上海市吴泾工业区周边土壤和树叶中汞污染调查

对上海市吴泾工业区热电厂、氯碱厂、焦化厂周边土壤和树叶中汞及甲基汞的含量作了调查.结果显示,三个厂区周边土壤中总汞含量在几十到几百ng·g-1,而甲基汞的含量则很低.树叶中总汞浓度约为十几到几十ng·g-1.三个厂中以热电厂周边土壤和树叶中的总汞含量最高,氯碱厂甲基汞含量比较大.三个厂区周边土壤和植物部分受到了汞污染.     

汞在城市污水处理厂的赋存特征及质量平衡——甲基汞

以焦作市第一污水处理厂各工艺单元的进出物料为研究对象,通过样品中甲基汞和溶解态甲基汞含量的测定,初步探讨了甲基汞在污水处理厂物料中的赋存特征和迁移过程.结果发现,污水处理厂进水中甲基汞和溶解态甲基汞的含量分别在6.73—49.53 ng·L-1和0.55—8.14 ng·L-1之间,日均值分别为21.34±13.88 ng·L-1和2.55±2.36 ng·L-1.污水厂外排水中甲基汞含量在0.42—1.15 ng·L-1之间,满足《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GBl8918—2002)中规定的烷基汞含量限值(10 ng·L-1)要求.污水厂对原污水中甲基汞和溶解态甲基汞的去除率分别达到了96.3%和85.1%,甲基汞的去除主要发生在二级处理工艺单元(氧化沟+二沉池).与污水厂进水相比,出水中溶解态甲基汞所占甲基汞的比率显著升高(15.4%±11.4%升至48.3%±17.9%)(P<0.001),甲基汞占总汞的比率也有显著升高(1.9%±1.2%升至3.9%±1.2%)(P<0.001).沉砂池、二沉池、浓缩池和压滤机房污泥中甲基汞含量分别为7.65±4.35、13.53±6.54、10.48±8.17、8.80±6.48 ng·g-1,占总汞的比率分别为0.9%±0.5%、0.3%±0.1%、0.2%±0.2%、0.2%±0.1%.各处理单元污泥中甲基汞含量均不稳定,日变异系数均达到了45%以上.污水处理厂进出物料中甲基汞的质量平衡计算表明,每天离开污水处理厂的甲基汞比进入污水处理厂的甲基汞减少了1889 mg,占进水中甲基汞质量的88.5%.甲基汞的损失主要发生在二级处理工艺单元,可能有两个方面的原因,一是甲基汞在氧化沟和二沉池中的吸附和沉积,二是甲基汞在污水处理过程中发生了去甲基化.     

微藻对无机汞和甲基汞的吸附和吸收特性

本文选取蛋白核小球藻和斜生栅藻两种微藻作为研究对象,将其接种于含有低浓度无机汞(0.1—2.0μg·L~(-1))和甲基汞(5.0—100 ng·L~(-1))的培养基中,考察两种藻的耐受性及微藻对无机汞及甲基汞的吸附和吸收特性.结果表明,在实验浓度范围内,0.1μg·L~(-1)的无机汞和5.0 ng·L~(-1)的甲基汞即可抑制蛋白核小球藻和斜生栅藻的生长,抑制作用随汞浓度的升高而增强.超过60%的无机汞和70%的甲基汞在24 h内通过吸附和吸收快速转移到了微藻,只有少量汞化合物残留于培养基中,168 h后,两种藻对无机汞和甲基汞的最高去除率分别为99.75%和99.82%.单个微藻细胞对于无机汞和甲基汞的吸附和吸收均在24 h达到最大值,随培养时间的延长,细胞增殖产生的稀释效应导致单细胞吸附量和吸收量逐渐降低.实验中观察到了无机汞和甲基汞在微藻细胞表面吸附及内部吸收的转换.     

典型汞污染地区食物汞含量及人体汞暴露健康风险

系统采集典型汞污染地区(铅锌冶炼、金矿冶炼和燃煤电厂)食物样品(大米、蔬菜和鱼肉) 409个,测定其总汞含量以评估当地居民食物摄入汞暴露的健康风险。结果显示:铅锌冶炼地区大米总汞含量的几何均值为5.99μg·kg~(-1)(3.02～30.7μg·kg~(-1)),仅有1个样品总汞含量超过我国大米汞限量标准(20μg·kg~(-1)),蔬菜和鱼肉总汞含量分别为0.646～5.44μg·kg~(-1)和1.80～26.4μg·kg~(-1),均未超过我国食品汞限量标准;金矿冶炼地区大米总汞含量的几何均值为4.46μg·kg~(-1)(3.13～8.67μg·kg~(-1)),蔬菜和鱼肉总汞含量分别为0.760～7.83μg·kg~(-1)和1.59～21.9μg·kg~(-1),所有食物均未超过我国食品汞限量标准;燃煤电厂地区大米总汞含量的几何均值为3.63μg·kg~(-1)(1.05～11.4μg·kg~(-1)),蔬菜和鱼肉总汞含量分别为1.12～3.78μg·kg~(-1)和2.24～12.3μg·kg~(-1),所有食物均未超过我国食品汞限量标准。铅锌冶炼、金矿冶炼和燃煤电厂3个地区居民通过食用食物(大米、鱼肉和蔬菜途径)总汞摄入量的均值分别为0.068、0.038和0.031μg·d~(-1)·kg~(-1),均未超出联合国粮农组织和世界卫生组织食品添加剂联合专家委员会(JECFA)推荐的人体安全总汞摄入量0.71μg·d~(-1)·kg~(-1);表明3个研究地区居民汞暴露的风险较低。大米汞摄入量占3个地区居民食物总汞摄入量的比例分别为77.2%、70.8%和71.4%,食用大米是当地居民汞暴露的主要途径。     

普者黑岩溶湿地沉积物氮、磷、有机质分布及污染风险评价

为探究典型岩溶湿地沉积物营养物质的污染状况及其富营养化风险,以典型岩溶流域普者黑为研究区,通过对流域内湖泊湿地、沼泽湿地、库塘湿地和河流湿地的表层沉积物进行采样,采用国家标准方法对沉积物中总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)及有机质(OM)的含量进行测定,并运用综合污染指数法和有机污染指数法对普者黑岩溶流域不同类型湿地沉积物的污染程度进行评价,以期为岩溶湿地水-沉积物污染的控制与治理提供参考和依据。普者黑表层沉积物TN的质量分数范围为893.57-4 841.85 mg·kg~(-1),平均值为1 949.09 mg·kg~(-1),TP的质量分数范围为235.81-1 439.58 mg·kg~(-1),平均值646.06 mg·kg~(-1),OM的质量分数范围为1.10%-6.27%,平均值为2.58%,空间分布上均表现为流域中游流域下游流域上游。Pearson相关性分析表明,库塘湿地的TN、TP和OM相关性最显著(P0.01),河流湿地的TN、TP和OM相关性次显著(P0.01),湖泊湿地的TN和OM相关性显著(P0.05),沼泽湿地的TN、TP和OM无显著相关性(P0.05)。流域综合污染指数整体上呈中度-重度污染,沼泽湿地污染比河流湿地、湖泊湿地及库塘湿地严重,而有机污染指数整体上呈中度污染。普者黑岩溶流域不同类型湿地表层沉积物TN、TP和OM的含量均处于中等偏高水平,污染水平呈中度-重度污染,其内源负荷不容忽视。     

万山矿区土壤汞对蚯蚓的生物有效性研究

以威廉环毛蚓(Pheretima guillemi)为试验生物,研究贵州万山矿区水稻土中汞〔w(总汞)为0.14~76 mg·kg-1,w(甲基汞)为0.65~3.8μg·kg-1〕的生物有效性。暴露试验结果表明,矿区土壤中甲基汞的生物富集因子(BAF)为5.37~17.55,高于无机汞的生物富集因子(0.14~1.14),说明甲基汞生物有效性比无机汞更高,具有潜在的生物放大效应。对蚯蚓体内汞形态的分析表明,蚯蚓体内甲基汞占总汞比例为0.26%~4.23%,高于土壤中甲基汞占总汞比例(0.1%)。随着土壤中汞浓度的增加,蚯蚓体内w(无机汞)(0.20~10.20 mg·kg-1)和w(甲基汞)(7.2~47.8μg·kg-1)增加。土壤无机汞浓度与蚯蚓体内无机汞浓度之间呈极显著线性相关(P0.01),但土壤甲基汞浓度与蚯蚓体内甲基汞浓度之间则不存在显著相关关系(P0.05)。综合文献调研结果,发现土壤无机汞浓度能较好地预测蚯蚓体内无机汞的富集。尽管万山矿区汞被认为是"惰性汞",但研究表明这些汞对蚯蚓仍具有较高的有效性,并可能在陆生生态系统中对蚯蚓捕食者产生潜在的生态风险。     

在线衍生化吹扫捕集-气相色谱质谱联用法检测地表水中的甲基汞和乙基汞

本文采用四丙基硼化钠对环境水中的甲基汞和乙基汞进行衍生化,吹扫捕集-气相色谱质谱联用法分析水中的甲基汞和乙基汞.与传统的巯基棉富集方法相比,大大减少了前处理时间和步骤,并且避免使用甲苯萃取而产生的有机污染问题.该方法在10—200 ng·L-1的浓度范围内相关系数R在0.9995以上,方法回收率和重复性较好,甲基汞和乙基汞的检出限(S/N=3)分别达0.69 ng·L-1和1.96 ng·L-1.     

四丙基硼化钠衍生吹扫捕集冷原子荧光光谱法同时测定水中的甲基汞和乙基汞

2本文通过四丙基硼化钠衍生后,建立了一种可同时测定甲基汞和乙基汞的的分析方法,并对方法的各个参数进行了详细的优化.甲基汞和乙基汞分别在0.02—5.95 ng·L-1和0.01—5.95 ng·L-1间具有良好的线性关系,线性相关系数大于0.99,甲基汞和乙基汞的检出限分别为0.01 ng·L-1和6.43×10-3ng·L-1;方法能较好的满足相关标准对甲基汞和乙基汞的监测要求.所建立的方法被成功的运用于2种类型水样中甲基汞和乙基汞的分析.     

宁波市不同形态大气汞含量特征及来源分析

于2015年夏季(6—8月)和冬季(12月、2016年1—2月)利用汞形态分析仪(Tekran 1130/1135/2537B)对宁波市不同形态大气汞进行了连续监测,并对其含量特征和来源进行分析.结果表明,夏季气态单质汞(GEM)、颗粒态汞(PBM)及活性气态汞(RGM)浓度范围分别为1.51—4.88 ng·m~(-3)(均值2.50 ng·m~(-3))、10.95—646.90 pg·m~(-3)(均值155.49 pg·m~(-3))和8.64—316.68 pg·m~(-3)(均值88.22 pg·m~(-3));GEM含量主要受到大气长距离输送和气象条件的影响,PBM受交通影响较大,而RGM受到工业排放及气象条件的影响.冬季GEM、PBM及RGM浓度范围分别为1.73—5.33 ng·m~(-3)(均值2.89 ng·m~(-3))、133.87—1723.99 pg·m~(-3)(均值713.15 pg·m~(-3))和17.52—309.17 pg·m~(-3)(均值96.94 pg·m~(-3));GEM受长距离输送的影响,PBM除来自燃煤和交通外,还受到生物质燃烧和烟花爆竹排放的影响,而RGM的主要来源是工业排放.后向气团轨迹分析结果表明,我国北部为高浓度汞源,而海上气团携带汞含量较低.     

胶州湾不同类型湿地总汞含量与赋存形态的初步研究

为了研究和比较胶州湾贝类养殖区和周边湿地两种不同类型湿地总汞和形态汞分布规律及差异,2013年5月至2014年5月,分别在胶州湾周边湿地(大沽河河口、河套、南弓芦苇地、白沙河)和胶州湾贝类养殖区(红岛、胶南、黄岛、营海)采集了67份沉积物样品,用冷原子吸收法和连续提取法测定其总汞及不同形态汞的含量.研究结果表明,胶州湾周边湿地有机质含量显著高于养殖区沉积物(P0.01),最高值出现在白沙河,为28.72 g·kg~(-1);最低值出现在营海,为1.04 g·kg~(-1),贝类养殖区和周边湿地p H无显著差异性.胶州湾贝类养殖区(0.037—0.228 mg·kg~(-1))和周边湿地(0.027—0.088 mg·kg~(-1))总汞含量无显著性差异.胶州湾贝类养殖区和周边湿地沉积物中不同结合态汞有着相同的分布规律,残渣态汞所占比例最大,交换态和可溶态汞所占比例最小.周边湿地中交换态和可溶态、残渣态汞所占比例大于贝类养殖区.贝类养殖区中碳酸盐结合态、腐殖酸结合态、易氧化有机结合态、难氧化有机结合态汞所占比例均大于周边湿地.研究区域汞污染潜在生态危害程度为:红岛营海黄岛河套白沙河大沽河河口胶南南弓芦苇地,汞的潜在生态风险因子计算结果表明,胶州湾周边湿地以及贝类养殖区沉积物均存在中等以上的生态风险.     

中国水稻土碳循环研究进展

文章首先分析了水稻土在碳循环研究中的地位和重要性，进而对我目水稻土碳循环的研究现状作了较为详尽的阐述，对其主要研究结论进行了深入的剖析。中国大而积的水稻土自1980年以来显示出有机碳库增加现象，说明水稻田对大气CO2可能产生汇效应。水耕熟化过程足有机碳的积累过程，水稻土的碳密度是早作土碳密度的2-3倍。水稻土的同碳能力与土壤的微团聚体的粒径有关。但对于水稻土中有机碳的分布和结合状态与农业管理措施、水稻土质量变化、农业生态环境变化的关系仍不清楚。因而建议就这一问题从土壤物理学、化学和生物学的相互作朋与土壤微团聚体中矿物质、有机质和微生物的相互结合关系的层面上进行多学科研究。同时提出了今后我困水稻土碳循环的重点研究方向和领域，即从整体和系统的角度来研究碳循环和平衡，从不同的时空区域来研究碳循环的过程和强度。     

Evaluating losses in ecosystem services in nature reserves in Sichuan,China

Nature reserves have developed rapidly over the decades in China and play a significant role in the function of ecosystem services. The function of ecosystem services in nature reserves, however, has tended to decline in recent years due to natural hazards and human activities. Based on land use, the variation of ecosystem services value (ESV) during 2000–2010 in national nature reserves in Sichuan was evaluated. We analyzed the comprehensive effects of natural disasters and human activities on the decline of ESVs. Total ESV in the national nature reserves in Sichuan was approximately 2741.35 million US$ in 2000, 2616.81 million US$ in 2005, and 2499.06 million US$ in 2010, representing a decrease of 242.29 million US$, or 8.84%, in the decade. Forestland, grassland, wetland, and water bodies played vital roles in the function of ecosystem services, with an aggregated ESV of 99% of the total. The largest proportion of the total ESV was the protection of biodiversity at 48.6%. ESV of all land use types and single ecosystem services continued to decline during 2000–2010. A mechanism of adaptable risk prevention should be established, and unreasonable human activities should be avoided to protect ecosystems and to improve the functions of ecosystem services.     

森林土壤固碳机理研究进展

全球碳平衡中,土壤有机碳储量为2000 Pg,植被碳储量500 Pg,大气碳储量785 Pg,土壤中有机碳变化是影响大气温室气体含量的重要因素。中国人工林总量世界第一,可以通过造林树种的选择,增加森林土壤的碳汇功能,它主要通过4种机理来实现,包括稳定性有机-矿物复合体的形成、持久性封存的深层碳的增加、耐分解有机物成份的积累、以及土壤团聚体结构中碳的物理性保护。中国近年来对木材的需求上升,导致大量短轮伐期人工林的种植,采伐、火烧炼山、施肥与整地等营林措施对土壤碳汇功能形成重大影响。因而,通过加强对中国人工林土壤固碳机理的研究,通过人为措施实现具有较强固碳能力的森林类型,从而提高人工森林生态系统的固碳能力,它对中国减排增汇战略具有重要意义,而加强对不同营林措施对碳汇功能影响的研究是中国当前面临的重大课题。     

Employment of passive sampling in monitoring indoor air quality in selected residences in a Tri-city area in Poland

Time-weighted average concentrations of selected volatile compounds were measured in chosen residences in a Tri-City area of Poland by means of passive sampling. The results were compared to those obtained by dynamic technique – sorption tubes filled with Tenax TA sorbent. Results obtained by employing the two techniques were similar. Total volatile organic compound (TVOC) parameters were also determined. An attempt was also made to evaluate the influence of outdoor air pollutants on indoor air quality.     

中国公众参与环境管理的研究

回顾了中国公众参与环境管理的发展历程,分析了公众参与环境管理存在的问题。针对公众参与环境保护管理的有效性的影响因子,例如主观因素、传统背景、时效因素及执行技巧等进行一系列的探讨,并根据公众参与计划的设计构思、公众参与计划的关键两方面的讨论,提出增加公众参与环境保护管理有效性的一些建议。     

Environmental education in comprehensive schools in Greece

The new institution of comprehensive high school, in Greece today, aims to relate the school with the natural, social, economical and cultural environment. In this frame of process, interrelation and dynamic contact of school with the holistic environment, the subject “Ecology and Environment”; of the 2nd class (16–17 years old), informs, sensitizes and activizes the anxious young generation. The textbook of the subject determines and analyzes the human impact and their consequences to the natural ecosystems. In the total content there are also numerous examples from the natural, man‐made and cultural environment of Greece.     

生物扰动在水层-底栖界面耦合中的作用

综合评述了生物扰动在水层-底栖界面耦合中的作用研究进展和热点问题,并进行了展望。国际上十分重视水层-底栖界面耦合过程的研究并已有一定基础,生物扰动作为海洋生态学的重要内容之一早在20世纪50—60年代就已开展了工作,但直到10余年前才真正开始定量研究,进入了实验模拟、现场观测与建立模型相结合的新阶段。国内的生物扰动研究尚处于起步阶段,加上技术方法落后,一直未能取得突破性进展。目前国内外关于水层-底栖界面生物扰动效应研究基本上都在海洋中开展,尤其在河口、近岸和浅海水域进行,湖泊和河流研究明显薄弱。作为水生态动力学的重要分支和前沿领域,生物扰动研究具有广阔前景。急需针对我国水域特点,引进先进的现场观测和室内测试手段,进一步揭示水层-底栖界面耦合过程中的生物扰动机制,更精准和更详细地掌握水域中各种物质的生物地球化学循环的全过程,为控制水体内源污染释放、富营养化治理和生态建模等提供科学依据。     

Variation in male courtship costs in butterflies

A cost of mating is common to both sexes but has predominantly been examined in females. In species where males provide resources to females at copulation, male mating costs are expected to be high as nutrient provisioning enhancing female fecundity is assumed to carry costs. In addition, males frequently court females prior to mating, which is known to carry survival costs to both sexes. However, the magnitude and basis of variation in males’ mating costs remains largely unknown. Here, I examine the effect of nutrient provisioning and courtship on male longevity across full-sib families in the paternally investing green-veined white butterfly, Pieris napi. Copulating males suffered a survival cost as did courting males prevented from copulating, indicating the courtship component of mating is costly. Male P. napi release aphrodisiacs during courtship to promote mating, indicating that these compounds may also be costly to produce. Contrary to expectation, nutrient provisioning was not associated with reduced survival relative to males only allowed to court females, although it is possible that this could be masked by the potentially elevated courtship rates of courting males relative to mating males. Families differed in magnitude of reduced male survivorship, indicating a likely genetic basis to variation in costs of courtship and copulation. Male weight was unrelated to longevity and mating success, whereas longevity strongly influenced male mating success, indicating lifespan is an important male fitness trait in this species.     

Is the antipredatory response in behaviour reflected in stress measured in faecal corticosteroids in a small rodent?

Predation risk has been shown to alter various behaviours in prey. Risk alters activity, habitat use and foraging, and weight decrease might be a consequence of that. In mammals, studies on physiological measures affected by risk of predation, other than weight, are rare. We studied in two separate laboratory experiments foraging, hoarding behaviour and expression of stress measured non-invasively from the faeces in the bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus), a common boreal rodent. Voles were exposed to predation risk using odours of the least weasels (Mustela nivalis nivalis). Distilled water served as control. In the first experiment, we found that foraging effort, measured as sunflower seeds taken from seed trays filled with sand, was significantly lower in trays scented with weasel odour. Both immediate consumption of seeds and hoarding were affected negatively by the weasel odour. Females hoarded significantly more than males in autumn. In the second experiment, the negative effect of weasel odour on foraging was consistent over a 3-day experiment, but the strongest effect was observed in the first night. Foraging increased over the time of the experiment, which might reflect either energetic compensation during a longer period of risk, predicted in the predation risk allocation hypothesis, or habituation to the odour-simulated risk. Despite decreased foraging under predation risk, stress measured as corticosteroid metabolite concentration in vole faeces was not affected by the weasel odour treatment. In conclusion, we were able to verify predation-risk-mediated changes in the foraging effort of bank voles but no physiological stress response was measured non-invasively, probably due to great individual variation in secretion of stress hormones.