长江经济带涉矿生态环境协同治理对策

矿产资源开发生态环境保护与恢复治理是山水林田湖草生态保护修复的重要组成部分,也是区域/流域生态安全屏障建设的重要内容。本文面向长江保护修复的环境管理需求,梳理了第一批中央生态环境保护督察的长江经济带涉矿问题,探讨了矿产资源开发生态环境问题,提出了协同治理对策。结果表明:(1)长江经济带有8个省份发现涉矿生态环境问题,涉及石英砂矿、稀土矿、磷矿、锡矿、石灰石矿和石煤矿;有3个省份出现保护地采矿生态破坏严重问题,涉及自然保护区内违规设置的采矿权、探矿权和违法生产,以及国家级风景名胜区内以治理地质灾害之名开采磷矿。(2)11个省市中均发现了涉保护地违规管理问题,包括饮用水水源保护区、湖滨湿地、长江岸线和重要湿地、海洋保护区、风景名胜区。矿山生态环境协同治理对策包括:(1)科学制定矿山生态修复目标;(2)定期开展矿山生态保护修复成效评估;(3)提高矿山生态环境监管执行力。     

流域、生态区和景观构架及其在海河流域生态评价中的应用

流域、生态区和景观是评估大尺度区域生态质量的构架,阐述了三者合理结合的理论基础. 流域是解决水生态环境问题的整体性构架,但是流域研究的成果缺乏外推的依据. 生态区提供了合适的外推机制,与流域结合使用,可以解决小尺度成果的尺度上推和预测问题. 景观范围界定的主观随机性,使其可以与行政区、生态区和流域等空间范围结合,用于区域生态质量评估. 以海河流域为例,验证了流域、生态区、景观相结合的区域生态质量评估方法体系,包括3个步骤:流域生态区划分;建立以遥感影像为数据源的景观生态质量评价指标体系,并对生态区内的典型行政区开展景观生态质量评估;将评估结果外推到所在生态区. 以流域生态过程为核心整体统筹各生态区,提出上游山区水土保持、平原节水并修复河流和地下水系统、下游湿地保护并增加入海流量的水生态系统恢复对策.      

海河流域湿地区域生态安全评价

通过对海河流域湿地进行区域生态安全评价,结果表明海河流域湿地区域生态安全综合指数为5.197,属于预警状态.流域内以河北省湿地生态安全状况为最好,为6.238,属于较安全状态,其它均属于预警状态,依次为内蒙、北京、山西、天津、山东、河南.海河流域湿地整体生态安全状况近年来有向中度预警甚至极度预警状态恶化的趋势;必须重视海河流域湿地的生态安全建设.     

日本琵琶湖流域生态系统的修复与重建

琵琶湖流域生态系统的修复与重建着眼于全流域及中长期目标的实现. 在《琵琶湖综合保全整备规划》基础上,滋贺县政府提出了流域生物生息空间网络化构筑的长期构想,在全流域划定了16个重要生物生息空间及10条重要河流作为生态回廊;从上游的森林建设、内湖重建、河流治理到湖滨带芦苇群落的保护等开展了一系列的流域修复工作,如针对湖滨带修复,制定了芦苇群落保护条例与规划,划定了琵琶湖湖岸及周边内湖的芦苇群落保护与恢复区域,面积达138 hm2,其中芦苇带栽植面积达15 hm2,收割等维护管理每年达30 hm2等. 琵琶湖修复与重建工程的开展使生物多样性逐渐提高,生态系统功能得到恢复. 与之相比,我国湖泊流域生态修复存在的问题主要体现在生态修复缺乏流域整体的长远规划以及在湿地修复、低污染尾水的生物处理、湖滨带修复等领域存在一定的理念差异.      

扎龙湿地的生态修复研究

扎龙湿地是中国和国际重要湿地,扎龙湿地于1992年被联合国教科文组织列入“世界重要湿地名录”中。近几年来扎龙湿地水质污染逐年加重,已造成湿地面积不断缩小,湿地生态功能退化。本文对扎龙湿地的生态修复研究的必要性,扎龙湿地突出的生态环境问题,扎龙湿地生态环境主要研究内容,研究方法和预期目标进行了论述。本文对开展扎龙湿地生态修复研究具有重要意义。     

基于AHP-熵权法的滇池环湖湿地效益评估研究

湿地具有水质净化、增加生物多样性、旅游休闲等多种效益.本研究以滇池11块环湖湿地为研究对象,从生态环境、社会经济两个维度出发建立湿地综合效益的评价指标体系,结合层次分析法与熵权法计算指标权重,从而对湿地效益进行评估,并考虑改进措施对湿地效益提升的价值.结果表明,对滇池TN、TP、COD净化幅度权重占据综合权重的前3位,而包括资源利用与经济发展的子准则层指标所占权重均较小;不同湿地的综合效益评分差异较大,参评湿地中,草海2号片湿地综合效益评分最高,草海流域湿地综合效益总体优于其他区域湿地;水质净化效益对环湖湿地总效益的贡献最大,而资源利用效益贡献最小;对评分较低的湿地实施规模扩建的改进措施后,湿地对滇池水质的净化能力提高,湿地综合效益得到明显提升.本研究可为滇池环湖湿地综合管理及生态修复工程优化运行提供数据支撑与决策依据.     

基于水动力过程的湿地生态补水优化机制：以北京汉石桥湿地为例

湿地具有涵养水源等重要生态服务功能,但在人类活动与气候变化的多重胁迫下出现萎缩与退化,其中湿地补给水量不足是其主要生态问题之一。随着跨区域、跨流域调水工程的实施运行,生态补水目前已成为湿地修复与水资源配置的关键技术组成。因此,关注多水源补给湿地的补水路径优化,基于湿地补水水动力过程提出了生态补水方式的优化方案。2021年在潮白河流域全线通水的背景下,以北京市仅存的大型芦苇沼泽湿地——汉石桥湿地为案例区,构建了潮白河流域SWAT模型模拟径流变化规律,利用MIKE21模型模拟湿地补水水量-水动力耦合过程,比较了6种湿地补水情景的水动力变化特征。结果表明：汉石桥湿地内部水系连通受阻造成的湿地南部与北部分隔是限制生态补水效率的主要瓶颈,湿地南北区多流路同时补水,以及改造湿地水文连通结构是改善补水水动力条件,提升生态补水效应的优化方案。该研究结论可为湿地的长期管理和生态修复提供参考,有利于首都城市生态水系建设。     

小流域生态恢复对策研究——以大汶河源头黄庄河流域为例

生态环境退化是当今全世界面临的重大问题之一,它可以导致和加速一个区域的水土流失过程。生态修复是控制和治理水土流失现象的必要而有效的途径,并且流域生态修复是今后生态修复的发展方向。文章探讨分析黄河下游支流大汶河的源头一黄庄河流域的生态环境问题,结合生态恢复理论,在小流域内有针对性的提出建造沼气池等综合环保性的生态修复措施,以期达到恢复和改善流域生态环境的目的,并为黄河下游的生态恢复提供一定的理论依据。     

呼伦湖流域生态安全评价及时空分布格局变化趋势研究

呼伦湖是我国北方第一大湖,具有涵养水源、生物多样性维护、气候调节等重要生态功能,对于维系我国北方生态安全屏障具有重要作用.近年来,随着气候暖干化加剧,呼伦湖面临着湖体面积萎缩、芦苇湿地大面积消失、局部草原区退化严重、土地沙化面积扩大、关键种群缺失等生态安全问题.该研究围绕“水资源-水环境-水生态”三水共生目标,以“山水林田湖草沙”系统观为指导,基于遥感和GIS技术对呼伦湖流域1990—2018年的生态安全时空分布格局进行评价.结果表明:①2018年呼伦湖及其流域的生态安全指数分别为0.495和0.774,分别处于预警和良好状态.②呼伦湖流域生态安全自1990年以来分别经历了骤降期、稳定期和恢复期等3个时期,呈现“一林一草一湖”的生态安全分布格局.③2010年呼伦湖生态安全水平最低,主要分布在新开河入湖口、湖西岸大部分区域、湖中心以及湖东南方向的湾口区域;流域则在2015年的生态安全状况最差,主要位于新左旗中部、海拉尔河流域以及呼伦沟等地,尤其是沿乌尔逊河上游东侧地带表现最为突出.④影响呼伦湖流域生态安全水平的主要因素为入湖径流量、蓝藻水华面积占比和水源涵养量,而长期超载过牧、水体污染物浓缩效应以及湿地面积萎缩是限制生态安全水平进一步提升的重要因素.研究显示,呼伦湖流域生态安全与水资源状况密切相关,湖面面积维持在2 036 km2以上能保障流域较高的生态安全水平.此外,蓝藻水华面积、放牧强度与湿地面积均关系着区域生态安全,建议通过建立蓝藻水华风险防控体系、合理核定载畜量、保护与修复芦苇湿地以改善局部区域生态安全状况.      

治理修复型水生态补偿问题分析

流域生态补偿已成为水文水资源领域的一个热门研究课题,也是解决水资源开发利用过程中区域用水矛盾、生态破坏的一种有效途径。从流域生态破坏的不同层面和根源出发,结合流域整体协调发展的管理策略和行动计划,给出流域治理修复型水生态补偿的实施目标。从双方自由博弈纳什均衡的层面出发,进行实施流域水生态补偿的经济最优条件分析;结合生态补偿产生的经济学原理,给出影响流域水生态补偿实施的相关性分析。针对流域生态治理中遇到的实际问题,阐述影响流域治理修复型水生态补偿的实施细节。     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by potassium permanganate

The oxidation of As(Ⅲ) with potassium permanganate was studied under conditions including pH, initial As(Ⅲ) concentration and dosage of Mn(Ⅶ). The results have shown that potassium permanganate was an effective agent for oxidizing of As(Ⅲ) in a wide pH range. The pH value of tested water was not a significant factor affecting the oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by Mn(Ⅶ). Although theoretical redox analyses suggest that Mn(Ⅶ) should have better performance in oxidization of As(Ⅲ) within lower pH ranges, the experimental results show that the oxidation efficiencies of As(Ⅲ) under basic and acidic conditions were similar, which may be due to the adsorption of As(Ⅲ) on the Mn(OH)2 and MnO2 resulting from the oxidation of As(Ⅲ).     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Chlorobenzenes in waterweeds from the Xijiang River （Guangdong section） of the Pearl River

The Xijiang River is the major source of water for about 4.5 millions of urban population and 28.7 millions of rural population. The water quality is very important for the health of the rural population. The concentration and distribution of chlorobenzenes (CBs) in both water and waterweeds collected from 4 stations in the Xijiang River (Gangdong section) of the Pearl River in April and November were determined. The result showed that nearly every congener of CBs was detected. The total contents of CBs (∑CBs) in the river water ranged from 111.1 to 360.0 ng/L in April and from 151.9 to 481.7 ng/L in November, respectively. The pollution level of CBs in the water in April was higher than that in November. The contents of ∑ CBs in waterweeds ranged from 13.53×102 μg/g to 38.27×102μg/g dry weight (dw). There was no significant difference between April and November in waterweeds. The distribution of CBs in roots, caulis, and leaves of Vallisneria spiralis L. showed different patterns. The leaves mainly contained low-molecular-weight CBs(DCBs), whereas the roots accumulated more PCBs and HCBs. The average lgBCFlip (bioconcentration factor) of CBs ranged from 0.64 to 3.57 in the waterweeds. The spatial distribution character of CBs in the Xijiang River was: Fengkai County ＜ Yunan County ＜Yun'an County ＜ Gaoyao County according to the ∑CBs, and the pollution deteriorated from the upstream to the downstream of the Xijiang River. Further analysis demonstrated that the discharge of waste containing CBs may be the main source of CBs pollution in the Xijiang River.     

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol with a novel TiO2/Ti-Fe-graphite felt photoelectrocatalytic oxidation process

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol(2,4-DCP)was studied in a novel three-electrode photoelectrocatalytic(PEC)integrative oxidation process,and the factors influencing the degradation rate,such as applied current,flow speed of O_2,pH,adscititious voltage and initial 2,4-DCP concentration were investigated and optimized.H_2O_2 was produced nearby cathode and Fe~(2 )continuously generated from Fe anode in solution when current and O_2 were applied,so,main reactions,H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC oxidation and E-Fenton reaction,occurred during degradation of 2,4-DCP in this integrative system.The degradation ratio of 2,4-DCP was 93% in this integrative oxidation process,while it was only 31% in E-Fenton process and 46% in H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC process.So,it revealed that the degradation of 2,4-DCP was improved greatly by photoelectrical cooperation effect.By the investigation of pH,it showed that this integrative process could work well in a wide pH range from pH 3 to pH 9.     

Effect of copper on the degradation of pesticides cypermethrin and cyhalothrin

The influence of coexisting copper (Cu) ion on the degradation of pesticides pyrethroid cypermethrin and cyhalothrin in soil and photodegradation in water system were studied.Serial concentrations of the pesticides with the addition of copper ion were spiked in the soil and incubated for a regular period of time,the analysis of the extracts from the soil was carried out using gas chromatography (GC).The photodegradation of pyrethroids in water system was conducted under UV irradiation.The effect of Cu~(2 ) on the pesticides degradation was measured with half life (t_(0.5)) of degradation.It was found that a negative correlation between the degradation of the pyrethroid pesticides in soil and Cu addition was observed.But Cu~(2 ) could accelerate photodegradation of the pyrethroids in water.The t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin extended from 6.7 to 6.8 d while for cypermethrin extended from 8.1 to 10.9 d with the presence of copper ion in soil.As for photodegradation,t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin reduced from 173.3 to 115.5 rain and for cypermethrin from 115.5 to 99.0 min.The results suggested that copper influenced the degradation of the pesticides in soil by affecting the activity of microorganisms.However, it had catalyst tendency for photodegradation in water system.The difference for the degradation efficiency of pyrethroid isomers in soil was also observed.Copper could obviously accelerate the degradation of some special isomers.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.