金沙江流域干热河谷上中下游草地植物群落结构与相似性

选择金沙江干流及支流小江干热河谷典型草地,采用标准样地调查法,对其上游、中游、下游以及支流干热河谷草地植物分布特征、群落结构、种群习性等开展研究,结果表明：（1）金沙江干热河谷草地植物群落结构自上游至下游,多年生草本植物种类的比例逐渐增加,灌木和一年生草本植物种类比例逐渐减少;金沙江干热河谷草地植物群落是以多年生草本为主灌木为辅的群落结构类型;支流小江干热河谷群落中,多年生草本和灌木植物种类比例相同,一年生草本植物种类比例较低。（2）金沙江流域干热河谷草地群落中,扭黄茅（Heteropogon contortus）为优势种群,次优种群随地理环境的改变而不同。（3）金沙江干热河谷存在种群扩散通道作用,但种群扩散通道作用受扩散距离的影响。（4）金沙江干热河谷草地植物种群的扩散、定居受到经向、纬向的影响。     

喀斯特山地草地植物群落物种数量特征及多样性分析

选择贵州典型喀斯特山地草地植物群落为研究对象,采用标准样地调查法,对不同海拔、坡向的植物群落数量特征、物种特性、以及物种丰富度、多样性、均匀性等特征展开研究,结果表明,（1）喀斯特山地草地植物群落密度随海拔升高呈显著增加趋势（F=20.600;P≤0.01）。植物群落中矛叶荩草（Arthraxon lanceolatus）和扭黄茅（Heteropogon contortus）种群在数量上占优势,同时矛叶荩草和扭黄茅种群密度随海拔升高呈现出增加趋势;但矛叶荩草种群密度在群落中的比例呈现出下降趋势,而扭黄茅种群密度在群落中的比例呈现出升高趋势。（2）喀斯特山地草地植物群落以禾本科（Gramineae）、菊科（Compositae）、蔷薇科（Rosaceae）、唇形科（Labiatae）为主;其中禾本科植物种类比例随海拔升高呈现出下降趋势,而菊科、蔷薇科、唇形科植物种类比例呈现出升高趋势。（3）喀斯特山地草地植物群落丰富度指数随海拔升高呈现出增加趋势,Simpson多样性指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数随海拔升高呈现先降后升趋势,Peilow均匀性指数随海拔升高呈现下降趋势。     

元江流域干热河谷草地植物群落结构特征与相似性分析

选择元江干热河谷典型草地群落,采用标准样地调查法,对流域上、中、下游干热河谷草地植物群落的分布特征、群落结构、种群习性等特征开展研究,结果表明：（1）元江流域上游祥云和中下游红河干热河谷草地群落中出现的植物种类最多,元江流域干热河谷草地植物群落是以灌木为主、多年生草本为辅的结构类型。（2）元江流域干热河谷草地群落中,扭黄茅（Heteropogon contortus）为优势种群,次优种群随流域环境的改变而不同。（3）元江流域干热河谷草地植物群落之间的相似性系数均在0.00～0.25之间,处于极不相似水平,种群的扩散受流域河谷通道作用影响较小。（4）种群的扩散和定居受海拔高度的影响,随着海拔高度的变化,植物群落的组成也发生变化,形成不同的群落结构。     

黔西北黄杉群落物种多样性的海拔梯度格局

研究海拔高度对黄杉群落物种多样性的影响,为珍稀濒危植物黄杉的保育和喀斯特山地生物多样性的保护提供科学依据。采用样地法调查不同海拔梯度黄杉群落的物种组成,分析其区系特征,研究黄杉群落物种多样性的海拔梯度格局和维持机制。样地内共记录种子植物50科95属124种,群落内植物属的地理成分复杂、多样,具有明显的温带性质;随着海拔的增加,黄杉群落灌木层和草本层的物种丰富度指数S、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数H、Simpson优势度指数D和Pielou均匀度指数J均呈单峰格局变化趋势,且在不同海拔上存在显著差异(P0.05),但灌木层物种的Pielou均匀度指数不显著(P≥0.05);相邻海拔间的β多样性指数变化趋势不同,灌木层物种的S?renson指数呈双峰曲线,草本层物种的S?renson指数呈单峰曲线,灌木层和草本层的Cody指数均呈单峰曲线;随着海拔高差的增加,黄杉群落草本层物种的S?renson指数逐渐减小,其它均无明显变化规律。整体来看,相对海拔导致的水热条件差异是影响喀斯特山地物种多样性垂直分布格局的主要因素,其中,中海拔地带黄杉群落的物种多样性最高,这对黄杉种质资源的保护和维持具有重要意义,同时对喀斯特山地植物群落的管理和生态系统稳定的维持也具有重要指导意义。     

彭州白水河国家级自然保护区植物群落a多样性的海拔梯度变化

白水河国家级自然保护区位于四川省彭州市境内,地处龙门山脉东南部,从海拔1400～4800m依次覆盖着常绿阔叶林、常绿落叶混交林、落叶阔叶林、亚高山针叶林、高山亚高山灌丛、高山草甸和流石滩植被．通过对白水河保护区山地东南坡不同海拔高度的样方调查,研究了该区域植物群落a多样性及其沿海拔梯度的变化规律．结果表明,乔木层物种的丰富度及Shannon指数随海拔上升呈明显的线性下降趋势;灌木层和草本层物种丰富度及Shannon指数随海拔上升呈抛物线下降趋势．乔木物种从海拔1400m的12种至林线下降为2种;灌木和草本植物分别从35种和38种至山顶下降为5种和20种．乔木层物种的均匀度在2800～2900m由于出现单一的冷杉群落而突然降低;灌木层和草本层物种的均匀度则较为一致,波动不大．乔木层物种的优势度随海拔升高而逐渐上升,并在2900m急速升高;灌木层和草本层的优势度呈浅波状变化．乔木层物种随海拔升高在不同群落类型间出现明显的物种替代现象,表明海拔梯度包含了多种环境因子的梯度效应,影响着植物群落的分布、结构及物种多样性．     

彭州白水河国家级自然保护区植物群落α多样性的海拔梯度变化

白水河国家级自然保护区位于四川省彭州市境内,地处龙门山脉东南部,从海拔1400～4800 m依次覆盖着常绿阔叶林、常绿落叶混交林、落叶阔叶林、亚高山针叶林、高山亚高山灌丛、高山草甸和流石滩植被.通过对白水河保护区山地东南坡不同海拔高度的样方调查,研究了该区域植物群落α多样性及其沿海拔梯度的变化规律.结果表明,乔木层物种的丰富度及Shannon指数随海拔上升呈明显的线性下降趋势;灌木层和草本层物种丰富度及Shannon指数随海拔上升呈抛物线下降趋势.乔木物种从海拔1400 m的12种至林线下降为2种;灌木和草本植物分别从35种和38种至山顶下降为5种和20种.乔木层物种的均匀度在2800～2900 m由于出现单一的冷杉群落而突然降低;灌木层和草本层物种的均匀度则较为一致,波动不大.乔木层物种的优势度随海拔升高而逐渐上升,并在2900m急速升高;灌木层和草本层的优势度呈浅波状变化.乔木层物种随海拔升高在不同群落类型间出现明显的物种替代现象,表明海拔梯度包含了多种环境因子的梯度效应,影响着植物群落的分布、结构及物种多样性.图4表1参20     

晋西北饮马池山植物群落物种多样性沿海拔梯度的变化

物种多样性对海拔梯度的响应是植物生态学研究领域的热点。为探究温带半干旱-半湿润过渡地带山区物种多样性沿海拔梯度的分布规律,以吕梁山脉北段饮马池山为研究对象,通过野外群落调查,分析了饮马池山阳坡植物群落α多样性和β多样性对海拔梯度的响应。结果表明:在海拔梯度上,样地内共调查物种29科69属97种,群落物种组成具有明显的温带性质;从低海拔到高海拔植被依次分布有山前山地草原(1 710-1 915 m)、山地灌丛草原(1 915-2 110 m)、山顶亚高寒草甸(2 110-2 200m),灌草丛群落主要分布在1 900-2 100m。植物群落草本层α多样性大于灌木层,随着海拔的升高,植物群落物种丰富度呈"M"型变化趋势,在1915m和2110m处最大;灌木层α多样性指数呈单峰型变化趋势,在2 060m处最大;草本层α多样性指数呈波动变化趋势,α多样性指数在1 900-2 100m处呈下降趋势。Sorensen指数在海拔1 860-1 915 m和2 110-2 153 m之间出现两个最小值,而Cody指数出现两个峰值,表明该海拔地段β多样性最大,样地群落间相似性低,成为物种更替速率较快的过渡地带。在温带山区,以β多样性为指标测量群落间或生境间环境梯度变化较为可行,海拔变化对山地植物群落物种多样性差异产生直接或间接的影响,这对管理和恢复温带山地植被以及维持生态系统稳定具有重要指导意义。     

山西关帝山神尾沟植物群落物种多样性与环境关系的研究I．丰富度、均匀度和物种多样性指数

以89个植物群落调查样地数据为基础，运用8个多样性指数对山西关帝山神尾沟物种多样性与环境之间的关系进行了分析.（1）群落总的表现为多样性和均匀度随海拔升高而下降，丰富度从1700m下降到2400m后开始升高；（2）群落不同层次表现为乔木层和灌木层多样性、丰富度和均匀度随海拔升高而下降，草本多样性和均匀度表现为上升趋势，丰富度下降到1900m后开始上升；（3）乔灌草三者多样性和丰富度指数值以及变化幅度都表现为草本层>灌木层>乔木层，三者均匀度相差不大；（4）群落不同坡向表现为阳坡多样性和丰富度都大于阴坡，均匀度相差不大.图6参7     

塔里木河下游荒漠植物群落物种多样性及其结构特征分析

以29块植物群落调查样地资料为基础,采用物种多样性指数、丰富度和均匀度由高到低指数对塔里木河下游植物群落的物种多样性及群落结构进行分析。结果表明,研究区共有植物10科14属,出现频率居于前3位的植物依次为柽柳、黑果枸杞和胡杨;重要值以胡杨为最大（0．384）,其次为柽柳（0．230）,盐生草为最小（0．002）;优势建群植物胡杨主要分布在与河道垂直距离500m范围内。沿河道从英苏至阿拉干断面,地下水位逐渐下降,物种多样性总体呈下降趋势,群落结构由乔木-灌木-草本转为以乔木-灌木为主;随与河道垂直距离增加,群落密度和盖度均呈现先增加后减少的变化趋势,植物群落结构由乔木-灌木、乔木-灌木-草本逐渐演变为灌木-草本或单一的灌木结构。     

藏东地区植物群落分布格局与环境因子的关系

认识山地植物群落分布及其与环境因子的关系,掌握物种多样性随环境因子的变化规律,能够为山地生物多样性保护和生态恢复提供科学依据.以藏东昌都地区植物群落为研究对象,在野外调查的基础上,通过层次聚类分析和冗余分析（RDA）对植物群落进行分类,分析群落分布与环境因子的关系,并通过线性回归分析物种多样性与环境因子的关系.结果显示,层次聚类将105个植物调查样方划分为7个群丛;RDA排序结果较好反映了藏东植物群落分布与环境因子之间的关系,决定区域植物群落分布的主要环境因子为海拔、坡向、坡度、土壤pH值和土壤速效磷含量（P <0.001）;海拔、坡向和坡度对群落物种多样性有显著影响（P <0.01）,而土壤pH值、土壤速效磷含量与植物群落物种多样性无显著相关关系（P> 0.05）.本研究表明藏东地区植物群落分布格局主要受地形和土壤因子的驱动,而影响物种多样性的关键因子是地形因子;上述研究成果有助于提高对区域生物多样性分布规律及驱动机制的认识,对藏东地区不同环境条件下生物多样性保护和受损植被的生态修复具有重要意义.（图4表1参55）     

Plant biomass allocation strategies of the dominant species in an alpine meadow of northwestern Sichuan,China北大核心CSCD

Plant biomass partitioning is an important driver of whole-plant net carbon gain, as biomass allocation could directly affect plant's future growth and reproduction. Alpine meadow in the northwestern Sichuan was impressed by the abundant community structure and species diversity. This study on biomass allocation pattern of different functional types and lifeforms might help understand plant life-history strategy of alpine meadow plants. We investigated 72 dominant herbaceous species for their compartments, biomass, and morphological traits during 2012-2014. These plants were sampled from natural grassland, disturbed grassland, and wintergreen grassland; they belonged to three functional types (grass, sedge, and forb) and two lifeforms (annual and perennial). The scaling relationships between functional traits of these plants were analyzed using Model type II regression method to estimate the parameters of the allometric equations. (1) Biomass allocation proportion of components significantly differed among grasses, sedges, and forbs owing to phylogeny: grasses had the highest stem biomass percentage, sedges had higher root biomass percentage, and forbs had higher leaf biomass percentage, but the scaling relationships were not significantly different, and isometric scaling was noted between biomass components for the three functional types. (2) Moreover, plant lifeforms affected the biomass allocation proportion of components, owing to the shorter or longer turnover rate and investment strategy between annual and perennial species. Annuals allocated more biomass to the stem and reproduction organs, but perennials invested more biomass to the leaves and roots. (3) In addition, plants from different grassland types differed in both biomass and morphology traits. Moreover, forbs from natural grassland and wintergreen grassland had higher leaf and reproductive biomass, but those from disturbed grasslands had higher stem biomass. Our results suggest that the functional type and lifeform decide the inherent scaling relationships between components of plants, but anthropogenic disturbance significantly impacted the quantity of component biomass. This study has important theoretical and practical significance to understand the response of alpine plants to climate change and anthropogenic disturbance as well as to help in the scientific management of alpine meadow. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

Influence of a Large Herbivore Reintroduction on Plant Invasions and Community Composition in a California Grassland

Abstract:  Despite many successful reintroductions of large mammalian herbivores throughout the world, remarkably little attention has focused on how these actions affect native and exotic vegetation at reintroduction sites. One such herbivore is tule elk ( Cervus elaphus nannodes ), which was on the brink of extinction in the mid 1800s, but now has numerous stable populations due to intensive reintroduction efforts. Here, we summarize results from a 5-year exclosure experiment that explored the effects of tule elk on a coastal grassland in northern California. Elk significantly altered the species composition of this community; the response of annual species (dominated heavily by exotic taxa) was dramatically different from perennial species. Elk herbivory increased the abundance and aboveground biomass of native and exotic annuals, whereas it either had no effect on or caused significant decreases in perennials. Elk also decreased the cover of native shrubs, suggesting that these herbivores play an important role in maintaining open grasslands. In addition, elk significantly reduced the abundance and biomass of a highly invasive exotic grass , Holcus lanatus, which is a major problem in mesic perennial grasslands. Our results demonstrate that the successful reintroduction of a charismatic and long-extirpated mammal had extremely complex effects on the plant community, giving rise to both desirable and undesirable outcomes from a management perspective. We suspect that these kinds of opposing effects are not unique to tule elk and that land managers will frequently encounter them when dealing with reintroduced mammals.     

北方农牧交错带不同植被保护及恢复措施物种多样性研究

为研究不同生境类型及不同植被恢复方式植物群落结构特征及物种多样性,本文以位于我国西北农牧交错带的宁夏盐池为研究对象,根据不同植被恢复及保护措施特点,在宁夏盐池布设典型样地。样地类型分为:天然草地、退耕还草地、撂荒地、湿地、人工封育草地、流沙地等6种类型。植被调查采用样线和样方相结合的方法,内容包括:植物名称、株数、盖度、高度、生物量(鲜质量)等。运用生态统计学原理,结合BiodiversityPro、MicrocalOrigin等生态学统计软件对不同样地类型植物进行聚类、多样性指数计量等处理、分析。聚类分析表明:不同植被保护及恢复措施下,植物组成、群落结构、主要建群种等都表现出不同特点,不同样地具有各自不同的优势群落、主要建群种等;多样性指数计量结果表明:不同样地间由于生境类型、植被保护及恢复措施等不同造成样地间物种多样性的差异,湿地由于充足的土壤水分条件,无论是丰富度指数还是综合多样性指数都远高于其他样地类型,综合多样性指数D、H分别为12.783、2.915。此外,退耕还草地和天然草地多样性指数也较高,尤其是退耕还草地,D、H分别为11.514和2.696,是农牧交错带一种较为合理的植被恢复措施;多样性较低的是人工封育草地,D、H分别为2.599、1.576。造成人工封育草地物种多样性较低的主要因素一是随着封育时间的延长,优势种的优势地位不断加强、种间竞争等导致部分物种的消失等原因;二是随着封育时间的增加,土壤结皮加厚,水分入渗率和利用率降低从而导致植物群落衰退。     

Foliar fungal pathogens and grassland biodiversity

By attacking plants, herbivorous mammals, insects, and belowground pathogens are known to play an important role in maintaining biodiversity in grasslands. Foliar fungal pathogens are ubiquitous in grassland ecosystems, but little is known about their role as drivers of community composition and diversity. Here we excluded foliar fungal pathogens from perennial grassland by using fungicide to determine the effect of natural levels of disease on an otherwise undisturbed plant community. Importantly, we excluded foliar fungal pathogens along with rabbits, insects, and mollusks in a full factorial design, which allowed a comparison of pathogen effects along with those of better studied plant enemies. This revealed that fungal pathogens substantially reduced aboveground plant biomass and promoted plant diversity and that this especially benefited legumes. The scale of pathogen effects on productivity and biodiversity was similar to that of rabbits and insects, but different plant species responded to the exclusion of the three plant enemies. These results suggest that theories of plant coexistence and management of biodiversity in grasslands should consider foliar fungal pathogens as potentially important drivers of community composition.     

围封6年对温带典型草原坡地物种多样性及其与地上生物量的关系的影响

以内蒙古太仆寺旗地区典型克氏针茅-羊草草原为研究对象,通过调查围封6年后围栏内外典型草原群落特征,分析围封、放牧处理下典型草原植物群落结构及地上生物量的动态变化,揭示围封放牧对植被群落结构、物种丰富度和地上生物量的影响。结果发现,在围封6年后,各功能群物种丰富度与盖度围栏内外的空间变化趋势基本一致。群落物种丰富度和地上生物量均随坡位下降而显著增加,初步显示了物种多样性与生态系统功能的空间变化的一致性。围栏内物种丰富度显著低于围栏外,而地上生物量却显著大于围栏外。围栏内多年生禾草、一年生植物物种丰富度显著低于围栏外,而半灌木盖度、生物量显著高于围栏外。围栏内外在禁牧和放牧不同处理下,表现出不同的草原退化方式：在禁牧条件下,尽管生物量有所恢复,但灌木和半灌木的增加却代表了草原的退化;放牧、刈割等人类活动增加了耐牧物种和不适口植物生长的可能,表现为草原退化指示物种增加,同样是草原退化的表现。围栏外一年生植物盖度和生物量显著高于围栏内,而一年生植物的频数也远远大于围栏内（围栏内外频数比13：71）,且独行菜、猪毛菜等仅出现于围栏外。同时,地上生物量随着物种丰富度的增加而增加,但只有围栏外的关系达到统计显著程度,说明围封调制了生物多样性与生态系统功能的关系。本研究表明,对于干旱半干旱典型草原的恢复,不能简单地采用长期完全禁牧措施,应当根据区域环境、植被以及社会经济情况,制定季节性放牧或者间歇性禁牧的恢复措施,从而保证草场的可持续性恢复利用。     

Plant winners and losers during grassland N-eutrophication differ in biomass allocation and mycorrhizas

Human activities release tremendous amounts of nitrogenous compounds into the atmosphere. Wet and dry deposition distributes this airborne nitrogen (N) on otherwise pristine ecosystems. This eutrophication process significantly alters the species composition of native grasslands; generally a few nitrophilic plant species become dominant while many other species disappear. The functional equilibrium model predicts that, compared to species that decline in response to N enrichment, nitrophilic grass species should respond to N enrichment with greater biomass allocation aboveground and reduced allocation to roots and mycorrhizas. The mycorrhizal feedback hypothesis states that the composition of mycorrhizal fungal communities may influence the composition of plant communities, and it predicts that N enrichment may generate reciprocal shifts in the species composition of mycorrhizal fungi and plants. We tested these hypotheses with experiments that compared biomass allocation and mycorrhizal function of four grass ecotypes (three species), two that gained and two that lost biomass and cover in response to long-term N enrichment experiments at Cedar Creek and Konza Long-Term Ecological Research grasslands. Local grass ecotypes were grown in soil from their respective sites and inoculated with whole-soil inoculum collected from either fertilized (FERT) or unfertilized (UNFERT) plots. Our results strongly support the functional equilibrium model. In both grassland systems the nitrophilic grass species grew taller, allocated more biomass to shoots than to roots, and formed fewer mycorrhizas compared to the grass species that it replaced. Our results did not fully support the hypothesis that N-induced changes in the mycorrhizal fungal community were drivers of the plant community shifts that accompany N eutrophication. The FERT and UNFERT soil inoculum influenced the growth of the grasses differently, but this varied with site and grass ecotype in both expected and unexpected ways suggesting that ambient soil fertility or other factors may be interacting with mycorrhizal feedbacks.     

威海市区黑松林群落分析的研究

根据威海市区黑松林的调查结果,分析了该群落的组成和结构特征。在11500m2的样地里有维管束植物105种,它们隶属于39科89属,其中被子植物37科;裸子植物1科;蕨类植物1科。该群落以单种科和寡种科占绝大多数,单种属有75种,占总数的71%,种数大于2的有13科,占总数的33%。该群落分为乔木层、灌木层及草本层3个层次,乔木层主要以黑松Pinusthunbergli、麻栎QuercusacutissimaCarr.等种类组成,灌木层主要以麻栎组成,草本层种类较少,以禾本植物为主。该群落中、高位芽植物占优势,缺乏隐芽植物。叶型以中、小型叶为主,缺乏大型叶植物。TWINSPAN将115个样方分为11个群落类型。调查结果表明本地区黑松林群落结构简单,不同黑松林群落结构差异较小,且物种丰富度低,是人为干扰强烈所致。