长江流域森林植被碳储量分布特征及动态变化

准确评估区域尺度下森林生态系统固碳能力和趋势,对实现森林可持续经营和固碳增汇具有重要意义。基于全国第四次(1989—1993年)、第五次(1994—1998年)、第六次(1999—2003年)和第七次(2004—2008年) 4次全国森林资源清查数据,结合生物量估算模型和植被含碳系数,研究长江流域森林植被碳储量、碳密度分布特征及动态变化。结果表明,1989—2008年长江流域森林植被碳储量由1 345. 30 Tg增加到1 924. 98 Tg,年均增长率为2. 15%,比全国年均增长率高0. 29百分点,表明该流域森林植被碳汇功能不断增强。长江流域森林植被平均碳密度分别为42. 25、40. 34、41. 00和41. 42 Mg·hm-2。从森林龄组来看,长江流域森林植被碳储量主要集中于幼、中龄林和近熟林,这3者对林分碳汇的贡献超过85%,且幼、中龄林和近熟林碳密度远低于成熟林和过熟林,表明流域森林植被碳汇潜力巨大。从森林起源来看,流域内森林植被碳储量主要分布于天然林,占同期森林植被碳储量的78%以上,但人工林碳储能力不断提高,人工林碳储量占同期森林植被碳储量的比例也呈增加趋势,且碳密度明显低于天然林,表明人工林将在该流域森林植被碳汇功能中扮演重要角色。长江中上游是流域内森林植被碳储量主要贡献区,占全流域森林植被碳储量的96%以上。     

宁夏贺兰山自然保护区油松林碳储量及分布格局

森林保护对减缓全球变暖有着重要意义。不同森林生态系统由于其所处地理位置不同,气候、土壤、物种构成差异很大,因此其碳汇功能也各不相同,油松是中国北方重要的森林类型之一,为了摸清贺兰山自然保护区森林碳储量,本文通过实地调查取样和室内实验测定的方法,于2011—2012年期间对宁夏贺兰山自然保护区油松林碳储量进行了取样测定,估算了其碳储量。结果表明：油松单株平均含碳率为51．91％,高于国内其他地区的阔叶树种及灌木的含碳率;经估算贺兰山油松林总有机碳储量为13．39kg.m^-2,其中立木碳储量为2．98kg．m^-2,地被层有机碳碳储量为0．86kg·m^-2,土壤层有机碳储量为9．55kg．m^-2,土壤碳储量占林分碳储量的70％以上,是油松林有机碳的主要储存库。总体来看,针叶林的固碳能力要高于阔叶林,在营造固碳林时应优先考虑针叶树种。从分布格局来看,东经105．80°～106．15°,北纬38．36°～39．00°,海拔2000～2400m的区域是油松林的主要分布区域,也是贺兰山森林有机碳的主要分布区,该区域是保护区碳平衡研究和碳汇管理应该关注的重点区域。     

森林净生态系统生产力及其生物影响因子研究进展

在全球大气二氧化碳浓度上升的背景下,陆地生态系统碳循环及碳汇功能研究得到了广泛的关注,日益成为今后的政治和外交的重大议题之一.净生态系统生产力(net ecosystem production, NEP)是生态系统光合固定的碳与生态系统呼吸损失的碳之间的差值;或者为生态系统净的碳积累速率.NEP 的研究整合生态系统地上和地下部分,把生态系统碳循环的影响因子有机地联系了起来.当NEP为正值时,说明生态系统为碳汇,NEP为负值则表明生态系统为碳源.随着植物和土壤相互联系及其对生态系统过程研究的深入,NEP已经成为生态系统碳循环研究的核心概念之一.以森林NEP为出发点,综述了国内外的最近的 NEP 研究进展,分析了 NEP 研究的科学意义;探讨了植物群落组成/生物多样性、土壤微生物群落、大型/土壤动物和人为的管理或干扰等生物因子对NEP的影响.根据综述研究提出未来研究应在:(1)土壤生物过程、土壤食物网及其与地上部分植物/动物相互作用对NEP的影响;(2)自然林生物多样性的竞争/共存机制与生态系统碳吸存稳定性;(3)人工林固碳潜力和不同植物功能群(灌草层)对生态系统碳动态影响等方面加强,以期为全面认识生物因子对森林生态系统系统固碳现状、机制和潜力提供理论基础.     

林型转化对土壤pH、有机碳组分和交换性矿质元素的影响

人类活动干扰导致地带性森林退化成次生林、人工林后,通常引起表层土壤有机质和营养元素的损失,尤其是土壤轻组有机碳的淋失。本研究以相对原生阔叶林和与其毗邻的次生林和杉木人工林为对象,测定土壤(0~10、10~20和20~30 cm)p H值、总有机碳(TOC)、轻组有机碳(LFOC)和重组有机碳(HFOC)以及交换性K~+、Ca~(2+)的含量,旨在阐明林地转化后土壤有机碳及K~+、Ca~(2+)养分的动态变化。研究表明:原生阔叶林向次生林转变后,0~30 cm土层中土壤p H值升高(4.4%),交换性K~+、Ca~(2+)含量增加(22.5%、8.2%),其储量增加尤其明显(60.2%、55.1%);而TOC、LFOC和HFOC含量明显下降(26.7%、40.8%和11.3%),除LFOC储量减少22.2%外TOC和HFOC储量变化不显著。次生林转变成杉木林后,0-30 cm土层中交换性K~+、Ca~(2+)含量微弱增加(6.3%、2.9%),HFOC储量减少(13.8%),其它指标的变化则均不显著。原生林土壤p H值与TOC、LFOC、HFOC及交换性K~+、Ca~(2+)含量之间呈显著负相关关系,但在次生林和杉木人工林中这种相关性的显著水平被削弱,表明林型转变对土壤p H值、有机碳和养分产生了不同程度的影响。综合而言,原生阔叶林向次生林或次生林向杉木人工林转变后导致土壤有机碳大幅下降,但土壤酸度得到改良和矿质养分有效性增加,为植被快速恢复提供了有利条件。因此,从森林碳汇的角度优先保护表层土壤,选择速生、高效固碳的目标树种对退化次生林进行更新改造,是提高森林生物量碳和土壤净碳积累,扭转因林地利用转变而引起土壤碳流失的一个重要途径。     

中国主要人工林土壤有机碳的比较

区域和全球碳循环是全球变化研究中的核心内容之一,其中估算并量化区域乃至全球土壤碳储量已经成为碳循环研究中的重大科学问题。森林生态系统在全球碳循环中发挥着重要作用,而人工林是重要的人工森林生态系统。中国对小尺度区域内一个或数个人工林土壤有机碳含量、密度和储量等已进行了大量研究,但缺乏对全国尺度下主要人工林土壤有机碳的比较研究。本文通过对近10 a内的橡胶（Hevea brasiliensis）、桉树（Eucalyptus spp.）、杉木（Cunninghamia lanceolata）、毛竹（Phyllostachys edulis）、马尾松（Pinus massoniana）、刺槐（Robinia pseudoacacia）、杨树（Populus spp.）、油松（Pinus tabulaeformis）和落叶松（Larix spp.）等9种人工林土壤有机碳53篇文献资料的统计分析,估算了中国主要人工林的土壤有机碳含量、密度及储量等。结果表明,9种人工林0-60 cm土壤有机碳含量介于4.0-31.1 g·kg^-1,平均14.8 g·kg^-1;0-60 cm土壤有机碳密度为2.8-15.1 kg·m^-2,平均8.7 kg·m^-2;0-60 cm的土壤有机碳储量介于28.2-158.1 Mg·hm^-2,平均84.5 Mg·hm^-2。以落叶松最高,毛竹、马尾松、桉树、杉木和油松等人工林居中,杨树和橡胶仅高于刺槐,刺槐最低。中国人工林土壤有机碳储量具有较为明显的经度分布性,从西向东逐渐升高;同时也具有一定的纬度分布性,大致表现为南低北高;9种人工林土壤有机碳储量虽明显低于同气候带的天然林,但仍具有很高的固碳潜力。人工林生产管理中,亟待寻找能有效增加土壤碳固定及减少碳损失的途径和措施。     

造林对区域森林生态系统碳储量和固碳速率的影响

量化连年造林对提升区域森林生态系统固碳能力的贡献,对于了解区域碳循环和应对气候变化具有重要意义。基于县域造林统计数据和森林资源规划设计调查数据,应用区域尺度森林碳收支模型(CBM-CFS3)设置造林情景与未造林情景(BS),评估和预测了2009—2030年造林对湖北省兴山县森林生态系统碳储量和固碳速率的影响。结果表明,模拟期间造林情景下兴山县森林生态系统碳储量和固碳速率平均值分别为16 540.55 Gg和208.04 Gg·a~(-1),比BS情景对应值高472.85 Gg(2.94%)和16.01 Gg·a~(-1)(8.34%)。在新造林生态系统中,生物量碳库和死亡有机质碳库的碳储量占比分别为19.11%和80.89%,这2个碳库的固碳速率分别占新造林生态系统固碳速率的94.15%和5.85%。造林使马尾松林和落叶阔叶林生态系统碳储量平均值分别增加237.23和235.63 Gg,使两者固碳速率分别增加6.44和9.57 Gg·a~(-1)。通过调整兴山县林龄结构,造林提高了森林生态系统碳储量和固碳速率。未来可适当增加落叶阔叶林造林面积,加强抚育管理,以增强该区域森林碳汇功能,促使森林资源持续发展。     

保护性耕作对农田土壤有机碳库的影响

农田土壤有机碳库是陆地生态系统碳库的重要组成部分,对维持全球碳平衡具有重要意义。有机碳库的储量除了受气候和环境因素的影响外,还受农业耕作措施的影响。综述了保护性耕作对土壤有机碳库的影响,并从碳输入、碳分解和碳固持3个方面讨论了保护性耕作影响有机碳库的途径。大量实验结果表明,保护性耕作在表层土壤中能提高作物根系生物量1.0%~142.9%;增加土壤微生物的生物量2.2%~140%。免耕还显著降低土壤的呼吸强度,在0.9%~72.6%之间,从而减少碳的损失。免耕还提高了土壤团聚体数量,从而有利于有机碳在土壤中的固持。今后的研究应该在如下几方面加强：（1）加强区域性对比研究;（2）加强长期定位研究;（3）加强对固碳机理的研究;（4）建立模型加强对多种因子综合效应的研究。     

井冈山中亚热带森林植被碳储量及固碳潜力估算

国内外关于森林碳汇功能的研究集中于热带和温带森林,就中国东部亚热带森林,尤其是中亚热带常绿阔叶林的碳汇功能的研究较为薄弱。该研究选取井冈山国家级自然保护区作为中国中亚热带森林生态系统的典型代表,针对不同森林类型分别设置样地,采用材积源生物量法估算该地区森林生态系统植被碳储量,并以老龄林生态系统碳储量为参考标准,通过计算参考碳储量与基准碳储量之差,估算研究区森林植被的固碳潜力,旨在明确中国中亚热带森林生态系统在全球碳循环中的作用及贡献。研究发现,(1)井冈山自然保护区森林植被总碳储量为1 589 531 t,平均碳密度为7.29 kg·m-2,高于中国及全球中高纬度森林植被平均碳密度。常绿阔叶林植被碳密度最高,为9.25 kg·m-2,其次是针阔叶混交林和常绿落叶阔叶混交林,其植被碳密度分别为8.12和7.83 kg·m-2。(2)各林型老龄林的植被碳密度均高于平均植被碳密度,常绿阔叶林的老龄林植被碳密度最大,达10.53 kg·m-2。(3)研究区森林植被的固碳潜力为182 868 t,常绿阔叶林的植被固碳潜力最大,达74 086 t,其次为常绿落叶阔叶林混交林、暖性针叶林和针阔叶混交林。研究结果表明中国中亚热带森林生态系统具有较高的固碳能力。     

黄淮海平原不同土地利用方式对土壤有机碳及微生物呼吸的影响

土壤是陆地生态系统最大的碳库,有机碳通过微生物分解作用向大气释放CO_2,土壤碳库的微小变化将会对大气CO_2浓度和全球碳循环产生巨大的影响。在当前人类活动频繁和土地利用与土地覆被变化的背景下,研究不同土地利用方式对土壤有机碳等理化性质和土壤微生物呼吸等功能的影响,可以阐明影响土壤碳汇功能的关键因子,为未来土地利用管理提供科学依据。以开封市为例,研究了黄淮海平原不同土地利用方式(包括弃耕地、草地、果园、农田和森林)下土壤湿度、pH值、铵态氮、硝态氮、总碳、总氮、有机碳、可溶性有机碳、微生物生物量碳氮、微生物呼吸及其温度敏感性的变化规律。研究结果表明,(1)森林土壤湿度、总碳、总氮、有机碳(1.48%)、微生物生物量碳氮含量显著高于其他土地利用方式,但其微生物呼吸(101.06 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1))和温度敏感性(1.18)最小。(2)农田土壤的总碳、总氮、有机碳、微生物生物量碳氮含量均次于森林且高于其他土地利用方式,微生物呼吸速率较大(128.55 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1))。(3)弃耕地、草地和果园土壤碳氮和微生物碳氮较小。(4)结构方程模型表明土地利用方式可以直接解释土壤有机碳积累的68%,且可通过土壤湿度间接地影响土壤有机碳和微生物呼吸。土壤有机碳和微生物呼吸分别被土壤湿度和硝态氮含量等因子解释了93%和54%。该研究表明森林生态系统利于土壤有机碳固持,其较小的微生物呼吸温度敏感性对应对未来全球气候变化具有重大意义;农田占地面积广大,农业经营中在保障粮食生产的同时要采取免耕或秸秆还田等措施充分发挥其碳汇作用。     

中国森林植被与土壤碳储量估算研究进展

森林生态系统碳储量在陆地生态系统碳循环研究中占有十分重要的地位,对全球气候变化产生重要影响.基于植被和土壤碳储量两方面,总结概述了中国森林生态系统碳储量的研究现状和发展趋势,同时对碳储量估算方法进行了系统分析,以期为森林碳汇研究提供参考,为国家参与应对气候变化政策和行动提供技术支撑.     

Evaluating losses in ecosystem services in nature reserves in Sichuan,China

Nature reserves have developed rapidly over the decades in China and play a significant role in the function of ecosystem services. The function of ecosystem services in nature reserves, however, has tended to decline in recent years due to natural hazards and human activities. Based on land use, the variation of ecosystem services value (ESV) during 2000–2010 in national nature reserves in Sichuan was evaluated. We analyzed the comprehensive effects of natural disasters and human activities on the decline of ESVs. Total ESV in the national nature reserves in Sichuan was approximately 2741.35 million US$ in 2000, 2616.81 million US$ in 2005, and 2499.06 million US$ in 2010, representing a decrease of 242.29 million US$, or 8.84%, in the decade. Forestland, grassland, wetland, and water bodies played vital roles in the function of ecosystem services, with an aggregated ESV of 99% of the total. The largest proportion of the total ESV was the protection of biodiversity at 48.6%. ESV of all land use types and single ecosystem services continued to decline during 2000–2010. A mechanism of adaptable risk prevention should be established, and unreasonable human activities should be avoided to protect ecosystems and to improve the functions of ecosystem services.     

Is the antipredatory response in behaviour reflected in stress measured in faecal corticosteroids in a small rodent?

Predation risk has been shown to alter various behaviours in prey. Risk alters activity, habitat use and foraging, and weight decrease might be a consequence of that. In mammals, studies on physiological measures affected by risk of predation, other than weight, are rare. We studied in two separate laboratory experiments foraging, hoarding behaviour and expression of stress measured non-invasively from the faeces in the bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus), a common boreal rodent. Voles were exposed to predation risk using odours of the least weasels (Mustela nivalis nivalis). Distilled water served as control. In the first experiment, we found that foraging effort, measured as sunflower seeds taken from seed trays filled with sand, was significantly lower in trays scented with weasel odour. Both immediate consumption of seeds and hoarding were affected negatively by the weasel odour. Females hoarded significantly more than males in autumn. In the second experiment, the negative effect of weasel odour on foraging was consistent over a 3-day experiment, but the strongest effect was observed in the first night. Foraging increased over the time of the experiment, which might reflect either energetic compensation during a longer period of risk, predicted in the predation risk allocation hypothesis, or habituation to the odour-simulated risk. Despite decreased foraging under predation risk, stress measured as corticosteroid metabolite concentration in vole faeces was not affected by the weasel odour treatment. In conclusion, we were able to verify predation-risk-mediated changes in the foraging effort of bank voles but no physiological stress response was measured non-invasively, probably due to great individual variation in secretion of stress hormones.     

中国水稻土碳循环研究进展

文章首先分析了水稻土在碳循环研究中的地位和重要性，进而对我目水稻土碳循环的研究现状作了较为详尽的阐述，对其主要研究结论进行了深入的剖析。中国大而积的水稻土自1980年以来显示出有机碳库增加现象，说明水稻田对大气CO2可能产生汇效应。水耕熟化过程足有机碳的积累过程，水稻土的碳密度是早作土碳密度的2-3倍。水稻土的同碳能力与土壤的微团聚体的粒径有关。但对于水稻土中有机碳的分布和结合状态与农业管理措施、水稻土质量变化、农业生态环境变化的关系仍不清楚。因而建议就这一问题从土壤物理学、化学和生物学的相互作朋与土壤微团聚体中矿物质、有机质和微生物的相互结合关系的层面上进行多学科研究。同时提出了今后我困水稻土碳循环的重点研究方向和领域，即从整体和系统的角度来研究碳循环和平衡，从不同的时空区域来研究碳循环的过程和强度。     

Lead in a residential environment in Jamaica

The background levels of lead in Jamaica in soils and sediments, estimated at 37 mg kg^–1, are relatively high compared with world averages. Several areas have values in excess of this due to mineralisation and pollution. One such is the residential Hope Flats/Kintyre area in which levels of lead up to 2.5% are found in the soils and up to 8 g kg^–1 in the water of the nearby Hope River. The blood lead levels of a sample of children were in the range 5.7–57 g dl^–1. The high lead levels suggest a potential health risk, particularly for the children. This can be minimised by programmes which include community education, case management and abatement to reduce the lead exposure.     

硝基芳香化合物的植物作用研究进展

硝基芳香化合物是环境中难以降解的污染物之一。因其用途广泛,大量残留于土壤,水体和大气中,造成的环境污染日趋严重。多种植物对该类污染物具有吸收、富集和代谢降解作用,利用植物对其环境污染进行治理是一种有效的方法。文章在总结国内外有关硝基芳香化合物的植物作用研究基础上,重点阐述了植物对硝基芳香化合物的吸收、转运和代谢过程,分析了吸收、代谢机理以及影响吸收的因素;硝基芳香化合物的理化特性、浓度和植物自身特性及其它外界条件都会影响植物对该类化合物的吸收,植物可以通过体内降解、体外联合代谢、根部释放酶催化的机制实现该类化合物的降解。目前,硝基芳香化合物进入植物细胞膜的机理认知不足,模拟模型缺乏有力数据验证;代谢机制中参与反应的酶、化合物等体系和反应产物环境特性仍不明确,植物修复可行性缺乏有力证据。未来将在模型预测构建、降解机理和修复工程的实际应用方面作进一步探究,以形成系统的认知,为硝基芳香化合物污染土壤和农产品的生态风险评价以及植物修复提供理论依据。     

生物扰动在水层-底栖界面耦合中的作用

综合评述了生物扰动在水层-底栖界面耦合中的作用研究进展和热点问题,并进行了展望。国际上十分重视水层-底栖界面耦合过程的研究并已有一定基础,生物扰动作为海洋生态学的重要内容之一早在20世纪50—60年代就已开展了工作,但直到10余年前才真正开始定量研究,进入了实验模拟、现场观测与建立模型相结合的新阶段。国内的生物扰动研究尚处于起步阶段,加上技术方法落后,一直未能取得突破性进展。目前国内外关于水层-底栖界面生物扰动效应研究基本上都在海洋中开展,尤其在河口、近岸和浅海水域进行,湖泊和河流研究明显薄弱。作为水生态动力学的重要分支和前沿领域,生物扰动研究具有广阔前景。急需针对我国水域特点,引进先进的现场观测和室内测试手段,进一步揭示水层-底栖界面耦合过程中的生物扰动机制,更精准和更详细地掌握水域中各种物质的生物地球化学循环的全过程,为控制水体内源污染释放、富营养化治理和生态建模等提供科学依据。     

中国公众参与环境管理的研究

回顾了中国公众参与环境管理的发展历程,分析了公众参与环境管理存在的问题。针对公众参与环境保护管理的有效性的影响因子,例如主观因素、传统背景、时效因素及执行技巧等进行一系列的探讨,并根据公众参与计划的设计构思、公众参与计划的关键两方面的讨论,提出增加公众参与环境保护管理有效性的一些建议。     

Employment of passive sampling in monitoring indoor air quality in selected residences in a Tri-city area in Poland

Time-weighted average concentrations of selected volatile compounds were measured in chosen residences in a Tri-City area of Poland by means of passive sampling. The results were compared to those obtained by dynamic technique – sorption tubes filled with Tenax TA sorbent. Results obtained by employing the two techniques were similar. Total volatile organic compound (TVOC) parameters were also determined. An attempt was also made to evaluate the influence of outdoor air pollutants on indoor air quality.     

Challenges in characterization of nanoplastics in the environment

Plastic pollution has been a legacy environment problems and more recently, the plastic particles, especially those ultrafine or small plastics particles, are widely recognized with increasing environmental and ecological impacts. Among small plastics, microplastics are intensively studied, whereas the physicochemical properties, environmental abundance, chemical states, bioavailability and toxicity toward organisms of nanoplastics are inadequately investigated. There are substantial difficulties in separation, visualization and chemical identification of nanoplastics due to their small sizes, relatively low concentrations and interferences from co-existing substances (e.g., dyes or natural organic matters). Moreover, detection of polymers at nanoscale is largely hampered by the detection limit or sensitivity for existing spectral techniques such as Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) or Raman Spectroscopy. This article critically examined the current state of art techniques that are exclusively reported for nanoplastic characterization in environmental samples. Based on their operation principles, potential applications and limitations of these analytical techniques are carefully analyzed.     

Bioavailability of trace metals in brownfield soils in an urban area in the UK

Thirty-two brownfield sites from the city of Wolverhampton were selected from those with a former industrial use, wasteland or areas adjacent to industrial processes. Samples (<2 mm powdered soil fraction) were analysed, using inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectrometry (ICP–AES) for 20 elements. Loss on ignition and pH were also determined. A five-step chemical sequential extraction technique was carried out. Single leach extraction with 0.12 M hydrochloric acid of Pb, Cu and Zn in soil was determined as a first approximation of the bioavailability in the human stomach. Some of the sites were found to have high concentrations of the potentially toxic elements Pb, Zn, Cu and Ni. The partitioning of metals showed a high variability, however a number of trends were determined. The majority of Zn was partitioned into the least chemically stable phases (steps 1, 2 and 3). The majority of Cu was associated with the organic phase (step 4) and the majority of Ni was fractionated into the residue phase (step 5). The majority of Pb was associated with the residue fraction (step 5) followed by Fe–Mn oxide fraction (step 3). The variability reflects the heterogeneous and complex nature of metal speciation in urban soils with varied historic histories. There was a strong inverse linear relationship between the metals Ni, Zn and Pb in the readily exchangeable phase (step 1) and soil pH, significant at P < 0.01 level. There was a significant increase (P < 0.05) in the partitioning of Cu, Ni and Zn into step 4 (the organic phase) in soils with a higher organic carbon content (estimated by loss on ignition). Copper was highly partitioned into step 4 as it has a strong association with organics in soil but this phase was not important for the partitioning of Ni or Zn. The fractionation of Ni, Cu and Zn increased significantly in step 3 when the total metal concentration increases (P < 0.01). The Fe–Mn oxide fraction becomes more important in soils elevated in these metals, possibly due to the scavenging of metals by oxides. Cu and Pb extracted by HCl was statistically similar to the sum of the metals in steps 1 to 4 (P < 0.01) and HCl available Zn was statistically similar to the sum of Zn in steps 1 to 3 (P < 0.01). Step 4 (the organic phase) was not an important phase for Zn, so it was concluded that any Cu, Zn and Pb present in soil in a nonresidue phase would be potentially available for uptake into the human system once soil has been ingested.