Distribution of pollutants in Le An River

pH change，distribution of anions，metals and complexing capacity in riverwater along Le An River were studied during June，1987 to November，1989．A high so²₄concentration was found in whole river．particularly at Gukou．High metal concentrations were found in upstream of the river，Cu．Fe，Ni and Co mainly from Dexing Copper M ine；Cd and Pb from Jishui River．Heavy water quality pollution occurred in the river section from Gukou to Daicun in Dexing Mine A rea．Complexing capacity of Le An River was low as concentration organic ligands and a high metal concentration．     

Levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in some agricultural, industrial and urban areas along Xiamen coastal waters, China

An intensive investigation was conducted to study the distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs）, to show firstly the level of pollution in the agricultural areas and analyses specifically the status of soil polluted by these persistent pollutants in some locations of Xiamen region. Soil samples collected from Jiulong agricultural catchment have been analysed for 16 PAH compounds, using gas chromatography flame ionization detection in order to determine the level of selected PAH components and to identify the factors that may control their distribution and persistence in the area. The main PAHs found in soil samples were the low molecular weight. The total PAHs detected in soil samples ranged from 0.50 to 0.95 μg/g soil. The highest values of PAHs were significantly detected in the orange tree leaves, which range from 236.1 to 249.3 μg/g soil showing recent atmospheric inputs of these volatile pollutants. The distribution of PAHs in vegetable were monitored and indicating that the concentration were high and ranged from 8.24 to 58.87 μg/g. Other sediment samples were also collected and analysed from urban sewage （5.26 μg/g dw）, aquacultural （0.52 μg/g dw） and industrial areas （from 0.62 to 2.09 μg/g dw）, during this investigation. The contamination of Jiulong river estuary and Xiamen Western Sea by PAHs has been then widely justified by wastcwatcr discharges and soil runoffs from these areas. The results, therefore, provide important information on the current contamination status caused by the atmospheric transport and point to the need for urgent actions to stop the release of these hydrocarbons to the environment. The necessity of implementing systematic monitoring of PAHs is also emphasized.     

Characterizing the antibiotic resistance genes in a river catchment: Influence of anthropogenic activities

Previous studies on environmental antibiotics resistance genes(ARGs) have focused on the pollution sources such as wastewater treatment plants, aquaculture and livestock farms,etc. Few of them had addressed this issue in a regional scale such as river catchment. Hence,the occurrence and abundances of 23 ARGs were investigated in surface water samples collected from 38 sites which located from the river source to estuary of the Beijiang River.Among them, 11 ARGs were frequently detected in this region and 5 ARGs(sul I, sul II, tet B,tet C, and tet W) were selected for their distribution pattern analysis. The abundances of the selected ARGs were higher in the upstream(8.70 × 10~6 copies/ng DNA) and downstream areas(3.17 × 10~6 copies/ng DNA) than those in the midstream areas(1.23 × 10~6 copies/ng DNA), which was positively correlated to the population density and number of pollution sources. Pollution sources of ARGs along the Beijiang River not only had a great impact on the abundances and diversity, but also on the distribution of specific ARGs in the water samples. Both sul I and sul II were likely originated from aquaculture farms and animal farms,tet W gene was possibly associated with the mining/metal melting industry and the electric waste disposal and tet C gene was commonly found in the area with multiple pollution sources.However, the abundance of tet B was not particularly related to anthropogenic impacts. These findings highlight the influence of pollution sources and density of population on the distribution and dissemination of ARGs at a regional scale.     

Persistent organochlorine residues in sediments of the Haihe River and Dagu Drainage River in Tianjin, China

Persistent organochlorine compounds were analyzed by means of GC-ECD in surface sediment samples from two selected rivers in Tianjin, Haihe River and Dagu Drainage River. A total of 16 surface sediment sites were selected along the both rivers. The frequency of detection of T-HCH and T-DDT in sediment samples both was up to 100%, which illustrated that the contamination of HCH and DDT was widespread in Haihe and Dagu Drainage Rivers. Results indicated that the concentrations of various pesticides in sediments from Haihe River were in the range of 3.30-75.96 ng/g dw for T-HCH and 1.57-211.57 ng/g dw for T-DDT. Compared with Haihe River, Dagu Drainage River was contaminated by HCHs and DDTs along the all locations and the values of T-HCH and T-DDT residues in sediments ranged from 2.30 to 124.61 ng/g dw and from 11.28 to 237.30 ng/g dw, respectively, The possible pollution sources were analyzed through monitoring results of organochlorine pesticides（OCPs） residues in sediments from the two rivers. The investigation also indicated that HCH was still used as pesticide in Tianjin partial area.     

Spatial and temporal distribution of acetochlor in sediments and riparian soils of the Songhua River Basin in northeastern China

The Songhua River Basin is a burgeoning agricultural area in the modern times in China. Particularly in recent years, increasing chemical fertilizers and pesticides have been applied with the development of agricultural production. However, the situation of non-point source pollution (NSP) from agricultural production in this basin is still obscure. In order to solve the problem, the occurrence and distribution of acetochlor in sediments and riparian soils of the Songhua River Basin before rain season and after rain season were investigated. In addition, total organic carbon was analyzed. The result showed that the concentration of acetochlor ranged from 0.47 to 11.76 μg/kg in sediments and 0.03 to 709.37 μg/kg in riparian soils. During the high flow period in 2009, the mean concentration was 4.79 μg/kg in sediments and 0.75 μg/kg in riparian soils, respectively. Similarly, the mean concentration was 2.53 μg/kg in sediments and 61.36 μg/kg in riparian soils, during the average flow period in 2010. There was a significant correlation between the concentration of acetochlor and total organic carbon in surface sediments. Moreover, the distribution of acetochlor in sediments of the Songhua River was significantly correlated to land use and topography of the watershed. The investigated data suggested that the concentration of acetochlor in the Songnen Plain and the Sanjiang Plain was higher than that in the other areas of the basin, and riparian buffering zones in these areas had been destroyed by human activities. The optimal agricultural measures to alleviate the contamination of pesticides should be adopted, including controlling agricultural application of acetochlor and ecological restoration of riparian buffering strips.     

Occurrence and distribution of hexabromocyclododecane in sediments from seven major river drainage basins in China

The concentrations and geographical distribution of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) were investigated in 37 composite surface sediments from seven major river drainage basins in China, including Yangtze River, Yellow River, Pearl River, Liaohe River, Haihe River, Tarim River and Ertix River. The detection frequency of HBCD was 54%, with the concentrations ranged from below limit of detection (LOD) to 206 ng/g dry weight. In general, the geographical distribution showed increasing trends from the upper reaches to the lower reaches of the rivers and from North China to Southeast China. Compared to other regions in the world, the average concentration of HBCD in sediments from Yangtze River drainage basin was at relatively high level, whereas those from other six river drainage basins were at lower or similar level. The highest HBCD concentration in sediment from Yangtze River Delta and the highest detection frequency of HBCD in Pearl River drainage basins suggested that the industrial and urban activities could evidently affect the HBCD distribution. HBCD diastereoisomer profiles showed that γ-HBCD dominated in most of the sediment samples, followed by α- and β-HBCD, which was consistent with those in the commercial HBCD mixtures. Further risk assessment reflected that the average inventories of HBCD were 18.3, 5.87, 3.92, 2.50, 1.77 ng/cm 2 in sediments from Pearl River, Haihe River, Tarim River, Yellow River and Yangtze River, respectively.     

Faecal sterols as sewage markers in the Langat River, Malaysia: Integration of biomarker and multivariate statistical approaches

The Langat River in Malaysia has been experiencing anthropogenic input from urban, rural and industrial activities for many years. Sewage contamination, possibly originating from the greater than three million inhabitants of the Langat River Basin, were examined. Sediment samples from 22 stations (SL01-SL22) along the Langat River were collected, extracted and analysed by GC-MS. Six different sterols were identified and quantified. The highest sterol concentration was found at station SL02 (618.29 ng/g dry weight), which situated in the Balak River whereas the other sediment samples ranged between 11.60 and 446.52 ng/g dry weight. Sterol ratios were used to identify sources, occurrence and partitioning of faecal matter in sediments and majority of the ratios clearly demonstrated that sewage contamination was occurring at most stations in the Langat River. A multivariate statistical analysis was used in conjunction with a combination of biomarkers to better understand the data that clearly separated the compounds. Most sediments of the Langat River were found to contain low to mid-range sewage contamination with some containing `significant' levels of contamination. This is the first report on sewage pollution in the Langat River based on a combination of biomarker and multivariate statistical approaches that will establish a new standard for sewage detection using faecal sterols.     

Coagulation of micro-polluted Pearl River water with IPF-PACIs

Water samples collected from early March 2001 to the end of April 2002 at the branch of Pearl River around the Guangzhou City were analyzed for its micro-polluted characteristics. The coagulation behavior of polyaluminum chlorides(PACIs) was then examined focusing on the effect of primary water quality and speciation distribution. The results showed that PACIs exhibit better coagulation efficiency than alum in accordance with the different speciation.The turbidity removal property of PACIs is evidently better than alum at low dosage. While in neutral zone(about 6.5--7.5), the turbidity removal of PACIs decreases owing to the restabilization of particles at higher dosage. The organic matters in raw water exhibit marked influence on coagulation. In acidic zone, organic matters complex with polymer species and promote the formation of flocs. With an increase in pH, the complexation of organics with polymer species gradually decreases, and the removal of organics mainly depends on adsorption. The effect is evidently improved with the raise of B value.     

Water quality characteristics along the course of the Huangpu River （China）

Huangpu River is about 114.5 km from upriver Dianfeng to downriver Wusong,near the estuary of the Yangtze River.It plays a key role in supplying water for production,life,shipment and irrigation.With the industrial development,the pollution of the Huangpu River has become serious recently.The biological oxygen demand (BOD),total nitrogen (TN),total phosphorus (TP),oil,phenol and suspended solids (SS) were lower in the upstream sites than in the downstream sites,indicating pollutants being input along its course. Water quality was the worst in the Yangpu site,near the center of Shanghai City.Dissolved oxygen (DO) content was less than 2 mg/L in the site of Yangpu in July.Among relations between thirteen characteristics,relations between BOD,DO,TN,TP,NH_4~ -N, NO_3~--N and the count of total bacteria or Escherichia coli were significant and interdependent.Inner relationships between these main characteristics in the Huangpu River were studied.High nutrient concentration led to growth of microorganisms,including E.coli. Degradation of organic matters and respiration of bacteria made oxygen concentration decreased in the water body,and DO was a key factor for nitrification-denitrification process of nitrogen.In the Yangpu site,DO was decreased to less than 3.0 mg/L with BOD higher than 7.5 mg/L in May and July.Low DO concentration will decrease nitrification rate.Nitrification need at higher DO value than other organic substrate oxidation.Consequently,river water contains low NO_3~--N values with high amounts of TN and NH_4~ -N there.This will block the self-purification of surface water,by decreasing the rate of nitrification-denitrification transformation process in the water body.     

Evaluation of the water quality of the Hakata River based on diatoms

We investigated the epilithic diatom assemblage of samples collected from three sites of the Hakata River, Fukuoka, Japan, on November 26, 2008. Each taxon was photographed and identified. The 1747 diatom frustules collected were classified into 33 taxa belonging to 17 genera. Nitzschia fonticola was abundant at all sites. The DAIpo (the diatom assemblage index to organic water pollution) values for sites 1, 2, and 3 were 50.2, 44.1 and 48.0, respectively, indicating that the water quality of the Hakata River was at β-mesosaprobic level.     

北京通惠河水和表层沉积物中氯苯类有机物污染现状

对2003年11月采自北京通惠河的水和表层沉积物样品中11种氯苯类有机物进行了分析测定.结果表明,通惠河水中氯苯类有机物的总量范围为0.093～6.638 μg·L^-1,其中DCBs平均占氯苯总量的88.8%;表层沉积物(干重)中氯苯的总量范围为95.3～1 827.7 ng·g^-1,其中DCBs、TCBs、TeCBs、PeCB和HCB分别平均占总量的15.6%、31.7%、17.6%、21.2%和13.9%.与国内外其他区域相比,表层沉积物中氯苯类有机物污染较为严重.水和表层沉积物中的氯苯总量没有显著的相关性.     

珠三角河流饮用水源中皮质激素的污染与风险

利用固相萃取联合液相色谱-质谱法对珠三角河流饮用水源中的21种糖皮质激素（GCs）和3种盐皮质激素（MCs）进行了研究.结果发现,24种目标物在水源水中均有检出,检出率在8%（可的松）~75%（地夫可特）之间,总浓度（∑CSs）（平均值/中值）为0.29~8.7ng/L（2.6ng/L/1.6ng/L）,污染以布地奈德、丙酸氯倍他索、醛固酮为主.东江东莞段和流溪河下游水源水中肾上腺皮质激素（CSs）浓度水平总体高于西江和北江,各水源地的CSs组成与浓度存在一定的季节性差异.冗余分析发现,水源水中大部分CSs与水温、电导率、pH值以及溶解氧呈负相关关系,表明这些环境因子是影响CSs含量分布的重要因素.CSs在珠三角河流水源地的危害指数（HI）（平均值/中值）在<0.1~0.65（0.25/0.29）之间,总体处于中低风险水平.     

珠江口水、沉积物及水生动物中氯苯类有机物的含量及分布

对珠江口水、沉积物及水生动物体内氯苯类有机物(CBs)的污染现状进行了调查,并对该类污染物在水体多介质体系中的转移分配规律进行了初步研究1.结果表明,珠江口表层水中CBs的总浓度为16.44～963.20ng·L-,DCBs(二氯苯)对污染的贡献较为突出,占74.4%;表层沉积物(干重)中CBs总含量为7.83～40.09 ng·g-1,DCBs、TCBs(三氯苯)、TeCBs(四氯苯)、PeCB(五氯苯)和HCB(六氯苯)分别占总量的71.4%、11.1%、13.0%、1.2%、3.6%;水生动物中贝类的CBs平均含量是38873.0ng·g-1、鱼类为2360.3ng·g-1、虾类则为565.0ng·g-1,DCBs和TeCBs是水生动物体内的主要污染物.CBs在水、沉积物及生物体之间存在明显的富集和放大作用.     

广西西江流域土壤镉含量特征及风险评估

为了解广西西江流域土壤Cd含量分布特征及风险,结合土地利用方式进行大规模抽样调查,采集有色金属矿区土壤、农田土壤（水田土壤和旱地土壤）和自然土壤共2512个样品,测试其Cd含量.结果表明,西江流域土壤Cd的背景值为0.514 mg·kg^-1,显著高于前人研究结果（0.148 mg·kg^-1）和广西土壤背景值（0.267 mg·kg^-1）;旱地、水田、矿区土壤Cd含量分别为0.559、0.787、5.71 mg·kg^-1,水田土壤和矿区土壤Cd含量显著高于自然土壤;以西江流域土壤Cd含量背景值和基线值为限定值,超标率分别为51.2%、66.7%、77.8%和35.2%、39.6%、71.4%,矿区土壤和农田土壤都有明显的Cd积累趋势;从土壤Cd空间分布及污染特征来看,西江流域总体土壤Cd含量为0.726 mg·kg^-1,高Cd含量斑块主要集中在西江流域上游河池地区的南丹县、大化县、都安县、环江县和宜州市,以及柳江县、武宣县和象州县等地区,这些地方出现了重度甚至极重度污染、中等-强污染累积程度和高等-极高等潜在生态风险.总体上,广西西江流域上游地区的农业土壤、矿区土壤Cd污染问题突出,属于高Cd风险区域,土壤生态状况不容乐观,这主要与上游矿业密集区的矿业活动和地质高背景Cd有关,长期居住在矿区及周边地区的居民,以及食用这一区域生产的农产品,可能对部分当地居民的健康产生危害.建议进一步通过土壤-植物-人体体系展开镉风险评估,同时采取相应措施以控制风险.     

广西西江流域土壤铅空间分布与污染评价

为了解广西西江流域土壤Pb含量分布特征,采集有色金属矿区土壤、农田土壤(水田土壤和旱地土壤)和自然土壤共2 594个样品,采用地统计分析与GIS相结合的方法研究流域内土壤Pb含量空间分布特征与污染状况.结果表明,西江流域土壤Pb背景值为51.84 mg·kg~(-1),单样本T检验结果表明,显著高于前人背景值研究结果(22.08 mg·kg~(-1))和广西土壤背景值(20.50 mg·kg~(-1)).矿区土壤、旱地土壤和水田土壤Pb含量分别为655.9、116.7和40.63 mg·kg~(-1),矿区土壤Pb含量显著高于其他类型土壤.以《土壤环境质量标准》(GB 15618-1995)和土壤基线值为参考值,超标率分别为57.69%、16.40%、8.92%和54.95%、8.09%、2.03%,矿区和农田土壤存在明显的Pb积累.流域土壤Pb有明显的空间自相关性,以结构性变异为主.西江流域上游至中、下游土壤Pb呈现总体递减趋势,流域特征明显,高Pb含量样点在刁江上游的聚集远大于刁江下游都安段.西江流域土壤样本Pb总体介于轻度污染-中度污染之间,金城江区及南丹县土壤Pb污染突出,与当地频繁的矿业活动密切相关.     

牛栏江污染物源解析与空间差异性分析

牛栏江-滇池补水是缓解滇池生态用水短缺的重要工程,对牛栏江流域主要污染源与空间差异性的识别分析,将有助于进一步改善牛栏江的水质. 采用CFA(对应分析)对牛栏江流域污染源进行解析识别,结果表明流域内TN、NH₃-N(氨氮)等污染物主要来源于嵩明县境内,TP、氟化物等污染物主要来源于寻甸县境内. 在CFA分析的基础上,采用HCA(层次聚类分析)和SOM(自组织映射神经网络)对4个监测点、10种污染物指标进行分析,以识别空间分布的差异性和相似性,并且评价各指标的空间分布特征及监测点代表性. 结果表明:4个监测点中,TP、氟化物、砷化物、Vph(挥发酚)在寻甸县境内的七星桥污染最严重;TN、NH₃-N在牛栏江上游嵩明县境内的四营污染最重. 结合流域污染负荷调查可知,寻甸县的磷负荷最大,占流域总负荷的58.73%,七星桥的TP污染贡献大于其他3个监测点,与七星桥TP污染最为严重相符合. 该研究结果可为牛栏江流域实施进一步的分段治理提供决策支撑.      

长江武汉段水体邻苯二甲酸酯分布特征研究

分别采集了丰水期和枯水期时长江武汉段30个点位上的河水和沉积物样品,用气相色谱法对样品中的邻苯二甲酸酯类(PAEs)含量进行测定,分析其在长江武汉段水体中的分布特征.结果表明,[1]丰水期时支流和湖泊水中PAEs浓度范围为0.114～1.259 μg/L,枯水期时为0.25～132.12 μg/L.丰、枯水期干流水相中PAEs的浓度范围分别为0.034～0.456 μg/L和35.73～91.22 μg/L,均有沿程升高的趋势.[2]枯水期支流和湖泊沉积相中PAEs浓度范围为6.3～478.9 μg/g,邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)、邻苯二甲酸双(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)有由水中向沉积物中迁移的较强趋.丰、枯水期干流沉积相中PAEs浓度范围分别为151.7～450.0 μg/g和76.3～275.9 μg/g;丰水期时DBP由沉积相向水相迁移,枯水期时DEHP在沉积物中未达到吸附最大.[3]5种被研究的邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物中, DBP和DEHP是主要污染物,国家地表水环境质量标准规定这2种物质的标准限值分别为0.001、0.004 mg/L,丰水期时所有的干支流均符合此标准,枯水期时干支流超标率为82.4%.[4]长江武汉段PAEs污染水平与意大利Velino河以及黄河中下游水体相近,但丰水期时水相PAEs含量远低于国内外一般水平.     

湟水河流域水质时空变化特征及其污染源解析

基于2012—2014年水质数据,综合应用多元统计分析与一维水质模型(Qual2Kw),系统分析了湟水河水质时空变化及其污染物来源.结果表明:湟水河河流水质主要受化学需氧量、生化需氧量、铜、六价铬、水温、溶解氧、总氮、氨氮等8项水质指标影响,且氨氮和总氮污染严重;湟水河水质时间上可划分为3个时段:时段1(6—10月)、时段2(5月和11月)和时段3(12月—4月),时段1水质明显优于时段2和时段3,湟水河水体受工业生活排放污水的影响显著,面源污染对河流水质的影响低于点源污染;空间上可分为3大区段:湟水河上游、中游和下游,中游西宁市段污染较重;基于Qual2Kw模型的污染物贡献比例计算结果揭示了湟水河民和桥断面的氨氮负荷主要来源于扎马隆(S2)-西钢桥(S3),总氮主要来源于报社桥(S5)-小峡桥(S6),其中支流点源是氨氮的主要污染源,普通点源即城镇生活污水和工业废水排放是总氮的主要污染来源,上游干流农田地表径流、畜禽养殖废水、农村生活污水等污染源氨氮、总氮排放也不容忽视.研究结果可以为湟水河流域水环境管理提供科学依据.     

滦河流域多环芳烃的污染特征、风险评价与来源辨析

在滦河上、中、下游和河口地区布设了15个采样点,对滦河流域的河水和表层沉积物中多环芳烃(PAHs)进行了分析.结果表明,水中PAHs总量为9.8～310ng.L-1,表层沉积物中PAHs总量最高达478ng.g-1.城市地区河段中PAHs的浓度高于农村河段中PAHs的浓度,河口地区相对中游地区污染较轻.就组成特征而言,水中PAHs以3环(40.9%)、4环(56.2%)为主,表层沉积物中PAHs以3环(30.0%)、4环(39.3%)、5环(15.8%)为主.总的来讲,3环、4环PAHs是滦河流域PAHs最主要的成分.地表水健康风险评价结果显示,韩家营、瀑河口两个采样点苯并[a]芘(BaP)毒性当量值(EBaP)分别为11.8、11.4ng.L-1,超出中国国家环境保护部(CEPA)制定的EBaP=2.8ng.L-1的国家标准,存在不利的健康风险.表层沉积物生态风险评价结果显示,韩家营、上板城、乌龙矶地区的PAHs可能存在着对生物的潜在危害,剩余研究区域不存在生态风险.滦河水和表层沉积物PAHs主要表现为以草、木柴和煤燃烧来源为主的特征,部分样点存在燃油与木柴、煤燃烧的混合来源特征.瀑河口、大黑汀受石油源污染影响明显.     

渭河微塑料污染现状与风险评价

为探究西北地区渭河微塑料的赋存状态、形态特征、聚合物类型和潜在风险,于2021年5月通过现场采样、显微镜观察、傅里叶红外光谱和显微拉曼光谱测定等,鉴定了渭河水体中的微塑料的丰度分布、形状、粒径、颜色和聚合物类型,并通过污染负荷指数法和物种敏感性分布法进行风险评价.结果表明,所有采样点均有微塑料存在,其丰度范围为(2.9±0.8)～(10.3±2.8)n·L^-1,渭河干流微塑料丰度高于支流.纤维(15.04%～77.03%)、小尺寸(<0.5 mm)(27.27%～89.38%)和彩色(有色)(15.85%～49.53%)为含量最高的微塑料形态,聚乙烯(32.83%)、聚丙烯(29.79%)、聚苯乙烯(21.21%)和聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(10.61%)是检测出的主要聚合物类型.研究表明,渭河微塑料污染处于国内中等水平,微塑料丰度还未对水生生物构成影响,但其较高的丰度值和塑料易吸附其他污染物的特性仍需引起警惕.