鱼类种群及鱼产量变化对乌梁素海渔业资源发展的影响

乌梁素海是内蒙古自治区主要的淡水渔业基地。渔业资源是当地农民的主要收入来源之一。六十年代主要有鲤、鲫、瓦氏雅罗鱼、赤眼鳟、鲶、草等4目7科20多种鱼类。近年,由于水质污染,渔业遭受严重打击,鱼类种群从鼎盛时的24种逐渐消亡到现在仅剩1种,现在年产量仅300t左右,只有六十年代的1/10。希望通过渔业整治措施尽快恢复乌梁素海渔业资源。     

乌梁素海湿地鸟类栖息地生态服务功能评估探讨

本文通过收集近30年鸟类种类及种群数据变化的资料,分析乌梁素海不同鸟类栖息环境的栖息地服务功能,从而评估乌梁素海湿地鸟类栖息地的综合生态服务功能。评估结果表明:乌梁素海湿地鸟类栖息地综合生态服务功能为不好。     

乌梁素海生态健康与鸟类服务功能调查

干旱半干旱区湿地生态系统服务功能对区域环境具有重要的意义.乌梁素海是世界半荒漠地区极为少见的具有很高生态效益的大型多功能湖泊,为典型的草型水体富营养化湖泊.乌梁素海因其独特的地理位置而具有水质净化、野生动物栖息地、野生动物的食物来源地等重要的生态功能,是优越的栖息繁殖和避难场所,是中亚线路的必经之地.近年来,乌梁素海连续暴发了“黄苔”事件,湖泊生态的健康出现了问题,生态的服务功能让人担忧.文章从乌梁素海的生态健康状况入手,分析了生态健康与生态服务功能的变化,特别关注湿地对鸟类营养供给水平的能力,分析了栖息地鸟类的动态演变,对湖泊生态健康变化中的鸟类生态安全问题进行了诠释.分析认为,虽然乌梁素海水质劣,渔业功能下降,但生物量总量变化小,鸟类的种群及数量均有增加.     

冬季乌梁素海浮游藻类群落结构特征

为了研究冬季乌梁素海浮游藻类群落结构特征,于2012年11月至2013年2月对乌梁素海的浮游植物群落结构及水环境状况进行了调查。结果显示,在采集的32个水样中共采集到浮游植物8门66属。其中,绿藻门20属、硅藻门18属、蓝藻门16属、裸藻门6属、隐藻门、甲藻门各2属,金藻门、黄藻门各1属。冬季乌梁素海浮游植物的种群数量较高,平均数量达3.27×107cell/L。优势种群为栅藻属、衣藻属、弓形藻属、镰形纤维藻属、小环藻属、针杆藻属、脆杆藻属、舟形藻属、菱形藻属、裸藻属、席藻属、尖头藻属、平裂藻属。依据所测定的各项指标,表明冬季乌梁素海水质处于中富—富营养状态,部分样点处于重富营养状态。相关性分析结果表明:乌梁素海浮游植物数量与水温呈显著的正相关,与透明度、COD呈现负相关。     

乌梁素海湿地鸟类栖息地生态服务功能评估探讨

本文通过收集近30年鸟类种类及种群数据变化的资料,分析乌粱素海不同鸟类栖息环境的栖息地服务功能,从而评估鸟梁素海湿地鸟类栖息地的综合生态服务功能。评估结果表明：乌梁素海湿地鸟类栖息地综合生态服务功能为不好。     

乌梁素海湿地生态修复总体框架研究

以乌梁素海湿地生态修复为目标,在分析区域经济结构、流域生态环境与乌粱素海物理形态演变的基础上,明确了乌梁素海生态环境保护目标,提出乌梁素海湿地生态环境修复的措施.结果显示:巴彦淖尔市第二产业中一些污染较重的行业在经济结构中占有较大的比例;黄河过境可支配取水量不足;乌梁素海水体面积呈现溃缩状态且水质较差;乌梁素海生态环境修复应从区域产业结构转型、生态补水、区域农业、工业污染源削减及加强流域生态管理五个角度考虑.     

水污染中的鱼类监测初探

文章阐述了鱼类种群监测和鱼类毒理实验在环境监测方面的应用,并具体介绍了应用化学鱼类监测法、应用浮藻鱼类监测法以及鱼类急性毒性实验法和鱼类致突变试验法。     

乌梁素海流域水文地球化学演化及水盐运移

乌梁素海是深受国际社会关注的湿地生态系统保护区。该文以乌梁素海-地下水系统为研究对象,利用数理统计、水化学类型分析等方法探究地下水化学特征及演变规律。基于对区域水文地质资料收集、现场勘测、水样采集分析的基础上,揭示了乌梁素海流域地下水补径排特征,地表水和地下水的水力联系,进而确定出地下水对乌梁素海水分及盐分的补给量,定量分析了地下水补给对乌梁素海的影响。结果表明:(1)地下水从补给区到排泄区,TDS逐渐增加,水化学类型由重碳酸型到硫酸型再到盐酸型;(2)潜水每年约向湖泊补给2 398.7万m~3,76 785.5 t盐分;承压水每年约向乌梁素海补给889.1万m~3,15 895.4 t盐分。(3)地下水对乌梁素海补给量约占湖泊蓄水量11.0%～13.2%,盐量补给约占湖水含盐量的23.6%～28.3%。近年来开展的生态补水工程,初步抑制了乌梁素海"咸化",基本维持了湿地生态系统稳定。     

乌梁素海水体富营养化研究进展

文章收集乌梁素海水质近15年研究中TN、TP、COD、NH_3-N、叶绿素a等数据,绘制点状图和趋势对比图。研究发现:氮、磷元素含量严重超标,藻类种群数量发生改变,在2004年前后,乌梁素海水体中TN、TP、叶绿素a的含量发生变化。营养盐含量、浮游生物数量增加,且黄苔暴发,水质恶化;成因为多年营养物质积累、适宜的气候、温度机制、排放量增大等。应加强对乌梁素海富营养化多元素之间联系的研究,为其恢复良性的生态环境提供科学依据和技术支撑。     

乌梁素海近年黄藻暴发情况、成因及危害性分析

内蒙古乌梁素海已成为我国寒旱区富营养化最为严重的湖泊,本文通过2007-2010年黄藻暴发事件,在大量实测数据和调查数据基础上,对乌梁素海的污染源进行分析。结果表明：污染源主要来自3个方面,分别是农田排水、工业废水和生活污染。本文为乌梁素海源头治理提供了一定的参考依据。     

Assessment of 316(b) impacts on Ohio River fish populations

Cooling water intake systems have the potential to adversely impact aquatic organisms though entrainment and impingement (impacts referenced under 316(b) of the Clean Water Act), yet the loss of individual fish does not necessarily mean that a population will suffer a significant decrease in number. The results of utility sponsored studies on Ohio River fish populations provide strong evidence of positive changes in the fishery due to water quality improvements. Despite these improvements, a simulation is needed to determine if a reduction in 316(b) fish losses would result in higher or similar fish population levels. Electrofishing data collected at seven power plant locations from 1981 to 1998 will be used for the population assessments. Potential 316(b) impacts on Ohio River fish populations will be modeled using site specific 316(b) data and a Leslie matrix model. The theoretical maximum population for various fish species, with and without 316(b) impacts, will be compared and the probabilistic risk that fish populations will fall below the threshold for species survival will be assessed. Historically, EPA has allowed 316(b) to be implemented on a case-by-case basis, however, the utilities believe that the first step in assessing potential adverse environmental impacts is to assess the condition of the affected fish populations.     

我国胭脂鱼资源现状及其资源恢复途径的探讨

胭脂鱼为我国特有鱼类 ,已知仅分布于长江和闽江。目前胭脂鱼在长江水系中的资源量明显减少 ,数量已较国家一类水生野生保护动物中华鲟和达氏鲟为少 ;闽江胭脂鱼种群几近绝迹。造成胭脂鱼资源下降的原因主要与其自身繁殖力低 ,发育时间长 ,以及过度捕捞和水域污染等因素有关。人工放流是恢复长江胭脂鱼资源的重要手段。     

Linkages between fishery habitat quality,stressors, and fishery populations

Increasing human population densities and development along the coasts of the United States pose a threat to fish populations through alteration of their habitats due to modification of upland watersheds, increased inputs of nutrient and domestic and agricultural chemicals, and direct habitat replacement or destruction. Injuries to these habitats will in turn affect populations of marine and estuarine organisms. To effectively evaluate the impacts of human activities on essential fish habitat we propose a framework to assess the linkages between fishery habitat alteration and modification and fishery production and community structure in coastal environments. Inherent natural variability makes it difficult to detect changes to the population or community. Therefore, we target structural and functional components of fish habitat as assessment endpoints, rather than the fish populations that utilize those habitats.     

Predicting fish population dynamics: compensation and the importance of site-specific considerations

The magnitude of the compensatory response inherent to fish population seems to be questioned with each new generation of scientists and regulators. The major reason for this is the demand by some that compensation be completely understood at the process level before compensation can be factored into population predictions. We first discuss several lines of evidence for the existence of compensation, and the reasons why compensation is so difficult to measure at the process level. We then offer life history theory as a general framework for improving our understanding of the likely magnitude of compensation in fish population dynamics. We use detailed, individual-based models and field data for yellow perch-walleye, striped bass, and a lake community to illustrate the complexity of compensation, and to show that predictions for a particular population require site-specific information. Analyses show that the life stage and magnitude of density-dependence can vary for different populations of the same species, and that population responses can depend on the arrangement of the food web. We must stop reinventing the density-dependence wheel; too many resources (both natural and monetary) are at stake. We suggest using three approaches for addressing the compensation issue: (1) life history theory for providing a sound basis for qualitatively understanding fish population dynamics and the magnitude of compensation; (2) age- and stage-structured matrix models for screening-level analyses to identify populations that may be at unacceptable risks of decline and therefore require additional analyses; and (3) individual-based models for better understanding the complexities of compensation at the process level and for impact assessment of at-risk, well-studied populations.     

Morphological distinctness despite large-scale phenotypic plasticity��analysis of wild and pond-bred juveniles of allopatric populations of Tropheus moorii

Cichlids are an excellent model to study explosive speciation and adaptive radiation. Their evolutionary success has been attributed to their ability to undergo rapid morphological changes related to diet, and their particular breeding biology. Relatively minor changes in morphology allow for exploitation of novel food resources. The importance of phenotypic plasticity and genetically based differences for diversification was long recognized, but their relationship and relative magnitude remained unclear. We compared morphology of individuals of four wild populations of the Lake Tanganyika cichlid Tropheus moorii with their pond-raised F(1) offspring. The magnitude of morphological change via phenotypic plasticity between wild and pond-bred F(1) fish exceeds pairwise population differences by a factor of 2.4 (mean Mahalanobis distances). The genetic and environmental effects responsible for among population differentiation in the wild could still be recognized in the pond-bred F(1) fish. All four pond populations showed the same trends in morphological change, mainly in mouth orientation, size and orientation of fins, and thickness of the caudal peduncle. As between population differentiation was lower in the wild than differentiation between pond-raised versus wild fish, we suggest the narrow ecological niche and intense interspecific competition in rock habitats is responsible for consistent shape similarity, even among long-term isolated populations.     

渔洞水库水质污染与防治研究

渔洞水库水质污染严重,污染源于库区养殖业,过量的化肥、农药施用,生活污水及生活垃圾;库区生态环境脆弱,水土流失加剧,人口过载.为保护水源地,应控制水源污染,控制人口数量,提高人口素质,保护生态环境,实施相关政策及产业结构调整,加大管理力度,以实现库区社会经济与环境的协调发展.     

An unintended experiment in fisheries science: a marine area protected by war results in Mexican waves in fish numbers-at-age

Marine protected areas (MPAs) are attaining increasing importance in the management of marine ecosystems. They are effective for conservation in tropical and subtropical areas (mainly coral and rocky reefs), but it is debated whether they are useful in the management of migratory fish stocks in open temperate regions. World War II created a large marine area within which commercial fishing was prevented for 6 years. Here we analyse scientific trawl data for three important North Sea gadoids, collected between 1928 and 1958. Using statistical models to summarise the data, we demonstrate the potential of MPAs for expediting the recovery of over-exploited fisheries in open temperate regions. Our age-structured data and population models suggest that wild fish stocks will respond rapidly and positively to reductions in harvesting rates and that the numbers of older fish in a population will react before, and in much greater proportion, than their younger counterparts in a kind of Mexican wave. Our analyses demonstrate both the overall increase in survival due to the lack of harvesting in the War and the form of the age-dependent wave in numbers. We conclude that large closed areas can be very useful in the conservation of migratory species from temperate areas and that older fish benefit fastest and in greater proportion. Importantly, any rise in spawning stock biomass may also not immediately result in better recruitment, which can respond more slowly and hence take longer to contribute to higher future harvestable biomass levels.     

水电站鱼类人工增殖放流标记方法研究概述

鱼类人工增殖放流是缓解水电建设对鱼类资源影响的一个重要措施,也是一项非常复杂的系统工程。标记放流可以帮助人们准确获得鱼类的种群信息,是鱼类增殖放流效果评估的重要手段之一。目前,国内外常用的标记方法主要有体外标记法、体内标记法、自然标记法、化学标记法、生物遥测法、分子遗传标记法,文章介绍了这些标记方法的特点及应用,分析了中国鱼类标记放流方面存在的问题并提出了加强鱼类标记方法的科学研究、采用多种途径对标记鱼类进行回收、建立科学合理的回收体系和加强鱼类回收后研究的建议。     

A perspective on power generation impacts and compensation in fish populations

Renewed interest in the topic of compensation in fish populations has been stimulated by new EPA 316(b) regulations relating to entrainment and impingement looming on the horizon. The purpose of this paper is to revisit the topic of population compensation for fish populations in the context of assessing power generation impacts. I define compensation as the net population-level outcome of changes in growth, survival, and reproduction at the individual fish level that offsets decreases or increases in population density. Potential mechanisms of compensation have been well document in laboratory and field experiments. The process underlying all these mechanisms is that changes in population density can change per capita availability of essential resources such as food and space. The state of science in this area is constrained both retrospectively and prospectively by five technical stumbling blocks. Technological advances have improved our ability to bound the phenotypic plasticity of a species and to assess the potential effects of power generation impacts through a combination of monitoring, special studies, and simulation modeling. Four generalizations concerning compensation are mentioned. Progress has been made over the past three decades, but this topic remains scientifically challenging and politically controversial.     

Criteria and procedures for evaluating the quality of fish populations in reservoirs

Routine assessments of sport fish populations are necessary for managers to determine whether populations are meeting objectives. An effective assessment technique should entail rating parameters that are measurements of, or are influenced by the three rate functions of recruitment, growth, and mortality. It will enable managers to determine which rate functions may be preventing a population from achieving stated objectives and help them determine if additional management or research efforts are needed. The first requirement of an effective assessment technique is a standard sampling method that captures all sizes of fish that are present in the population. The sampling method should detect changes in population density and size structure, which will then be reflected in sample length frequencies. Other important criteria are the selection of appropriate parameters from the sample data and the setting of objectives for those parameters. An ideal assessment should include parameters that depict recruitment levels, adult density, growth rate, age structure, and size structure. The parameter value should be easy to calculate from sample data. Use of an assessment for white crappies in Missouri’s large reservoirs showed that growth was generally good, but mortality was high. Subsequent research indicated that angler exploitation was the cause of the high mortality, which led to the successful implementation of restrictive harvest regulations.