改性麦糟吸附水中酸性湖蓝A和碱性湖蓝BB实验研究

采用AlCl_3改性麦糟和Na OH改性麦糟分别处理酸性湖蓝A和碱性湖蓝BB,研究了不同pH、吸附剂投加量、时间和温度对吸附效果的影响。结果表明:改性麦糟对酸性湖蓝A吸附反应的最佳条件在室温下,初始染料色度为500倍,溶液pH为3,吸附剂投加量5 g/L,反应时间30 min,脱色率达93%;改性麦糟对碱性湖蓝BB吸附反应的最佳条件在室温下,初始染料色度为500倍,溶液pH为9,吸附剂投加量3 g/L,反应时间30 min,脱色率达99%。且吸附过程符合准二级动力学模型,其相关系数均在0.999以上。实验处理后废水色度在50倍以下,水质达到《污水综合排放标准》(GB8978-1996)一级标准。     

HDTMA改性沸石的制备及吸附废水中对硝基苯酚的性能和动力学

采用十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(HDTMA)对天然沸石进行改性,研究了沸石的改性条件、改性沸石投加量、废水p H值、反应时间等对HDTMA改性沸石去除废水中对硝基苯酚性能的影响,并分析了吸附动力学和吸附等温线.结果表明,改性沸石对废水中对硝基苯酚的吸附效果明显高于天然沸石,当制备改性沸石的HDTMA溶液的质量分数为1.2%,且其p H值为10时,改性沸石对废水中对硝基苯酚的吸附量达到2.53 mg·g~(-1),远高于天然沸石的0.54 mg·g~(-1).吸附实验中,改性沸石投加量8 g·L~(-1),反应时间90 min,p H=6的条件下,HDTMA改性沸石对废水中对硝基苯酚的去除率高达93.9%.吸附动力学和等温线研究表明,一级动力学方程能够更好地拟合沸石吸附对硝基苯酚的过程(R20.90),不同温度条件下Langmuir等温线拟合方程的相关系数均在0.90以上,数据和方程拟合性较好.     

ZnCl_2溶液对褐煤半焦表面性质及其中高温脱汞性能的影响

利用ZnCl_2溶液对褐煤进行浸渍后在700℃条件下热解制备改性半焦,采用N2吸附/脱附、傅里叶变换红外光谱、X射线光电子能谱等手段对ZnCl_2处理前后两种半焦表面物化性质进行了表征,在小型固定床反应器上研究了ZnCl_2溶液浸渍处理前后褐煤半焦对气态单质汞(Hg~0)的脱除性能.结果表明,经过ZnCl_2处理得到的半焦(ZSC)具有发达的孔隙结构,其表面含氧官能团含量和数量有所提高,并出现了新的C-Cl基团;在100~360℃温度范围内,制备的改性半焦ZSC的脱汞效率随温度升高而降低,但在中高温条件下仍表现出良好的脱汞性能;在化学吸附过程中,气态Hg0被C-Cl基团氧化为HgCl或HgCl_2,同时Hg~0与半焦表面含氧官能团结合生成HgO,Hg~0最终以HgCl_2或HgO的形式附着在半焦表面.     

改性龙须眼子菜吸附水溶液中Cu2+的性能

采用批式实验法对改性龙须眼子菜吸附溶液中Cu2+的吸附动力学过程及吸附平衡进行了研究,考察了溶液初始pH值、吸附剂用量、温度等对改性龙须眼子莱吸附Cu2+的影响.结果表明,吸附动力学过程可以用准二级动力学方程进行拟合,吸附等温线符合Langmuir模型而不符合Freundlich模型.吸附实验的优化条件为:溶液初始pH值为4.0～5.6,溶液初始Cu2+浓度与吸附剂用量比值为10～25 mg·g-1,吸附时间为30～45 min,吸附温度为20-30℃.龙须眼子菜经甲醇改性后对Cu2+的吸附性能有了很大程度的提高;在改性龙须眼子菜吸附Cu2+的过程中,存在离子交换作用,但不占主导地位;改性龙须眼子菜吸附Cu2+主要依靠醇、酚类中的O-H基团,酰胺类中的C=O、N-H与C-N基团,砜类中的S=O基团与Cu2+的配位作用.     

锆-十六烷基三甲基氯化铵改性活性炭对水中硝酸盐和磷酸盐的吸附特性

采用锆(Zr)和阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基氯化铵(CTAC)对活性炭进行联合改性,考察了所制备的Zr-CTAC改性活性炭对水中硝酸盐和磷酸盐的吸附去除作用,并探讨了相关的吸附去除机制.结果表明,Zr-CTAC改性活性炭对水中硝酸盐和磷酸盐均具备较好的吸附去除能力.Zr-CTAC改性活性炭对硝酸盐和磷酸盐吸附动力学过程满足准二级动力学模型.Langmuir、Freundlich和Dubinin-Radushkevich(D-R)等温吸附模型可以较好地描述Zr-CTAC改性活性炭对水中硝酸盐的等温吸附过程,Langmuir和D-R等温吸附模型可以较好地描述Zr-CTAC改性活性炭对水中磷酸盐等温吸附过程,通过Langmuir模型计算得到吸附剂对硝酸盐和磷酸盐的最大单位吸附量分别为7.58 mg·g-1和10.9 mg·g-1.高的p H会抑制Zr-CTAC改性活性炭对水中硝酸盐和磷酸盐的吸附.水中共存的Cl-、HCO-3和SO2-4等阴离子均会抑制Zr-CTAC改性活性炭对硝酸盐和磷酸盐的吸附,且对吸附硝酸盐的抑制作用较强而对吸附磷酸盐的抑制作用较弱.水中共存的磷酸盐对Zr-CTAC改性活性炭吸附硝酸盐的抑制作用较强,而水中共存的硝酸盐对Zr-CTAC改性活性炭吸附磷酸盐的抑制作用较弱.1 mol·L-1Na Cl溶液可以使90%左右被吸附到Zr-CTAC改性活性炭表面上的硝酸盐解吸下来.1 mol·L-1的Na OH溶液可以使78%左右被吸附到Zr-CTAC改性活性炭表面上的磷酸盐解吸下来.Zr-CTAC改性活性炭对硝酸盐的吸附机制主要包括阴离子交换作用和静电吸引作用,对磷酸盐的吸附机制主要包括配位体交换作用、阴离子交换作用和静电吸引作用.上述结果说明Zr-CTAC改性活性炭适合作为一种吸附剂去除废水中的硝酸盐和磷酸盐.     

改性稻草秸秆对重金属Pb~(2+)吸附作用研究

以农业废弃物稻草秸秆为原料,经过高锰酸钾和乙二胺改性后,制成对金属离子具有吸附作用的新型吸附材料,研究其对废水中Pb2+吸附效果,对吸附过程pH值和吸附剂投加量的影响以及吸附动力学特征和等温吸附特征进行研究,并将改性稻草秸秆用于鲕状赤铁矿选矿废水混凝后Pb2+深度处理。实验结果表明:改性稻草秸秆对Pb2+具有明显的吸附作用;pH在3~8之间,Pb2+吸附率均可达到80%以上;在室温下,pH为5~5.5,固液比为2 g/L时,吸附时间90 min时,吸附率可达98.7%;吸附过程符合二级动力学吸附过程,饱和吸附容量达到156.9 mg/g;不同浓度下吸附量与平衡浓度之间遵从Freundlich经验公式;混凝后鲕状赤铁矿选矿废水中Pb2+经过改性稻草秸秆深度吸附处理后,可以达到国家排放标准。     

有机改性凹凸棒石对养猪废水中有机物的吸附研究

研究表征了十二烷基二甲基甜菜碱和十六烷基三甲基溴化铵改性凹凸棒石的结构,探讨了改性凹凸棒石对猪粪废水中的有机污染物的吸附性能及机理,并考察了改性剂修饰比例、废水p H、吸附剂的投加量对吸附过程的影响.结果表明,两种改性剂成功结合到了凹凸棒石表面,有机改性凹凸棒石的晶体结构未发生改变,但对有机污染物的吸附能力显著高于原土.两性和阳离子改性凹凸棒石吸附有机污染物的最佳参数为:修饰比例为100%,吸附剂浓度为16 g·L~(-1),p H=4(阳离子改性为6),对猪粪废水中COD的去除率分别达到88%和92%,吸附量分别达到79 mg·g~(-1)和82 mg·g~(-1).吸附过程均符合二级动力学模型(R20.998),两性和阳离子改性凹凸棒石对有机物的吸附分别符合Freundlich和Langmuir等温式.有机改性凹凸棒石的疏水性增强,提高了对有机污染物的吸附能力,其沉降性能良好,这使其作为一种吸附剂用于实际养猪废水的处理成为可能.     

丝瓜瓤固定简青霉吸附废水中Pb2+和Cu2+的机理

采用一种新型固定载体——丝瓜瓤,固定简青霉(Penicillum sp.),研究其在溶液中对金属离子Pb2 和Cu2 的吸附效果,并探讨其生物吸附机理,分析其动力学特性.实验结果表明,用丝瓜瓤固定简青霉能高效去除废水中Pb2 和Cu2 .研究发现,溶液pH值对吸附过程有较大影响,最佳吸附pH值在5.5附近;最佳吸附温度为25～35℃;溶液浓度在10～500 mg·L-1范围内,固定化简青霉菌对重金属的吸附随金属离子浓度的增加而增加;吸附过程符合Langmuir等温吸附模型;生物吸附平衡时间约为60min.用0.1mol·L-1HCl解吸,循环吸附-解吸5次后,固定化简青霉吸附金属离子的能力几乎不受影响     

改性沸石对焦化废水中COD的去除研究

本文研究了沸石经NaCl、NaOH、HDTMA(溴化十六烷基三甲胺)改性后对焦化废水中的COD的去除效果.比较得出HDTMA改性沸石对COD的去除能力较好,而且废水的色度明显减小.接着进一步研究了该废水处理过程中的影响因素,包括吸附时间、烘干温度、改性剂HDTMA的浓度、pH值等.结果表明,HDTMA改性沸石处理焦化废水可使其COD的浓度降低至150mg/L以下,这到污水综合排放二级标准.     

改性沸石对焦化废水中COD的去除研究

本文研究了沸石经NaCl、NaOH、HDTMA（溴化十六烷基三甲胺）改性后对焦化废水中的COD的去除效果。比较得出HDTMA改性沸石对COD的去除能力较好．而且废水的色度明显减小。接着进一步研究了该废水处理过程中的影响因素，包括吸附时间、烘干温度、改性剂HDTMA的浓度、pH值等。结果表明，HDTMA改性沸石处理焦化废水可使其COD的浓度降低至150mg／L以下，达到污水综合排放二级标准。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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