaumajet-Kiglapait mountains.     

Tree cover in sub-Saharan Africa: rainfall and fire constrain forest and savanna as alternative stable states

Savannas are known as ecosystems with tree cover below climate-defined equilibrium values. However, a predictive framework for understanding constraints on tree cover is lacking. We present (a) a spatially extensive analysis of tree cover and fire distribution in sub-Saharan Africa, and (b) a model, based on empirical results, demonstrating that savanna and forest may be alternative stable states in parts of Africa, with implications for understanding savanna distributions. Tree cover does not increase continuously with rainfall, but rather is constrained to low (<50%, "savanna") or high tree cover (>75%, "forest"). Intermediate tree cover rarely occurs. Fire, which prevents trees from establishing, differentiates high and low tree cover, especially in areas with rainfall between 1000 mm and 2000 mm. Fire is less important at low rainfall (<1000 mm), where rainfall limits tree cover, and at high rainfall (>2000 mm), where fire is rare. This pattern suggests that complex interactions between climate and disturbance produce emergent alternative states in tree cover. The relationship between tree cover and fire was incorporated into a dynamic model including grass, savanna tree saplings, and savanna trees. Only recruitment from sapling to adult tree varied depending on the amount of grass in the system. Based on our empirical analysis and previous work, fires spread only at tree cover of 40% or less, producing a sigmoidal fire probability distribution as a function of grass cover and therefore a sigmoidal sapling to tree recruitment function. This model demonstrates that, given relatively conservative and empirically supported assumptions about the establishment of trees in savannas, alternative stable states for the same set of environmental conditions (i.e., model parameters) are possible via a fire feedback mechanism. Integrating alternative stable state dynamics into models of biome distributions could improve our ability to predict changes in biome distributions and in carbon storage under climate and global change scenarios.     

宁夏六盘山8种木本植被的叶片水分利用效率

为了解宁夏六盘山地区主要树种的叶片水分利用效率（WUE）的种间和水分生境差异及季节变化,2010年6-9月份在宁夏六盘山具有半湿润气候和较多树种的香水河小流域和具有半干旱气候及较少树种的叠叠沟小流域,选择8个主要树种测定其叶片的 WUE。结果表明,（1）在香水河小流域,树种叶片 WUE 大小排序为油松 Pinus tablaeformis＞山桃 Prunus davidiana＞沙棘Hippophae rhamnoides＞辽东栎Quercus liaotungensis＞华北落叶松Larix principris-rupprechtii＞华山松Pinus armandii＞少脉椴Tilia paucicostata＞白桦Betula platyphylla;在不同生活型之间,叶片WUE的大小排序基本上呈现出灌木＞小乔木＞常绿针叶树＞落叶针叶树＞落叶阔叶树的变化规律;所有8个测试树种的叶片WUE的季节变化均为生长季初期较高,在中后期持续降低,但季节变幅随树种而异。（2）对2个小流域共有的测试树种（华北落叶松、山桃和沙棘）的叶片WUE进行了比较,结果表明存在着明显的水分生境差异,即在半干旱区极显著（p＜0.01）大于半湿润区,前者为后者的2.03倍以上。（3）对于沙棘、山桃、油松和华北落叶松,它们在较干旱气候类型立地和较干旱季节条件下都具有较高的叶片WUE,属抗旱能力较强的生态型节水树种,可选为干旱缺水区主要造林树种。此外,树种叶片WUE同时具有保守性和变异性,说明可采取适度抗旱锻炼来在一定范围内提高造林树种的WUE。     

Importance of conserving large and old trees to continuity of tree-related microhabitats

Protecting structural features, such as tree-related microhabitats (TreMs), is a cost-effective tool crucial for biodiversity conservation applicable to large forested landscapes. Although the development of TreMs is influenced by tree diameter, species, and vitality, the relationships between tree age and TreM profile remain poorly understood. Using a tree-ring-based approach and a large data set of 8038 trees, we modeled the effects of tree age, diameter, and site characteristics on TreM richness and occurrence across some of the most intact primary temperate forests in Europe, including mixed beech and spruce forests. We observed an overall increase in TreM richness on old and large trees in both forest types. The occurrence of specific TreM groups was variably related to tree age and diameter, but some TreM groups (e.g., epiphytes) had a stronger positive relationship with tree species and elevation. Although many TreM groups were positively associated with tree age and diameter, only two TreM groups in spruce stands reacted exclusively to tree age (insect galleries and exposed sapwood) without responding to diameter. Thus, the retention of trees for conservation purposes based on tree diameter appears to be a generally feasible approach with a rather low risk of underrepresentation of TreMs. Because greater tree age and diameter positively affected TreM development, placing a greater emphasis on conserving large trees and allowing them to reach older ages, for example, through the establishment of conservation reserves, would better maintain the continuity of TreM resource and associated biodiversity. However, this approach may be difficult due to the widespread intensification of forest management and global climate change.     

Linking 3D spatial models of fuels and fire: Effects of spatial heterogeneity on fire behavior

Crown fire endangers fire fighters and can have severe ecological consequences. Prediction of fire behavior in tree crowns is essential to informed decisions in fire management. Current methods used in fire management do not address variability in crown fuels. New mechanistic physics-based fire models address convective heat transfer with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and can be used to model fire in heterogeneous crown fuels. However, the potential impacts of variability in crown fuels on fire behavior have not yet been explored. In this study we describe a new model, FUEL3D, which incorporates the pipe model theory (PMT) and a simple 3D recursive branching approach to model the distribution of fuel within individual tree crowns. FUEL3D uses forest inventory data as inputs, and stochastically retains geometric variability observed in field data. We investigate the effects of crown fuel heterogeneity on fire behavior with a CFD fire model by simulating fire under a homogeneous tree crown and a heterogeneous tree crown modeled with FUEL3D, using two different levels of surface fire intensity. Model output is used to estimate the probability of tree mortality, linking fire behavior and fire effects at the scale of an individual tree. We discovered that variability within a tree crown altered the timing, magnitude and dynamics of how fire burned through the crown; effects varied with surface fire intensity. In the lower surface fire intensity case, the heterogeneous tree crown barely ignited and would likely survive, while the homogeneous tree had nearly 80% fuel consumption and an order of magnitude difference in total net radiative heat transfer. In the higher surface fire intensity case, both cases burned readily. Differences for the homogeneous tree between the two surface fire intensity cases were minimal but were dramatic for the heterogeneous tree. These results suggest that heterogeneity within the crown causes more conditional, threshold-like interactions with fire. We conclude with discussion of implications for fire behavior modeling and fire ecology.     

我国珍贵树木保护中若干法律问题的思考

保护珍贵树木具有十分重要的意义,本文从立法、司法的角度,归纳了当前我国保护珍贵树木的法律制度及相关的法律责任,对于进一步完善与珍贵树木保护相关的法律规定提出了自己的设想.     

Tree species diversity and its relationship to stand parameters and geomorphology features in the eastern Black Sea region forests of Turkey

We studied the effects of stand parameters (crown closure, basal area, stand volume, age, mean stand diameter number of trees, and heterogeneity index) and geomorphology features (elevation, aspect and slope) on tree species diversity in an example of untreated natural mixed forest stands in the eastern Black Sea region of Turkey. Tree species diversity and basal area heterogeneity in forest ecosystems are quantified using the Shannon-Weaver and Simpson indices. The relationship between tree species diversity basal area heterogeneity stand parameters and geomorphology features are examined using regression analysis. Our work revealed that the relationship between tree species diversity and stand parameters is loose with a correlation coefficient between 0.02 and 0.70. The correlation of basal area heterogeneity with stand parameters fluctuated between 0.004 and 0.77 (R2). According to our results, stands with higher tree species diversity are characterised by higher mean stand diameter number of diameter classes, basal area and lower homogeneity index value. Considering the effect of geomorphology features on tree species or basal area heterogeneity we found that all investigated relationships are loose with R < or = 0.24. A significant correlation was detected only between tree species diversity and aspect. Future work is required to verify the detected trends in behaviour of tree species diversity if it is to estimate from the usual forest stand parameters and topography characteristics.     

Spatial variability of biotic and abiotic tree establishment constraints across a treeline ecotone in the Alaska range

Throughout interior Alaska (U.S.A.), a gradual warming trend in mean monthly temperatures occurred over the last few decades (approximatlely 2-4 degrees C). The accompanying increases in woody vegetation at many alpine treeline (hereafter treeline) locations provided an opportunity to examine how biotic and abiotic local site conditions interact to control tree establishment patterns during warming. We devised a landscape ecological approach to investigate these relationships at an undisturbed treeline in the Alaska Range. We identified treeline changes between 1953 (aerial photography) and 2005 (satellite imagery) in a geographic information system (GIS) and linked them with corresponding local site conditions derived from digital terrain data, ancillary climate data, and distance to 1953 trees. Logistic regressions enabled us to rank the importance of local site conditions in controlling tree establishment. We discovered a spatial transition in the importance of tree establishment controls. The biotic variable (proximity to 1953 trees) was the most important tree establishment predictor below the upper tree limit, providing evidence of response lags with the abiotic setting and suggesting that tree establishment is rarely in equilibrium with the physical environment or responding directly to warming. Elevation and winter sun exposure were important predictors of tree establishment at the upper tree limit, but proximity to trees persisted as an important tertiary predictor, indicating that tree establishment may achieve equilibrium with the physical environment. However, even here, influences from the biotic variable may obscure unequivocal correlations with the abiotic setting (including temperature). Future treeline expansion will likely be patchy and challenging to predict without considering the spatial variability of influences from biotic and abiotic local site conditions.     

Absorption of atmospheric phenol by various tree species and their tolerance to phenol

To assess the effect of tree planting on atmospheric phenol, a study was made on the absorption of phenol by various tree species and the tolerance of these species to phenol. The absorption rates ranged from 21.3 (camellia) to 129 ng dm^‐2h^‐1 ppb^‐1 (Japanese elm) at 1000 μmol of photons m^‐2 s^‐1, and the absorption rate increased in the following order: coniferous tree species ? evergreen broad‐leaved tree species < deciduous broad‐leaved tree species. When the light intensity was varied, a linear relationship between the phenol absorption rate and the transpiration rate was observed for three tree species. In comparison with the absorption rate estimated from a simplified gas diffusive resistance model, we conclude that phenol is absorbed through the stomata and is metabolized fairly rapidly within the leaf tissue, although the absorption rate is less than the estimated potential absorption rate. At phenol concentrations below 200 ppb, the tree can absorb atmospheric phenol for at least 8 h without any visible foliar injury. Trees in general could act as an important sink for atmospheric phenol at phenol concentrations less than 200 ppb, a concentration about twenty times higher than normal ambient levels.     

Patterns of animal diversity in different forms of tree cover in agricultural landscapes.

As tropical regions are converted to agriculture, conservation of biodiversity will depend not only on the maintenance of protected forest areas, but also on the scope for conservation within the agricultural matrix in which they are embedded. Tree cover typically retained in agricultural landscapes in the neotropics may provide resources and habitats for animals, but little is known about the extent to which it contributes to conservation of animal species. Here, we explore the animal diversity associated with different forms of tree cover for birds, bats, butterflies, and dung beetles in a pastoral landscape in Nicaragua. We measured species richness and abundance of these four animal taxa in riparian and secondary forest, forest fallows, live fences, and pastures with high and low tree cover. We recorded over 20,000 individuals of 189 species including 14 endangered bird species. Mean abundance and species richness of birds and bats, but not dung beetles or butterflies, were significantly different among forms of tree cover. Species richness of bats and birds was positively correlated with tree species richness. While the greatest numbers of bird species were associated with riparian and secondary forest, forest fallows, and pastures with >15% tree cover, the greatest numbers of bat species were found in live fences and riparian forest. Species assemblages of all animal taxa were different among tree cover types, so that maintaining a diversity of forms of tree cover led to conservation of more animal species in the landscape as a whole. Overall, the findings indicate that retaining tree cover within agricultural landscapes can help conserve animal diversity, but that conservation efforts need to target forms of tree cover that conserve the taxa that are of interest locally. Preventing the degradation of remaining forest fragments is a priority, but encouraging farmers to maintain tree cover in pastures and along boundaries may also make an important contribution to animal conservation.