Effect of CaO on retention of S, Cl, Br, As, Mn, V, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, W and Pb in bottom ashes from fluidized-bed coal combustion power station

This work was conducted to evaluate whether Ca-bearing additives used during coal combustion can also help with the retention of some other elements. This work was focused on the evaluation of bottom ashes collected during four full-scale combustion tests at an operating thermal fluidized-bed power station. Bottom ashes were preferred to fly ashes for the study to avoid interference from condensation processes usually occurring in the post-combustion zone. This work focused on the behaviors of S, Cl, Br, As, Mn, V, Cr, Ni, Cu,Zn, W, and Pb. Strong positive correlations with CaO content in bottom ashes were observed（for all four combustion tests） for S, As, Cl and Br（R = 0.917-0.999）. Strong inverse proportionality was calculated between the contents of Pb, Zn, Ni, Cr and Mn and CaO, so these elements showed association to materials other than Ca-bearing compounds（e.g., to aluminosilicates, organic matter, etc.）. Somewhat unclear behaviors were observed for W, Cu, and V. Their correlation coefficients were evaluated as statistically ＂not significant＂, i.e., these elements were not thought to be significantly associated with CaO. It was also discovered that major enrichment of CaO in the finest bottom ash fractions could be advantageously used for simple separation of elements strongly associated with these fractions, mainly S and As, but also Cl or Br. Removal of5% of the finest ash particles brings about a decrease in As concentration down to 77%-80% of its original bulk ash content, which can be conveniently used e.g., when high As content complicates further ash utilization.     

珊瑚钨锡矿硅质尾矿中Cd、As、Zn、F富集迁移及环境污染

硅质尾矿在释放中性矿山废水(NMD)时所伴生的多元素复合污染问题值得重视。本文以桂东北珊瑚矿尾矿作为研究对象,通过分析该尾矿的组构、元素富集及迁移特性,筛选出主要污染元素,并探讨尾矿胶结层对元素富集迁移的影响。结果表明:(1)该尾矿中Cd、As、Zn及F富集程度较高、可交换态含量(易迁移释放量)较大,是主要的污染元素,而Cu、Pb、Tl产生污染的可能性较小;(2)胶结层对重金属具有再富集作用,但其对可交换态Cd、As(Tl)再富集明显,而对可交换态Cu、Pb、Zn再富集则不明显。胶结层中次生伊利石、石膏等胶结物趋向于吸附富集活性可交换态Cd、As。这表明该尾矿可能迁移释放出含Cd、As浓度较高的NMD。研究表明,硅质尾矿风化释出NMD的同时,可能伴生Cd、As、Zn等重金属以及F的复合污染。     

The monitoring,Evaluation, reporting,verification, and certification of energy-efficiency projects

In this paper, we present an overview of guidelinesdeveloped for the monitoring, evaluation, reporting,verification, and certification (MERVC) ofenergy-efficiency projects for climate changemitigation. The monitoring and evaluation ofenergy-efficiency projects is needed to determine moreaccurately their impact on greenhouse gas (GHG)emissions and other attributes, and to ensure that theglobal climate is protected and that countryobligations are met. Reporting, verification andcertification will be needed for addressing therequirements of the Kyoto Protocol. While the cost ofmonitoring and evaluation of energy-efficiencyprojects is expected to be about 5–10% of a project'sbudget, the actual cost of monitoring and evaluationwill vary depending on many factors, including thelevel of precision required for measuring energy andGHG reductions, type of project, and amount of fundingavailable.     

Asbeste Arten,Entstehung, Bedeutung,Problematik

Types of asbestos are distinguished not only by structure, chemical compositon, shape of aggregates, and length and quality of fibers, but also by its formation. Though consisting of quite common elements, deposits are formed only under very special conditions. Its unique combination of properties has created over 3000 fields of application (about 70% in asbestos cement). Great efforts have been made to substitute all types of asbestos by harmless, similarly cheap and versatile synthetic fibers, owing to the unquestioned carcinogenic properties of all asbestos dusts. However, development of such fibers has not made any remarkable progress until recently. Consequently risk to workers in mining and manufactoring, consumers, outsiders, and the environment should be kept as low as possible by intensifying precautions and diminishing emissions.     

粤中长坑金银矿床的碳、氧、氢同位素研究

长坑金银矿床方解石的δ13C值为-3．23‰，方解石和石英的δ18O分别为8．64‰～18．61‰和9．60‰～13．0‰，其范围与其它卡林型金矿相似。结合大本（Ohmoto）模式的理论分析，认为成矿热液的总联同位素组成可大致取为-2‰～－17‰，即碳主要来自地层中的沉积碳酸盐，部分来自有机碳。推导出水岩交换过程中流体氢、氧同位素演化的一般性协变方程并进行了理论模拟，认为成矿流体以燕山晚期一第三纪的加热大气降水或建造水为主。     

Algorithmen,gehirne, computer

In order to say something substantial about the fundamental limits of machines (especially of computers) and of human calculations, we must explicate the concept of algorithm. Such an explication is provided by the Turing machine. Thus, problems have been discovered which cannot be solved algorithmically. For other problems there are problem-solving procedures, but no elegant algorithms. That men are fundamentally superior to machines has not been shown as yet.     

Zn2+、Cd2+、Cu2+、Cr6+和Se4+对褶牡蛎急性毒性效应研究

金属污染对水生底栖滤食性动物的危害,一直是普遍关注的水产养殖及水产品安全性热点问题之一。本文采用半静态法研究了Zn2+、Cd2+、Cu2+、Cr6+、Se4+对褶牡蛎(Crassostrea plicatul)的急性毒性效应(LC50)。结果表明,Zn2+、Cd2+、Cu2+、Cr6+、Se4+对褶牡蛎48 h- LC50分别为1447.00、28.16、12.25、1098.00、22.89 mg/L;72h- LC50分别为231.62、12.24、4.23、539.02、9.12 mg/L;96 h- LC50分别为81.84、8.83、2.59、378.06、4.10 mg/L,安全浓度(SC)分别为0.81、0.08、0.03、3.78、0.04 mg/L,五种金属对褶牡蛎的毒性依次为:Cu2+ Se4+ Cd2+ Zn2+ Cr6+,其中褶牡蛎对Cd2+、Zn2+、Cr6+耐受性较强,分别为渔业水质标准(GB11607-89)的17.60、37.81、8.18倍。     

Salmon policy: science,society, restoration,and reality

Salmon policy in the Pacific Northwest illustrates a class of contentious, socially wrenching issues that are becoming increasingly common in the western United States as demands increase for limited ecological resources. Many Pacific salmon “stocks” (a term used in fisheries management for a group of interbreeding individuals that is roughly equivalent to “population”) have declined and some have been extirpated. The salmon “problem” is one of the most vexing public policy challenges in natural resource management. Even with complete scientific knowledge — and scientific knowledge is far from complete or certain — it would be a challenging policy problem. The salmon decline issue is often defined simplistically as a watershed management problem, in part because changes in watersheds are highly visible and often occur on public or corporate lands where individuals and organizations often have direct input to decision making. Yet, changes in climate and ocean conditions, for example, occur frequently and such changes have a major influence on salmon abundance. The scientific challenges are great, but the more difficult — and critical — aspect of the debate concerns policies and decisions affecting everyone, including those involved in rural enterprises (especially farming and logging); manufacturing and construction; electricity generation (including hydro, fossil fuel, and nuclear); national defense; urban development; transportation (including road, rail, air, and water). The debate also involves competing personal rights and freedoms; the prerogatives and roles of local, state, and federal government and Indian tribes; policies on human population level, reproduction, emigration, and immigration; and the future of fishing (commercial, recreational, and Indian). The salmon policy conundrum is characterized by: (1) nearly everyone claims to support maintaining wild salmon runs; (2) many competing societal priorities exist, many of which are partially or wholly mutually exclusive; (3) the region’s rapidly growing human population creates increasing pressures on all natural resources (including salmon and their habitats); (4) policy stances in the salmon debate are solidly entrenched; (5) society expects salmon experts to help solve the salmon problem; (6) each of the many sides of the political debate over the future of salmon use salmon experts and scientific “facts” to bolster its argument; (7) it has proved to be nearly impossible for salmon scientists to avoid being categorized as supporting a particular policy position; and (8) many advocates of policy positions couch their positions in scientific terms rather than value-based preferences. Although far from indisputable, I conclude that over the next century and allowing for considerable year-to-year and decade-to-decade variation, many, perhaps most, stocks of wild salmon in the Pacific Northwest likely will remain at their current low levels or continue to decline in spite of costly protection and restoration efforts.     

共沉淀-离心-X射线荧光法快速测定表层海水中的Fe,Ni,Mn,Cu,Zn,Pb

基于共沉淀的富集作用,采用自制的离心管离心沉淀,以手持式X-射线荧光仪(XRF)测定,由此建立了表层海水中Fe,Ni,Mn,Cu,Zn,Pb的共沉淀-离心-XRF快速分析方法。测定时间为5 min/样;线性范围125μg/L～1 000μg/L,可以满足近岸表层海水中铁和锰的分析要求;基底加标200μg/L回收率为94.5%～116%;连续7次测定6种金属浓度均为500μg/L的海水加标样品,相对标准偏差(RSD)为2.86%～5.85%。与ICP-MS法比较,测定结果无显著性差异。本方法具有化学试剂污染小、方便快捷、可现场快速测定方法等优点。该方法已成功应用于厦门西港和福建九龙江河口表层海水中可溶态铁锰的现场测定,并在现场以手持式XRF对颗粒物中铁锰进行了测定,获得了该海域颗粒物中和海水中铁锰的分布。     

中国资源的进出口与产出率：演化、挑战及对策

资源可持续利用是实现中国可持续发展和生态文明的重要保障,然而过去30多年经济的快速发展带来了严重的资源短缺和环境污染。为了揭示1949年以来尤其是改革开放以来中国资源利用与经济发展之间的关系,论文系统梳理中国资源供给状况,总结中国资源进出口及资源产出率演化特点、面临的挑战及相应的对策。研究发现：中国近年来进口以金属矿产、石油、部分固体废弃产品构成的自然矿产和城市矿产资源为主,主要出口以工业产品、水海产品等为代表的资源类型,进出口的结构类型随年份变化不大,但进口量呈现快速增长的态势;中国资源产出率逐步增长,达到1.6元/kg,但仍与发达国家有较大差距。为了应对面临的挑战,未来中国应着力提升在全球价值链的地位,同时国内应大力发展循环经济,提高资源产出率。     

水体富营养化的形成、危害和防治

对水体富营养化的形成过程、富营养化给水质造成的影响和危害及富营养化问题的防治对策进行了简要的概括和总结。认为富营养化问题应该引起我们足够的重视     

Carbon mitigation potential and costs of forestry options in Brazil,China, India,Indonesia, Mexico,the Philippines and Tanzania

This paper summarizes studies of carbon (C) mitigation potential and costs of about 40 forestry options in seven developing countries. Each study uses the same methodological approach – Comprehensive Mitigation Assessment Process (COMAP) – to estimate the above parameters between 2000 and 2030. The approach requires the projection of baseline and mitigation land-use scenarios. Coupled with data on a per ha basis on C sequestration or avoidance, and costs and benefits, it allows the estimation of monetary benefit per Mg C, and the total costs and carbon potential. The results show that about half (3.0 Pg C) the cumulative mitigation potential of 6.2 Petagram (Pg) C between 2000 and 2030 in the seven countries (about 200× 10⁶ Mg C yr^-1) could be achieved at a negative cost and the remainder at costs ranging up to $100 Mg C^-1. About 5 Pg C could be achieved, at a cost less than $20 per Mg C. Negative cost potential indicates that non-carbon revenue is sufficient to offset direct costs of these options. The achievable potential is likely to be smaller, however, due to market, institutional, and sociocultural barriers that can delay or prevent the implementation of the analyzed options.     

Effects of As on As uptake,speciation, and nutrient uptake by winter wheat （Triticum aestivum L.） under hydroponic conditions

A hydroponic experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of arsenic （As） stress on growth, nutrition and As uptake, and speciation in shoots and roots of winter wheat （Triticum aestivum L.）. Winter wheat has high tolerance to As. Most As is accumulated in the roots, and an As concentration of 4,421 mg/kg was observed at a solution concentration of 20 mg/L As. Arsenic concentrations in roots were approximately 40-100 times greater than those in shoots. Arsenic in winter wheat roots and shoots occurred as both As^3＋ and As^5＋ species, although As^3＋ was the main species in winter wheat tissues. Arsenic significantly decreased the biomass of winter wheat shoots and roots and affected absorption and transport of micro- and macro-elements in winter wheat tissue. Arsenic treatment significantly increased the concentrations of total Magnesium （Mg） and calcium （Ca） in shoots and enhanced the transport of Mg and Ca from roots to shoots but decreased potassium （K）, nitrogen （N）, and phosphorus （P） concentrations in both shoots and roots, particularly the concentration of P. Concentrations of iron, copper, and zinc in winter wheat shoots were negatively related to As rates, with correlation coefficients （R^2） of 0.93, 0.94, and 0.97, respectively.     

老工业城市土壤-作物系统重金属的迁移累积及风险协同评价

为查明老工业城市土壤-作物系统的重金属环境地球化学特征,测试和分析石嘴山市水稻、小麦和玉米籽实及其根系土重金属含量和形态,利用统计学方法、风险评价编码法(RAC)、生物富集系数法(BCF)、土壤和农产品综合质量影响指数法(IICQ)及ArcGIS空间插值法开展土壤-作物系统重金属的迁移累积特征剖析及风险协同评价.结果表明,根系土中重金属ω(As)、ω(Cd)、ω(Cr)、ω(Cu)、ω(Hg)、ω(Ni)、ω(Pb)和ω(Zn)均值分别为12.56、 0.19、 63.48、 23.52、 0.038、 28.86、 21.68和69.47mg·kg^-1,与宁夏土壤背景值相比呈一定程度的累积,其中以Cd和Hg累积效应最为显著,但均低于农用地土壤污染风险筛选值;配套作物中上述8种重金属含量均值分别为0.014 9、 0.011 2、 0.075、 6.7、 0.001 5、 0.67、 0.042 7和20.48mg·kg^-1,与食品中污染物限量相比,作物中As、 Pb和Cr点位超标率分别为4%、 3%和1%,其余元素均未超标;相比水稻和小麦,...     

模拟实验研究煤矿酸性水中Co、Ni、Zn、Cd、Al、Cr、As、Pb可溶性金属迁移行为

通过模拟煤矿酸性水环境,对来自2个不同产地的煤系非均质黄铁矿样品进行了不同固液比的淋滤实验,对反应体系物理化学状态以及其中的Co、Ni、Zn、Cd、Al、Cr、As、Pb8种元素的释放行为进行了长达312h跟踪检测和对比.结果显示,在2种不同来源的煤系黄铁矿样品反应体系中,Co、Ni、Zn、Cd的释放行为均为持续升高,说明这些元素的释放受体系中物理化学状态的影响相对较小,在液相中具有较高的迁移行为;Al、Cr、As、Pb在不同样品体系中的释放行为差异较大,受到体系pH值、吸附及共沉淀作用等因素的影响,是相对不易迁移的元素.煤矿酸性水环境中元素释放和迁移行为主要受到黄铁矿的氧化还原反应速率、反应体系介质pH值和围岩矿物学性质3个宏观因素控制.     

Genome size of termites (Insecta, Dictyoptera, Isoptera) and wood roaches (Insecta, Dictyoptera, Cryptocercidae)

The evolution of genome size has been discussed in relation to the evolution of various biological traits. In the present study, the genome sizes of 22 dictyopteran species were estimated by Feulgen image analysis densitometry and 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI)-based flow cytometry. The haploid genome sizes (C-values) of termites (Isoptera) ranged from 0.58 to 1.90 pg, and those of Cryptocercus wood roaches (Cryptocercidae) were 1.16 to 1.32 pg. Compared to known values of other cockroaches (Blattaria) and mantids (Mantodea), these values are low. A relatively small genome size appears to be a (syn)apomorphy of Isoptera + Cryptocercus, together with their sociality. In some phylogenetic groups, genome size evolution is thought to be influenced by selective pressure on a particular trait, such as cell size or rate of development. The present results raise the possibility that genome size is influenced by selective pressures on traits associated with the evolution of sociality.     

Compound pollution of Cd,Pb,Cu,Zn,As in plant-soil system and its prevention

ＣｏｍｐｏｕｎｄｐｏｌｌｕｔｉｏｎｏｆＣｄ，Ｐｂ，Ｃｕ，Ｚｎ，Ａｓｉｎｐｌａｎｔ－ｓｏｉｌｓｙｓｔｅｍａｎｄｉｔｓｐｒｅｖｅｎｔｉｏｎ￥ＷｕＹａｎｙｕ；ＷａｎｇＸｉｎ；ＬｉＹｉｎｇ（ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＡｐｐｌｉｅｄＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ，ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＡ...     

不同粒径降尘中痕量金属元素Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr的形态分析

运用Ｔｅｓｓｌｅｒ形态分类法和石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法研究了不同粒径降尘样品中痕量金属元素Ｃｕ、Ｐｂ、Ｚｎ、Ｃｒ的存在形态，讨论了不同存在形态的分布规律。结果表明，Ｃｕ、Ｐｂ、Ｚｎ、Ｃｒ在降尘中的主要形态按顺序分别为有机结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态、残渣晶格态，其活性顺序为Ｚｎ＞Ｐｂ＞Ｃｕ＞Ｃｒ；４种元素的可交换态、碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态在小颗粒中的分布均比在大颗粒中占优势，说明小颗粒中金属元素较为活泼，其环境危害性更大。     

钯/铁双金属对土壤中2,2′,3,4,4′,5,5′-七氯联苯的催化脱氯研究

采用Fe⁰还原、钯催化法对土壤中2,2′,3,4,4′,5,5′-七氯联苯的的还原特性进行了实验研究.结果表明,Pd/Fe双金属能有效地进行2,2′,3,4,4′,5,5′-七氯联苯的催化脱氯.在钯化率为0.05%、钯/铁加入量1g、初始pH为5.6、反应时间5 d的条件下,钯/铁双金属对土壤中2,2′,3,4,4′,5,5′-七氯联苯去除率达54%.实验还考察了钯化率、初始pH、反应时间、钯/铁投加量、2,2′,3,4,4′,5,5′-七氯联苯初始浓度等参数对2,2′,3,4,4′,5,5′-七氯联苯脱氯效果的影响.研究表明,较高的钯化率、钯/铁加入量,较低的2,2′,3,4,4′,5,5′-七氯联苯初始浓度及弱酸性等条件更有利于Pd/Fe对2,2′,3,4,4′,5,5′-七氯联苯的还原脱氯.在Pd/Fe双金属表面,2,2′,3,4,4′,5,5′-七氯联苯的脱氯符合一级动力学反应,反应速率常数为0.014 2/h,其半衰期为49h.利用实验数据,对钯/铁双金属作用下的2,2′,3,4,4′,5,5′-七氯联苯还原脱氯的反应机制也进行了分析.