富集培养下的若尔盖高原湿地低温纤维素降解细菌群落结构

若尔盖高原湿地常年低温,泥炭沼泽土分布广泛,为了解该特殊生境中的低温纤维素降解菌群落结构,将采自3个乡(阿西茸、黑河、达扎寺)的泥炭沼泽土样品于10℃条件下富集培养于羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC-Na)液体培养基中,用3,5-二硝基水杨酸(DNS)法测定纤维素酶活性,并利用变性梯度凝胶电泳技术(Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis,DGGE)分析原始土壤样品和富集培养系中的细菌群结构.酶活测定结果表明,低温富集传代过程中,3个地区样品的相对酶活均随着培养代数的增加而增加,第3代的相对酶活最高,为25.5 U.DGGE分析表明:相对于原始土壤样品,富集系中的微生物菌群变简单;不同富集代数间,阿西茸乡样品细菌群落结构随传代次数增加而增加,而黑河乡和达扎寺乡样品表现为减少.对DGGE图谱条带序列的系统发育分析表明,富集培养系中的细菌属于α-变形菌纲(α-proteobacteria)、β-变形菌纲(β-proteobacteria)、γ-变形菌纲(γ-proteobacteria)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)、疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobia)等类群.本研究结果揭示若尔盖高原湿地泥炭沼泽土低温纤维素降解菌种群丰富,具有潜在工业开发应用前景.(图3表2参35)     

酸性矿山排水影响下水库及其入库流域水体细菌多样性与环境因子的关系

为了解酸性矿山废水排水处沿流域至水库底层水体细菌群落结构的沿程变化,探索其环境影响因素.采用高通量测序技术并结合主成分分析（principal component analysis,PCA）方法,对2019年9月采集受酸性矿山废水（acid mine drainage,AMD）影响的12个水样进行研究.结果表明,入库流域水样中细菌群落多样性变化趋势不明显,从表层至底层细菌多样性不断升高.在门水平上受AMD影响的细菌主要由变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes,0.21%—12.96%）、厚壁菌门（Firmicutes,0.15%—14.4 8%）和放线菌门（Actinobacteria,0.06%—4.64%）构成.其中,变形菌门中的α-变形菌纲（Alphaproteobacteria,2.42%—61.99%）、β-变形菌纲（B etaproteobacteria,1.29%—63.53%）和γ-变形菌纲（Gammaproteobacteria,6.41%—63.09%）为优势菌类.从不同空间位置浮游细菌群落组成来看,不动杆菌属（Acineto...     

赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia fetida)肠道细菌群落的肠段分异特征及对饥饿-牛粪培养的响应

通过在初始-饥饿-牛粪连续培养条件下采集赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia fetida)的前肠、中肠和后肠3个肠段内容物进行细菌16S rRNA基因测序分析,研究蚯蚓肠道细菌群落的肠段分异特征及对饥饿和食物培养的响应。结果显示：细菌群落多样性和组成在相邻肠段间相似,中肠和后肠的相似程度高于前肠和中肠,在相隔肠段间差异较大。厚壁菌门(14%～55%)、放线菌门(16%～39%)和变形菌门(15%～37%)是所有蚯蚓肠段的主要优势菌群。在不同培养状态下的肠道传递(前肠-中肠-后肠)过程中,优势菌门丰度变化趋势不同。前肠、中肠和后肠的核心扩增序列变体(ASVs)主要属于厚壁菌门(35%～48%)、放线菌门(20%～26%)和γ变形菌纲(14%～16%),前肠和后肠具有独有的核心ASVs,分别属于δ变形菌纲(7%)和纤维杆菌门(6%)。从初始状态到饥饿状态,肠道菌群Shannon多样性显著降低(P<0.05),Sobs丰富度降低,但未达显著水平(P>0.05);肠道中α/δ变形菌纲和放线菌门等类群相对丰度显著降低(P<0.05),γ变形菌纲、厚壁菌门和拟杆菌门相对丰度显著提高(P&...     

组合式人工湿地对分散型生活污水净化效果及其微生物群落结构特征

为了解组合式人工湿地对分散型生活污水的净化效果及微生物群落结构多样性的变化规律,以某生活污水处理厂细格栅出水为研究对象,研究人工湿地对生活污水中COD、NH_3-N、TN和TP的去除效果,采用高通量测序的方法分析填料和植物根系微生物的多样性变化规律.结果表明,组合式人工湿地在0.15—0.35 m~3·(m~2·d)~(-1)的水力负荷下对污染物的去除效果最好,对COD、NH_3-N、TN和TP的平均去除率为82.94%、65.69%、56.57%和79.98%,湿地出水稳定达标.此次分析包括门、纲、属水平,其中在门分类水平上以变形菌门、酸杆菌门、绿弯菌门、厚壁菌门、放线菌门为共有的优势菌门,在纲为分类水平上以γ-变形菌纲、酸杆菌纲、α-变形杆菌纲和芽孢杆菌纲为优势菌群,在属为分类水平上以硝化螺旋菌属、节杆菌属、红游动菌属和假单胞菌属为优势菌属.其中,湿地填料和植物根系微生物群落多样性与污水性质相关性分析表明,其微生物多样性与污水温度、pH和溶解氧呈现显著负相关,这是影响组合式人工湿地填料和植物根系微生物群落发生变化的重要因子.     

不同C/N值下亚硝酸盐氧化菌和异养菌混合体系的微生物多样性

采用PCR-RFLP技术研究了不同C/N比下亚硝酸盐氧化菌及异养菌混合体系的微牛物多样性,并探讨了微生物菌群结构与其功能(硝化件能)的关系.C/N=0时,混合体系主要由自养菌和寡营养菌(85.1%)组成,包括亚硝酸盐氧化菌(NOB)、拟杆菌门、α-变形菌纲、浮霉菌门和绿色非硫细菌中的一些菌株.C/N=0.44时,混合体系中的自养菌减少,异养菌(主要是γ-变形菌纲的成员)大量出现.C/N=8.82时,γ-变形菌纲的菌株尤其是反硝化菌Pseudomonas sp.占主导(93.8%),与此同时,随着C/N升高,该混合体系的硝化性能也由专一的亚硝酸盐氧化过程转变为同时硝化反硝化过程.微生物菌群结构的转变较好地解释了其硝化性能的改变.本研究揭示了微生物菌群结构与其功能的内在联系,同时表明PCR-RFLP技术与化学分析相结合是研究微生物菌群结构与功能的有力工具.图3表2参13     

广西会仙湿地不同植物根际细菌群落结构及多样性研究

为了研究会仙喀斯特湿地不同植物根际细菌的群落结构和多样性以及环境因子对细菌群落的影响,以秋、冬两季植物根际土壤中提取的总DNA为模板,运用Illumina HiSeq 2500高通量测序技术,对细菌16S rDNA基因V4+V5进行测序和分析。结果表明,共获得细菌有65门、160纲、219目、391科、677属和246种,不同植物根际土壤中占主导的细菌类群相同,主要包含变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)等10个主要门类细菌,其中变形菌门为第一优势菌(平均含量42.4%);优势菌纲有γ-、β-、δ-变形菌纲(Gammaproteobacteria、 Betaproteobacteria、 Deltaproteobacteria)、厌氧绳菌纲(Anaerolineae)、unidentified_Actinobacteria纲、全噬菌纲(Holophagae),以β-变形菌纲为主(平均含量为13.5%);优势菌属以地杆属(Geobacter)、芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、厌氧粘菌属(Anaeromyxobacter)为主,以芽孢杆菌属占比最高(占3.8%)。芦苇(Phragmites australis)多样性和丰富度最高,华克拉莎(Cladium chinense)和苦草(Vallisneria natans)次之,美人蕉(Canna indica)最低;冬季土壤细菌多样性高于秋季;美人蕉两季根际细菌群落差异最大,华克拉莎最小。环境因子对细菌群落结构有较大影响,其中土壤TOC、TN影响最显著。从植物根际微生物多样性和丰富度来看,在会仙湿地中增植芦苇和华克拉莎,对维持湿地系统中微生物多样性和湿地的保护有重要意义。     

基于高通量测序的工业园区地下水和土壤细菌群落结构比较研究

为探究工业园区地下水和土壤细菌群落结构、多样性变化特征,采用高通量测序技术对地下水和土壤细菌16S r RNA基因高变区域进行序列测定。通过对Alpha多样性、物种组成、丰度和群落结构的分析,比较地下水和土壤细菌群落结构的异同。Alpha多样性的比较结果表明,土壤细菌群落多样性和丰富度明显高于地下水,地下水细菌群落多样性指数反映出地下水已受到周边污染源的影响。物种注释结果表明,地下水样品共检出48个细菌门,土壤样品共检出50个细菌门。变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)和厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)是地下水细菌群落的优势类群,共占93.54%,且该工业园区地下水细菌群落呈现出典型的淡水种群特征;土壤中优势细菌门为Proteobacteria、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)、Firmicutes和芽单胞菌门(Gemmatimonadetes),共占85.21%。由于地下水和土壤两者的生态系统和理化环境的差异,致使Actinobacteria、Acidobacteria、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)、硝化螺旋菌门(Nitrospirae)、α-变形菌纲(Alphaproteobacteria)、δ-变形菌纲(Deltaproteobacteria)和Gemmatimonadetes占比在地下水和土壤细菌群落间差异显著,同时使地下水和土壤细菌群落各含有一些特有的优势细菌属(地下水2个,土壤4个)。基于高通量测序技术对工业园区样品的测序结果可以为地下水和土壤环境的生态评价提供方法依据。     

氯霉素对体外模拟人体肠道菌群的影响

研究氯霉素对人体肠道菌群结构及短链脂肪酸的体外影响，可为理解肠道细菌和真菌间的关系提供理论依据，并为肠道微生物的分离提供参考.借助模拟人体肠道发酵技术，通过Illumina HiSeq高通量测序分析氯霉素对发酵液中肠道微生物群落结构的影响，并利用气相色谱法测定菌群代谢产物短链脂肪酸的含量.发酵液中优势真菌为子囊菌门（Ascomycota）和担子菌门（Basidiomycota），优势细菌为变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）、放线菌门（Actinobacteria）和拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）.与对照相比，门水平上氯霉素显著降低子囊菌门（P=0.045）的相对丰度，显著增加真菌norank(Eukaryota norank,P=0.017)的相对丰度；属水平上氯霉素显著增加普雷沃氏菌属7(Prevotella 7)和肠球菌属（Enterococcus）等细菌及酵母菌目（Saccharomycetales）和德福里斯孢属（Devriesia）等真菌的相对丰度，显著降低韦荣氏球菌科（Veillonellaceae）和Gloeotinia的相...     

芦芽山不同海拔灌丛土壤细菌群落组成和多样性研究

揭示土壤细菌群落组成和多样性海拔格局及其驱动因素一直是生态环境研究的热点问题。以芦芽山灌丛土壤细菌群落为研究对象,沿海拔梯度分别在高海拔（2 668-2 689 m）、中海拔（1 835-1 855 m）和低海拔（1 368-1 392 m）选取鬼箭锦鸡儿灌丛、中国沙棘灌丛和黄刺玫灌丛进行植被调查和土壤取样,利用Illumina MiSeq测序技术对3个不同海拔段土壤细菌群落特征进行分析。研究结果表明,变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、放线菌门（Actinobacteria）、绿弯菌门（Chloroflexi）、酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）、拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）、芽单胞菌门（Gemmatimonadetes）是灌丛样地土壤细菌优势类群。随着海拔的升高,变形菌门的相对丰度逐渐增加,而放线菌门的相对丰度却逐渐减少,土壤细菌群落多样性整体上呈现先上升后下降的趋势。线性判别分析（LEfSe）分析表明低海拔样地和高海拔样地土壤细菌群落具有较多的显著差异物种（P<0.05）,在组成上表现出一定的特有性,而中海拔样地的特有性相对较低,但多样性相对较高。相关性...     

热融滑塌对青藏高原北麓河荒漠草原土壤细菌群落的影响

多年冻土退化会引起热融滑塌,进而对多年冻土区的生态系统产生影响,但热融滑塌对土壤细菌群落的影响还不清楚.研究区选择青藏高原中部的荒漠草原地区.利用Illumina测序技术,对土壤细菌的16S rRNA V3-V4高变区进行测序,在纲水平上分析了3种微地貌(对照区、滑塌区、沉降区)下表层0-30 cm土壤细菌的α多样性、物种丰度和组成,并结合土壤理化指标研究了影响细菌群落结构的环境因子.结果显示,土壤细菌在纲水平上共有91个细菌类群,放线菌纲(29.4%,Actinobacteria)、酸杆菌纲(14.16%,Acidobacteria)、α-变形菌纲(12.69%,Alphaproteobacteria)和芽单胞菌纲(6.92%,Gemmatimonadetes)是优势菌群,放线菌纲在各采样点相对丰度最高.热融滑塌改变了土壤含水量、全碳和有机碳等理化指标. Mantel测试和RDA分析表明,土壤全碳和含水量是影响细菌群落结构的关键环境因子;相关性分析表明,土壤含水量、电导率、全氮是影响细菌群落多样性和优势菌纲相对丰度的关键环境因子.本研究表明在荒漠草原地区,热融滑塌会降低土壤碳含量和酸杆菌纲的相对丰度,并对土壤细菌群落的结构、多样性及在冻土中的分布产生影响.(图6表2参36)     

Sustainable management of shellfish resources in Bandon Bay, Gulf of Thailand

Bandon Bay (Surat Thani Province) is one of the most productive coastal areas in southern Thailand. The Tapi River and 18 channels are the main sources of freshwater, nutrients, organic matter and sediment to the bay and the loading of freshwater and nutrients provide essential support for the production of phytoplankton in the estuarine ecosystem. Bandon Bay is important as natural spawning, nursery and feeding grounds for shellfish such as oysters, blood cockles, green mussels, short-necked clams, mud crabs and shrimps, and the estuary also serves as an excellent area for mariculturing of shellfish. In fact, oysters and blood cockles cultured in Bandon Bay are now being exported worldwide. However, Bandon Bay is also a textbook example of overexploitation of coastal resources in the tropics including all the derived changes in the estuarial ecosystem with severe socio-economic consequences. Hence, there is an urgent need for setting up an integrated management plant for a sustainable use of shellfish resources in Bandon Bay. The present study attempts to integrate water quality simulation results, socio-economic data and information on existing shellfish resource use in the process of proposing a set of sustainable management strategies for shellfish resources in Bandon Bay. These strategies involve: (1) using water quality modeling to monitor ecological and environmental changes in shellfish culture beds and their natural habitats in the process of setting up a master plan for management of waste water discharge into Bandon Bay; (2) zoning of shellfish mariculture in the coastal area in order to solve conflicts between resource users; (3) setting up a clear system for taxation of mariculture where the revenue may be used for (4) setting up and managing mangrove strips as filters of pollution and sediment around Bandon Bay; and finally (5) it is suggested to form a committee with members representing all relevant stakeholders plus the local government in order to work on resolving the existing and potential future conflicts over resource usage in Bandon Bay. This methodology may be seen as an important contribution towards a Bandon Bay sustainable management approach, based on the principles of integrated coastal zone management because it is science-based and takes into consideration the needs and perceptions of people involved in coastal resource extraction.     

Anthropogenic impacts on sedimentation in Jiaozhou Bay,China

In the last 150 years, China transformed its economy from a feudal system (pre-1911) to a modern market economy. During this time, policy-driven rapid development created a series of ecological and environmental problems, especially in the coastal economic regions. Although the synthetic effects are certainly identifiable, the specific effects of different policies in different developing periods have been difficult to disentangle. Here we show that the footprints of Chinese policies in the last 150 years, and their different influences on coastal environments, were archived in the temporal dynamics of sedimentation in Jiaozhou Bay. Before 1935, natural processes predominantly controlled the sedimentation in Jiaozhou Bay. After the introduction of modern economic policies in 1935, the sediment mass accumulation rate (MAR) was overwhelmingly driven by the sea areas of the bay as a result of policy-driven anthropogenic activities (i.e. saltern development, mariculture, and land reclamation). An increasing MAR at the early stage of each policy, followed by a decrease at the late stage was observed. Land reclamation in the 1990s led to a much quicker increase of MAR than the earlier saltern development. Our results demonstrated that marine exploitation, instead of natural processes, are currently regulating the ecological environments of Chinese bays.     

Restoration of the Marine Ecological Environment Along the Charting Coast: Primary Productivity and Biomass Study

Since 1986, when green oysters occurred due to the copper and organic pollution in the Charting coastal area, the government banned all maricultural activity. It has been claimed that growing algae in a polluted environment may clean the water of pollutants and restore the marine ecosystem. to test this hypothesis, in the Charting coastal area a three-year programme (from August 1992 to July 1995) was carried out. the survey programme included environmental components such as salinity, temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand (BOD), particulate organic carbon (POC), heavy metals and ecological indicators such as nutrients, chlorophyll-a, primary productivity. in the first year study, the environmental background data collected was used to select the suitable season and locations for growing large algae transferred from the laboratory to the field study area. Since September 1993, various species of large algae have been cultured. Although some of the growing algae were damaged by a typhoon in August 1994, the impact of the growing algae on the environmental conditions in the area has been monitored throughout. Elsewhere, we have reported that in the algae growing area higher dissolved oxygen with lower values of BOD and POC were found, and the concentrations of heavy metals in both water and sediments decreased. the purpose of this paper is to evaluate the possible impact of growing large algae on the ecological conditions in Charting coastal waters through the period from August 1983 to May 1995. As a result of the positive results obtained, large amounts of algae have again been cultured in the same area during the period from April 29 to May 25, 1995. We expect that inorganic and organic pollutants will be reduced by the algal growth, oyster mariculture will be restored and finally, the fishery resources potential will be increased.     

Restoration of the Marine Ecological Environment Along the Charting Coast: Primary Productivity and Biomass Study

Since 1986, when green oysters occurred due to the copper and organic pollution in the Charting coastal area, the government banned all maricultural activity. It has been claimed that growing algae in a polluted environment may clean the water of pollutants and restore the marine ecosystem. to test this hypothesis, in the Charting coastal area a three-year programme (from August 1992 to July 1995) was carried out. the survey programme included environmental components such as salinity, temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand (BOD), particulate organic carbon (POC), heavy metals and ecological indicators such as nutrients, chlorophyll-a, primary productivity. in the first year study, the environmental background data collected was used to select the suitable season and locations for growing large algae transferred from the laboratory to the field study area. Since September 1993, various species of large algae have been cultured. Although some of the growing algae were damaged by a typhoon in August 1994, the impact of the growing algae on the environmental conditions in the area has been monitored throughout. Elsewhere, we have reported that in the algae growing area higher dissolved oxygen with lower values of BOD and POC were found, and the concentrations of heavy metals in both water and sediments decreased. the purpose of this paper is to evaluate the possible impact of growing large algae on the ecological conditions in Charting coastal waters through the period from August 1983 to May 1995. As a result of the positive results obtained, large amounts of algae have again been cultured in the same area during the period from April 29 to May 25, 1995. We expect that inorganic and organic pollutants will be reduced by the algal growth, oyster mariculture will be restored and finally, the fishery resources potential will be increased.     

Removal of steroid hormones from mariculture system using seaweed Caulerpa lentillifera

•Steroid hormones could be removed efficiently from mariculture system using seaweed; • Caulerpa lentillifera was the most efficient seaweed for removal of steroid hormones; • More than 90% of E₂ or EE₂ were removed within 12 h using Caulerpa lentillifera; • The removal included the rapid biosorption and the slow bio-accumulation; •The hormones and nutrients in mariculture wastewater could be simultaneously removed. The removal of steroid hormones from the mariculture system using seaweeds (Caulerpa lentillifera, Ulva pertusa, Gracilaria lemaneiformis, and Codium fragile) was investigated. The results illustrated that both 17β-estradiol (E₂) and 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE₂) could be removed by the seaweeds at different levels, and the Caulerpa lentillifera was the most efficient one. More than 90% of E₂ or EE₂ at concentration of 10 μg/L was removed by Caulerpa lentillifera within 12 h. Processes including initial quick biosorption, the following slow accumulation, and biodegradation might explain the removal mechanisms of E₂/EE₂ by Caulerpa lentillifera. E₂/EE₂ removal was positively related to the nutrient level and the initial concentration of steroid hormone. A significant linear relationship for E₂ and EE₂ existed between the initial pollutant concentration and the average removal rate. The highest removal kinetic constant (k) value was obtained at 30°C as 0.34 /h for E₂ and at 20°C as 0.28 /h for EE₂, demonstrating the promising application potential of Caulerpa lentillifera in the water purification of the industrialized mariculture system with relatively high water temperature. Simultaneous and efficient removal of E₂ and EE₂ by Caulerpa lentillifera was still achieved after 3 cycles in the pilot-scale experiment. The steroid hormones and nutrients in mariculture wastewater could also be simultaneously removed using Caulerpa lentillifera. These findings demonstrated that Caulerpa lentillifera was the promising seaweed for the removal of steroid hormones in mariculture systems.     

Metagenomic analysis on resistance genes in water and microplastics from a mariculture system

• Total 174 subtypes of ARGs were detected by metagenomic analysis. • Chloramphenicol resistance genes were the dominant ARGs in water and microplastics. • The abundances of MRGs were much higher than those of ARGs. • Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria were the dominant phylum. • Microplastics in mariculture system could enrich most of MRGs and some ARGs. Microplastics existing widely in different matrices have been regarded as a reservoir for emerging contaminants. Mariculture systems have been observed to host microplastics and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). However, more information on proliferation of ARGs and metal resistance genes (MRGs) in mariculture system at the presence of microplastics is needed. This study used metagenomic analysis to investigate the distribution of ARGs and MRGs in water and microplastics of a typical mariculture pond. Total 18 types including 174 subtypes of ARGs were detected with the total relative abundances of 1.22/1.25 copies per 16S rRNA copy for microplastics/water. Chloramphenicol resistance genes were the dominant ARGs with the abundance of 0.35/0.42 copies per 16S rRNA copy for microplastics/water. Intergron intI1 was dominant gene among 6 detected mobile genetic elements (MGEs) with the abundance of 75.46/68.70 copies per 16S rRNA copy for water/microplastics. Total 9 types including 46 subtypes of MRGs were detected with total abundance of 5.02 × 10²/6.39 × 10² copies per 16S rRNA copy for water/ microplastics while genes resistant to copper and iron served as the dominant MRGs. Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria accounted for 84.2%/89.5% of total microbial community. ARGs with relatively high abundance were significantly positively related to major genera, MGEs, and MRGs. Microplastics in mariculture system could enrich most of MRGs and some ARGs to serve as potential reservoir for these pollutants. The findings of this study will provide important information on resistance gene pollution at presence of microplastics in the mariculture system for further proposing suitable strategy of environmental management.     

Metal Concentration in Oyster, Crassostrea Gigas, and Sediment in Ann-Ping Mariculture Ground, Taiwan

This study was to assess the metal contamination in oyster tissue grown in the Ann-ping mariculture ground in Taiwan. the information generated from this work also revealed general metal pollution problem for Taiwan's oyster farmers. Oysters, Crassostrea gigas, and surficial sediments collected from ten locations in Ann-ping mariculture ground in Taiwan for metals concentration (Cu, Zn, Pd, Cd, Fe and Mn) were performed. Analytical results indicated that the yearly averaged oyster copper concentrations (μg g^-1, wet weight) in oyster soft parts from Ann-ping increased from 21.3±4.1 in 1993; 24.1±6.8 in 1994; 36.8±11.9 in 1995 to 43.9±23.1 μg g^-1, wet weight, in the 1996 raising season. the mean oyster copper concentration reached a level of 50 μg g^-1, wet weight, in December 1996. This increasing trend of metal concentration in oyster tissue indicates a potential pollution source which may pose a potential disaster as green oyster incidence, which occurred on the Charting coast in 1986, in Taiwan. Sediment samples in Ann-ping mariculture ground were also collected and examined. the seasonal variation of the copper concentration in surficial sediment from Ann-ping did not show an increasing trend as observed in oyster tissue.     

Metal Concentration in Oyster,Crassostrea Gigas,and Sediment in Ann-Ping Mariculture Ground,Taiwan

Abstract

This study was to assess the metal contamination in oyster tissue grown in the Ann-ping mariculture ground in Taiwan. the information generated from this work also revealed general metal pollution problem for Taiwan's oyster farmers. Oysters, Crassostrea gigas, and surficial sediments collected from ten locations in Ann-ping mariculture ground in Taiwan for metals concentration (Cu, Zn, Pd, Cd, Fe and Mn) were performed. Analytical results indicated that the yearly averaged oyster copper concentrations (μg g^?1, wet weight) in oyster soft parts from Ann-ping increased from 21.3±4.1 in 1993; 24.1±6.8 in 1994; 36.8±11.9 in 1995 to 43.9±23.1 μg g^?1, wet weight, in the 1996 raising season. the mean oyster copper concentration reached a level of 50 μg g^?1, wet weight, in December 1996. This increasing trend of metal concentration in oyster tissue indicates a potential pollution source which may pose a potential disaster as green oyster incidence, which occurred on the Charting coast in 1986, in Taiwan. Sediment samples in Ann-ping mariculture ground were also collected and examined. the seasonal variation of the copper concentration in surficial sediment from Ann-ping did not show an increasing trend as observed in oyster tissue.     

Growth of the queen conch Strombus gigas,with a discussion of the practicality of its mariculture

Data on the growth of the large marine snail Strombus gigas was obtained from specimens collected as veligers in the plankton and reared through metamorphosis, from larger individuals (5.5 cm) reared in a mariculture system, and from field tagrecapture experiments. Using the von Bertalanffy growth equation, I estimate that 1, 2, and 3 year-old juvenile snails are 10.8, 17, and 20.5 cm in maximum shell length, respectively. The snails reach the flaring-lip stage after 3 years and have a mean longevity of another 3 years. Approximately 12% of the total weight of a juvenile snail is marketable meat. Measurements of meat weight, shell length, and total weight are highly correlated with one another, thereby providing reliable means of assessing meat yields from living snails. The mariculture of S. gigas is feasible, but because of the snails' slow rate of growth it may not be economically practical at this time. Perhaps local fisheries in the Caribbean Sea could be reestablished and/or maintained by seeding subtidal algal flats with hatchery-reared juvenile snails.     

Ecological and economic valuation of the Potengi estuary mangrove wetlands (NE,Brazil) using ancillary spatial data

This study aimed at the ecological-economic valuation of the Potengi estuary mangrove wetlands, based on the integration of spatial data (mangrove forest coverage map, Nautical Chart, Environmental Sensitivity Chart) with data from literature on the biogeochemistry of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and heavy metals in the mangrove estuary wetland Potengi) and field verification data (topographic profile of mangrove forest, GPS routes obtained in the field in the touristy sightseeing areas and plots of mariculture). The ecological and economic valuation of the services performed by the Potengi estuary mangrove wetlands, mainly as biogeochemical barrier for the transport of P, N and heavy metals in tropical coastal areas, were obtained just as if the retention of those elements was necessary by Wastewater Treatment Plants (WTP) with Stabilization Ponds, typical in the estuary, and Zeolitic plant, respectively. Closer to real scenarios were observed for obtaining the values of these ecological services, such as the release of the P, N and heavy metals in domestic and industrial sewage in the estuary, the capability of dilution and the influence of the tides in the estuary. The tourism potential of the Potengi estuary mangrove wetlands were assessed according to the current forms of use, and potential of aquaculture through the main types of farming in mangrove areas. For these ecological services, considerable values were obtained of about USS15,500/ha, such as costs of implementation and construction of sewage treatment plants, as well as costs of sewage treatment plants. Nearly US$ 12.500 / ha amount each year from tourism and aquaculture income, demonstrating the economic viability of the Potengi estuary mangrove wetlands conservation.