洞庭湖湿地水环境变化趋势及成因分析

采用经典的Mann-Kendall非参数统计检测方法对洞庭湖湿地1991—2009年的水环境重要参数进行了变化趋势分析。结果表明,电导率、COD、BOD5、总氮、总磷、悬浮物呈显著上升趋势,色度、大肠杆菌、硝态氮、铵态氮呈不显著上升趋势,溶解氧呈显著降低趋势,pH、透明度呈不显著降低趋势。可见,洞庭湖湿地水质在逐步下降。突变趋势中,各参数突变时期及次数存在明显差别。除色度有1突变点位于显著信度线（p=0.05）与极显著信度线（p=0.01）之间,其余参数突变点均位于显著信度线之间。以色度和悬浮物突变最频繁,总氮和硝态氮变化最为平缓,其余参数居中。从各参数突变发生的时间可知,水质突变主要发生在1992—1998年。其次,对影响洞庭湖湿地水环境变化的因素进行了分析,得出＂四水＂流域及洞庭湖区工业污染、农业污染（化肥污染、农药污染、水产养殖、畜禽粪便）、生活污染等是导致水环境逐步恶化的主要原因。     

小清河流域氮磷时空特征及影响因素的空间与多元统计分析

选取山东小清河流域为研究区,在2012—2013年汛期和非汛期的水质监测基础上,应用主成分分析(PCA)和聚类分析(CA)等多元统计方法识别流域不同形态氮磷浓度的时空分布特征,结合空间分析和相关分析方法辨析集水区不同土地利用方式对氮磷输出的影响。结果表明:流域氮污染严重,其中总氮超标率达100%。氨氮、磷酸盐浓度汛期显著高于非汛期,硝态氮浓度则非汛期显著高于汛期(P0.05)。以总磷、总溶解态磷为主要指标的主成分Z1对水质变化的贡献率接近50%,以总氮、氨氮和硝态氮为主要指标的主成分Z2对水质变化的贡献率接近20%。总氮、总磷、氨氮、磷酸盐和总溶解态磷浓度与集水区城市和工业建设用地的面积比例呈显著正相关(P0.05);硝态氮浓度与耕地面积比例呈显著正相关,与草地、林地面积比例呈显著负相关(P0.05)。空间上按氮磷分布特征不同子流域被划分为3类:第1类和第2类主要集中在干流及北部平原区,沿途接纳点源排放,氮磷浓度总体较高且空间差异较大;第3类流域主要位于南部山区,建设用地比例较小,污染程度相对较低。     

农村小流域景观结构与水质耦合关系分析——以仪征市陈集镇为例

选择江苏省仪征市陈集镇2个典型的农村小流域进行水质监测和景观空间分异耦合关系研究,结果表明:不同地势区景观结构差异明显,水环境特征也有较大差别。随着地势的降低,总氮、总磷浓度在小徐庄流域呈降低趋势,而高塘流域则先升高后降低;总磷、总氮、氨氮、硝态氮浓度与源景观比例、沟渠密度和景观多样性指数具有良好的相关关系,逐步回归分析发现,94%的总氮浓度由源景观比例和沟渠密度决定,80%以上的氨氮和硝态氮浓度由源景观比例决定。因此,可以通过对流域景观结构的优化调整,达到对流域景观中养分的有效管理,实现对农业非点源污染的控制。     

潘大水库水环境时空格局演变动态

潘家口、大黑汀水库(简称潘大水库)是京津冀区域的重要饮用水水源地,研究其水环境状况对保障受水区的供水安全具有重要意义.基于2006-2014年潘大水库水环境因子的调查,采用单因子评价法对水库水环境状况的时空格局演变动态进行分析.结果表明,总氮、总磷是潘大水库的主要污染物,总氮总体为劣Ⅴ类水水平,总磷总体为Ⅴ类水水平.其它水环境指标均未超过国家《地表水环境质量标准》(GB3838-2002)中Ⅲ类水的标准.空间上,潘家口水库坝上氮磷营养盐均有沿程下降趋势,表明主要受上游污染输入的影响,后随污染物的不断消耗而逐渐下降.但到了潘家口坝下,由于下池、洒河桥等区域新的污染物的汇入,大黑汀水库的污染再次加重.时间上,潘家口水库总氮总体呈逐年上升趋势,2011年之后下降;大黑汀水库在2012年之后总氮呈下降趋势.两库总磷总体上均呈逐年上升趋势,其中,大黑汀水库2011-2013年虽有缓慢下降趋势,但2014年恢复到较高含量水平.氨氮含量并未发现明显的时间变化规律,大黑汀水库一直维持在Ⅱ类水水平附近,而潘家口水库自2010年一直呈下降趋势,近两年亦稳定在Ⅱ类水水平.硝态氮含量与总氮含量变化趋势相似.而高锰酸盐指数一直呈逐年上升趋势,维持在Ⅲ类水的标准范围内.溶解氧含量一直维持在Ⅰ类水的水平.本研究表明,潘大水库氮磷污染严重,呈逐年恶化趋势,受上游污染及下池、洒河桥外源输入的影响,洒河桥及以下区域呈现除总氮外的水环境因子沿程上升趋势.     

三江平原典型小叶章湿地土壤中硝态氮水平运移的模拟研究

选择三江平原小叶章湿地不同水分带上草甸沼泽土和腐殖质沼泽土2种土壤类型作为研究对象，以KNO3为示踪剂，模拟研究硝态氮在湿地土壤中的水平运移过程。结果表明，2种土壤各土层硝态氮水平运移浓度和速率均与运移距离呈极显著负相关（P〈0．01），并随运移距离增加呈一阶指数衰减曲线变化，各土层硝态氮水平运移速率主要受浓度梯度、水势梯度及土壤基质势的控制；土壤各土层中硝态氮水平运移速率与土壤含水量呈显著正相关（P〈0．05），并随土壤含水量增加呈指数增长曲线变化；土壤各土层中硝态氮水平运移浓度与土壤水分扩散率呈极显著正相关（P〈0．01），0—20cm土层硝态氮水平运移浓度随水分扩散率升高呈Boltzmann曲线变化，其他土层则呈指数增长曲线变化；草甸沼泽土比腐殖质沼泽土相应土层更利于硝态氮的水平运移，这主要与土层颗粒组成和孔隙度等物理性质的显著差异有关，而湿地水文条件可能对2种土壤物理性质的塑造有着重要影响。     

准好氧填埋渗滤液中氮转化机理

依据准好氧填埋的原理构建了填埋试验装置,在填埋装置各个层次设计采样装置.定期采集渗滤液进行分析,测定各个层次区域渗滤液中氨氮、硝态氮、亚硝态氮和总氮的质量浓度,分析各形态氮之间的变化规律与相关性,初步探讨氮转化的机理.结果表明,准好氧填埋上层区域中,渗滤液的氨氮与硝态氮质量浓度变化相关性极显著;中层和下层区域由于处于兼氧和厌氧状态,硝化作用较弱,渗滤液中氨氮与硝态氮质量浓度变化相关性不显著.上层渗滤液中氨氮与总氮相关性不显著,中层和下层氨氮与总氮相关性极显著,表明中层和下层区域中,渗滤液的氨氮质量浓度变化是导致总氮含量变化的主要贡献因素.     

洞庭湖浮游植物增长的限制性营养元素研究

近20年水质监测资料表明,洞庭湖水体富营养化日趋严重。洞庭湖水体主要污染物为氮和磷,而营养盐赋存形态及其含量对浮游植物生长的影响在洞庭湖尚未见报道。2011年9月至2012年8月对洞庭湖浮游植物生物量及主要营养盐赋存形态与含量进行监测,同时利用藻类增长的生物学（NEB）评价方法对限制浮游植物增长的营养盐进行了研究,并分析了浮游植物生物量与各营养元素之间的相关性。结果表明：洞庭湖主要污染物总氮（TN）和总磷（TP）的年平均值分别为1.90 mg·L-1和0.093 mg·L-1,溶解态无机氮（DIN）平均占ρ（TN）比例为87%,溶解态总磷（DTP）平均占ρ（TP）比例为70%。洞庭湖水体中,DIN是TN的主要贡献者,且不同形态DIN的贡献大小依次为ρ（NO3--N）〉ρ（NH4＋-N）〉ρ（NO2--N）;磷形态组成中,TP主要以溶解反应性磷（SRP）存在。春季洞庭湖水体中ρ（TN）、ρ（TP）较高,这一结果可能源于春季面源污染。洞庭湖水体中ρ（Chla）与氮显著正相关,与磷显著负相关。NEB 实验结果表明氮对洞庭湖浮游植物生长有明显的促进作用,其幅度随氮浓度的增加而加强,而磷对浮游植物的生长影响不大,有时出现抑制作用,硝态氮与磷之间不存在交互作用。因此,氮可能是洞庭湖浮游植物增长的主要限制性营养因子,这一研究暗示在洞庭湖富营养化控制过程中应特别注重氮的控制。     

洞庭湖水污染特征及水质评价

于2016年4月—2017年3月对洞庭湖区11个监测断面396个表层水样进行采集,选取8个水质指标进行因子特征分析,并采用单因子评价法、综合污染指数法和主成分分析法对洞庭湖水质进行综合评价.洞庭湖水体呈弱碱性,总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)为超标污染物.单因子评价法结果表明,TN和TP为洞庭湖水质的主要限制因子,TN参与评价时,洞庭湖水质为Ⅴ类或劣Ⅴ类.综合污染指数法结果表明,洞庭湖水质状况为中污染,平水期水质优于枯水期和丰水期,主要污染因子为TN、TP、五日生化需氧量(BOD5)和高锰酸盐指数(CODMn).主成分分析结果表明,洞庭湖水质主要受p H、溶解氧(DO)、氨氮(NH3-N)和TN等指标影响,西洞庭湖水质较好,南洞庭湖次之,东洞庭湖较差.3种方法是定性和定量评价的有机结合,评价结果不完全一致,故采用多种评价方法来开展水质评价十分重要.     

动物扰动对湿地植物根区有机碳和氮形态的影响

构建复合垂直流人工湿地,分别向复合垂直流人工湿地的下行池和上行池中加入蚯蚓和泥鳅,研究泥鳅和蚯蚓对人工湿地中植物根区基质有机碳和氮形态及含量的影响。结果表明,加入泥鳅后人工湿地植物根区基质的总有机碳(TOC)、易氧化有机碳(EOOC)、微生物量有机碳(MBC)、可溶性有机碳(DOC)和硝态氮平均含量分别增加16.7%、10.8%、19.1%、33.8%和68.4%,但铵态氮平均含量减少14%。加入蚯蚓后TOC、EOOC、MBC、DOC和硝态氮的含量分别增加74.6%、39.7%、40.4%、45.1%和91.8%;铵态氮平均含量下降42.8%。人工湿地中加入蚯蚓后有机碳、硝态氮和铵态氮含量的变化率比单独加入泥鳅高。相关分析表明,TOC、EOOC、MBC含量分别与硝态氮含量呈极显著正相关(P0.01),加入动物提高了人工湿地植物根区有机碳含量,并促进人工湿地的硝化过程,增加硝态氮含量。     

华南湿润区坡地氮素流失规律比较试验研究

通过两个径流场的对比试验,研究了华南湿润地区针叶林坡面氮素随降雨径流的流失规律,结果表明,氮素流失量均与坡面径流量和降雨强度具有极显著的线性相关关系,在没有施肥的情况下,氮流失形态以氨氮、硝氮为主,总氮产出浓度随降雨径流的增大,逐步下降,最后趋于稳定。在施放尿素的情况下,氮素随径流的流失形态以氨氮、硝氮和溶解态的尿素为主,总氮的产出浓度呈先升高而后随降雨径流的增大逐渐减少最后趋于稳定的特性。     

坡位对马尾松林下土壤理化性质、酶活性及微生物特性影响

以我国南方花岗岩区退化马尾松林地土壤为研究对象,通过典型样地调查方法研究不同坡位（坡上、坡中,坡底）马尾松对土壤理化性质、酶活性和微生物学性质的影响。结果表明,0～20和20～40 cm土层土壤w（有机质）、w（全氮）、w（碱解氮）和w（速效钾）坡位间差异均显著（p〈0.05）,其中w（有机质）和w（全氮）均表现为坡底〉坡中〉坡上;而w（全磷）和w（全钾）位间差异不显著;3坡位中坡底土壤w（粘粒）较高容重较小。土壤酶活性坡位间差异不显著,可能受林分密度影响较大。两土层微生物生物量碳氮与土壤呼吸强度均为坡底最大,且与有机质和全氮相关性分别达显著（p〈0.05）和极显著（p〈0.01）正相关,但在微生物对碳利用效率、有机碳氮累积程度等方面坡位间差异不显著。所以,对养分瘠薄且易受侵蚀的花岗岩红壤区域,马尾松作为恢复植被须谨慎选择。     

Growth and utilization of internal nitrogen reserves by the giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera in a low-nitrogen environment

An adult giant kelp plant (Macrocystis pyrifera), moved from an inshore kelp forest to an offshore, low-nitrogen environment near Santa Catalina Island, California (USA), maintained growth for 2 wk on internal nitrogen reserves. Frond elongation rates decreased significantly during the third week, and plant growth rate (wet wt) dropped from an initial inshore rate of 3.6 to 0.9% d^-1. During this 3 wk period, nitrogen contents and free amino acid concentrations decreased, while mannitol and dry contents increased in frond tissues. After depletion of internal nitrogen reserves, the nitrogen content of lamina and stipe tissues averaged 1.1 and 0.7% dry wt, respectively. The experimental plant was exposed to higher ambient nitrogen concentrations during the last 2 wk. Rates of frond elongation and plant growth increased, but nitrogen content and amino acids in frond tissues remained low. Of the total nitrogen contained in frond tissue of the plant before transplantation, 58% was used to support growth in the absence of significant external nitrogen supply. Amino acids constituted a small proportion of these internal nitrogen reserves. Net movement of nitrogen occurred within large fronds, but not between different frond size classes. The nitrogen content of holdfast tissue remained relatively constant at 2.4% dry wt and accounted for 18 to 29% of the total nitrogen. Holdfast nitrogen was not used to support growth of nitrogen-depleted fronds. In comparison to Laminaria longicruris, which is adapted to long seasonal periods of low nitrogen availability, M. pyrifera has small nitrogen-storage capacity. However, internal reserves of M. pyrifera appear adequate to make nitrogen starvation uncommon in southern California kelp forests.     

弄拉岩溶区次生林的生态水文效应

于2006年5月至7月对广西弄拉兰电堂泉水源林区各类水样的物理化学特征进行了研究。通过收集弄拉兰电堂泉集水区次生乔木林中的大气降雨、穿透雨、树干径流雨和表层岩溶泉水,对其中的化学成分含量和pH值进行了分析测定。结果表明:大气降雨经过森林层后,化学成分的总含量增加了;各种养分元素表现出不同的变化,Cl-和Na 减少,其余各离子以及TC、TIC和TOC都表现出增加,对应于每场降雨后的泉水中各成分的变化不是很显著;穿透雨和树干径流雨的pH值表现为下降,泉水的pH值变化幅度较小。经过次生林后的雨水可促进岩溶作用和表层岩溶带的生物地球化学循环,增加土壤中某些碱性元素的有效态。     

生物炭对玉米苗期生长、养分吸收及土壤化学性状的影响

采用田间盆栽试验,研究了生物炭（biochar）对玉米（Gramineae）苗期生长（60 d）及土壤化学性质的影响。结果表明,在玉米苗期的前33 d,生物炭（48 t.hm-2）对玉米株高的生长有显著抑制作用,但随着玉米的生长发育,生物炭的抑制作用逐渐消失。收获时（播种后60 d）,生物炭对玉米植株干质量,N、P养分的吸收量没有显著影响;生物炭（12、48 t.hm-2）能显著提高土壤全N、有机碳质量分数,但对土壤全P、有效P、pH值没有显著影响。土壤全N、有机碳质量分数与生物炭用量（0、2.4、12、48 t.hm-2）为显著正相关（n=12,p〈0.01）。     

Chemical changes during growth and starvation of larval Pleuronectes platessa

Plaice (Pleuronectes platessa L.) were sampled during periods of growth and starvation, from the end of the yolk-sac stage through metamorphosis, for changes in water, triglyceride, carbohydrate, total nitrogen, total carbon, and ash. The percentage of water in larvae decreased continuously during development. During post-hatching growth (up to late Stage 2) nitrogen and carbohydrate were laid down faster than triglyceride. The pattern changed during later larval development. The early deposition of protein in preference to neutral fat suggests that conversion of food during growth, without simultaneously laying down fatty energy stores, may be advantageous to pelagic marine fish larvae. During starvation the percentage of water in plaice larvae increased. Triglyceride, carbohydrate, nitrogen and carbon (as a percentage of the dry body weight) decreased during starvation, but ash increased sharply. The continuous use of nitrogen during starvation may be a catabolic adaptation to the marine environment.     

The Mediterranean intertidal habitat as a natural laboratory to study climate change drivers of geographic patterns in marine biodiversity

Nylon bags containing yellow leaves of Rhizophora apiculata and Avicennia marina, were immersed for 80 days from August to October, 1996. the decomposing leaves were collected every 10 days and analysed for dry weight loss and six biochemical parameters: tannins, total amino acids, total sugars, total nitrogen, total lipids and fatty acid profile. the leaf weight initially decreased very rapidly by about 50% of the start in two species of mangroves within 10 days. Similar changes were observed with tannins, total amino acids and sugars. However, the concentration of nitrogen increased significantly with decomposition. There was no significant change in total lipid and fatty acid profile. the highest concentration of fatty acid in the decomposing leaves was palmitic acid (16:0). Unsaturated fatty acids such as, 18:1 w7c and 18:1 w9c were found to be present in decomposing leaves of both species.     

Effects of different mowing frequencies on soil carbon and nitrogen changes in leymus chinensis steppe of Hulun Buir北大核心CSCD

Mowing is the main management of Hulun Buir grasslands in Inner Mongolia; therefore, understanding the changes of soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), and carbon sequestration under different mowing frequencies will provide an important scientific basis for grassland carbon sink management in Inner Mongolia. Three treatment plots were devised in the study area, including enclosed sample (Y), mowing every other year (2G), and mowing once a year (1G), where SOC, TN content and storage were investigated. The results showed that with increased mowing frequency, the SOC and TN content showed a decreasing trend in the 0-30 cm depth soil layer. The SOC and TN content were different in each soil layer, which decreased gradually with increasing soil depth in Y and 2G plots, whereas increased gradually in 1G plots. The soil carbon storage was significantly correlated with the soil nitrogen storage, and both showed a significant linear decrease with increased mowing frequency, which showed as carbon and nitrogen loss. In 2G plots, the soil carbon storage decreased by 17.1% and soil nitrogen storage decreased by 20.8%. In 1G plots, the soil carbon storage decreased by 21.6% and soil nitrogen storage decreased by 29.3%. The results showed that the change of soil carbon and nitrogen was sensitive to mowing frequency for the Hulun Buir grassland. It is possible to reduce the loss of carbon and nitrogen by reasonably controlling mowing frequency, and the sustainable use of grassland could be achieved with appropriate fertilization. Keywords. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

秸秆与氮肥配施对辽西旱区土壤酶活性与土壤养分的影响

通过田间试验研究了玉米（Zea mays L.）秸秆与氮肥配施对耕层土壤酶活性及土壤养分的影响。试验设4个秸秆还田量水平,2个施氮量水平。结果表明：在秸秆配施氮肥条件下,耕层土壤中性磷酸酶、脲酶、转化酶和过氧化氢酶活性以及有机质和全氮质量分数均表现为随着玉米秸秆还田量的增加而提高,而硝态氮（3NO-N）和铵态氮（＋4NH-N）质量分数则表现为随着玉米秸秆还田量的增加而减少,4种土壤酶活性与土壤有机质和全氮质量分数均呈显著正相关,与土壤硝态氮和铵态氮质量分数则呈显著负相关。玉米秸秆还田量9 000 kg.hm-2配施氮肥量420 kg.hm-2是辽西风沙半干旱区效果较好的技术措施。     

Protected Areas and Conservation of Biodiversity in the Tropics

Abstract: We compared deforestation rates and the extent of fragmentation inside and outside protected areas in the Sarapiquí region of Costa Rica. We determined deforestation rates using remotely sensed images with supervised classification. We georeferenced the processed images and then transformed them to vector format for final mapping and parameter quantification. The deforestation rate in protected areas was low and declined sharply from 0.56% annually between 1976 and 1986 to 0.16% from 1991 to 1995. Outside the protected areas, the rate decreased from 3.6% in 1976–1986 to 2.8% in 1986–1991, but it increased again to 3.2% in 1991–1995. Fragmentation outside the protected areas increased considerably: the number of patches increased from 537 in 1976 to 1231 in 1996, while during the same period the average size of patches decreased from 0.95 to 0.25 km². Forest landscapes in the Sarapiquí region are likely to lose considerable biodiversity because of the past forest loss and fragmentation even without further increases in deforestation and fragmentation.