Investigation of low-molecular weight organic acids and their spatiotemporal variation characteristics in Hongfeng Lake, China

The identities and concentrations of low-molecular-weight organic acids (LMWOAs) were determined by ion chromatography throughout a 20-m water column in Hongfeng Lake, China. The spatiotemporal variations of LMWOAs and their contributions to dissolved organic matter (DOM) in a research period of 24 hr were also investigated. The results demonstrated that five LMWOAs (lactic, acetic, pyruvic, sorbic, oxalic acid) were detected, and their total concentration and proportion in DOC were 6.55 μmol/L and 7.47%. Their average levels were 2.50, 0.65, 2.35, 0.96 and 0.09 μmol/L, respectively. LMWOAs were higher during daytime (10:00-18:00 on Jun 13, 2008) than nighttime (21:00-6:00 the next morning), in particular 4.99 μmol/L high in the epilimnion ( 1 m water depth), reflecting the fact that direct import from terrigenous sources and photochemical production from humic materials were dominant during LMWOAs’ origin and accumulation. The same factors caused LMWOAs to be 0.63 μmol/L in the epilimnion higher than in the hypolimnion. The rapid decrease of total organic acid (TOA) up until 18:00 mainly resulted from bio-uptake and mineralization in the hypolimnion (>1 m water depth). Pyruvic acid increased with time in the epilimnion and decreased in the hypolimnion, largely related to the two contrary processes of continuous degradation and synthesis of macromolecular organic matter during life materials’ cycle mediated by organisms. Simultaneously, plankton behavior and thermal stratification played a pivotal role in LMWOAs’ behavior in the water column, causing decreasing and increasing profiles. The distribution of LMWOAs represents an interesting resource for biogeochemical research of DOM in aquatic ecosystems.     

呼伦湖表层沉积物有机质的释放效应分析

沉积物有机质是湖泊物质循环的重要组成部分之一,研究沉积物有机质的赋存和迁移转化特征对于湖泊生态保护具有重要意义.以位于我国寒旱区的蒙新湖区典型代表湖泊——呼伦湖为例,利用连续提取法、三维荧光激发发射矩阵光谱-平行因子法（EEMs-PARAFAC）和碳稳定同位素（δ13C）、碳氮比值（C/N）指标测定,并结合室内模拟试验,研究了呼伦湖表层沉积物有机质的赋存特征、释放效应及影响因素.结果表明:①呼伦湖表层沉积物有机质含量在26.67~38.09 g/kg之间,其主要组分为胡敏素（HM）,HM占沉积物有机质的相对比例为74.1%.沉积物有机质主要来自于陆源,陆源相对贡献率在80%左右.②沉积物室内静态释放模拟试验结果表明,沉积物有机质释放会导致上覆水中溶解性有机质（DOM）浓度和组分均发生改变,上覆水中溶解性有机碳（DOC）浓度由30.85 mg/L升至37.57 mg/L,类腐殖质组分所占比例升高.沉积物有机质释放还导致上覆水中氮磷浓度升高,其中溶解性总氮（DTN）和溶解性总磷（DTP）的浓度分别升高了0.89和0.16 mg/L.③近年来,呼伦湖流域温度升高,导致呼伦湖沉积物有机质的释放效应增强.研究显示,虽然呼伦湖沉积物有机质主要以难降解组分为主,但是其释放效应对水体碳、氮、磷浓度的影响仍然不容忽视.      

Characteristics and distribution of low molecular weight organic acids in the sediment porewaters in Bosten Lake, China

The composition and vertical profiles of low molecular-weight organic acids (LMWOAs) and the contribution of them to dissolved organic matter (DOM) in sediment porewaters in Bosten Lake, Xinjiang, China were investigated. The results showed that total concentration of LMWOAs was up to 94.5 μmol/L and their proportion in DOM was 5.6%, suggesting that LMWOAs were important chemical components in DOM in lake sediment porewaters. Among the seven LMWOAs, pyruvic and acetic acid had the highest concentrations with 26.30 and 8.31 μmol/L, accounting for 51.4% and 14.92% of LMWOAs, respectively. Trifluoroacetic and sorbic acid had the lowest concentrations, indicating that the compositions of LMWOAs in relative reducing environments were largely different from those reported in glacier, atmosphere and soils. The concentrations of lactic, acetic, formic, sorbic and oxalic acid decreased with increasing depth, probably relating to stronger microbial activities in the initial stage of early diagenesis. Trifluoroacetic acid was mainly anthropogenic with its concentration, showing a diusive trend from the surface to bottom sediments. The concentrations of lactic acid and nitrate generally showed a consistent profile. The increasing concentration of pyruvic acid in the vertical profile was just opposite to that of sulfate, revealing a significant negative relationship between them. Oxalic acid remained constant except for an obvious peak at 6 cm depth. The results indicated the diversities in sources and behaviors for various LMWOAs during early diagenesis in sediments.     

汕尾近岸水体和沉积物中有机氯农药的残留特征及生态风险评价

本研究通过对汕尾近岸水体和沉积物中两类有机氯农药（六六六和滴滴涕）的分析测定,评估了汕尾海域的有机污染现状和生态风险。研究表明,汕尾近岸水体中六六六（HCHs）和滴滴涕（DDTs）的含量分别为0.26～3.53ng/L和nd（未检出,下同）～6.77ng/L,沉积物中HCHs和DDTs的含量分别为nd～0.62ng/g...     

滇池草海水体景观及水生生态变化趋势分析研究

就滇池草海内外源治理前后草海水体有机物及营养盐变化趋势、水体景观及草海生态环境发生的变化进行分析研究,提出治理滇池的建议.     

洪泽湖不同入湖河流沉积物磷形态特征及生物有效性

为揭示洪泽湖入湖河流沉积物磷形态空间差异性及影响因素,分析了洪泽湖自西北向西南7条入湖河流65个表层沉积物中不同磷（P）形态,并探讨了磷形态空间赋存特征的影响因素及环境意义.研究表明：沉积物总磷（TP）含量为488.90mg/kg~960.22mg/kg,无机磷（Pi）为主要形态,相对含量为65.81%~76.16%.西部入湖流域沉积物有机磷（Po）以非活性有机磷（NLOP）为主,汴河最高,相对含量约占Po的50.41%,生物有效态无机磷（BAP）相对含量最高,占Pi的66.84%,污染程度最高;西南和西北入湖流域Po则以中活性有机磷（MLOP）为主,Pi以钙结合态无机磷（HCl-Pi）为主.西北入湖流域由于受当地地质背景的影响,HCl-Pi所占Pi相对含量最高（43.02%）,从而减缓了磷的移动能力,污染程度最低.随着沉积物污染程度的增加,生物有效态Po含量增加,但所占Po相对含量降低;HCl-Pi含量增加,所占Pi相对含量降低,这一现象和我国其它典型地区沉积物磷形态空间分布类似.西部和西南入湖流域主要受水土流失、有机面源污染及藻类生长的影响,有机质环境较高,水交换能力弱,可被有机质降解的Po组分高于可被矿化的Po组分,大部分难降解Po组分易沉积,导致西部和西南入湖流域较高的BAP和NLOP含量,富营养化程度较高.沉积物OM是各形态磷之间相互转化的关键因素,和沉积物内源磷地球生物化学循环密切相关.洪泽湖入湖流域沉积物磷形态空间差异性主要由农业面源污染物的输入而导致内源磷负荷加剧.洪泽湖西部和西南入湖流域应重点控制农田水土流失及养殖业面源污染,建设滨岸修复带,遵循少量多次增施有机肥原则,减少农用地水土流失.健全农村养殖业废水废渣处理;划定科学养殖区;提倡铜围网箱,增加水体交换率.而对于洪泽湖西北入湖流域则应重点防止过度城镇化带来的水土流失及对生态功能保护区过高的污染负荷.     

洪泽湖不同入湖河流沉积物磷形态特征及生物有效性

为揭示洪泽湖入湖河流沉积物磷形态空间差异性及影响因素,分析了洪泽湖自西北向西南7条入湖河流65个表层沉积物中不同磷（P）形态,并探讨了磷形态空间赋存特征的影响因素及环境意义.研究表明：沉积物总磷（TP）含量为488.90mg/kg~960.22mg/kg,无机磷（Pi）为主要形态,相对含量为65.81%~76.16%.西部入湖流域沉积物有机磷（Po）以非活性有机磷（NLOP）为主,汴河最高,相对含量约占Po的50.41%,生物有效态无机磷（BAP）相对含量最高,占Pi的66.84%,污染程度最高;西南和西北入湖流域Po则以中活性有机磷（MLOP）为主,Pi以钙结合态无机磷（HCl-Pi）为主.西北入湖流域由于受当地地质背景的影响,HCl-Pi所占Pi相对含量最高（43.02%）,从而减缓了磷的移动能力,污染程度最低.随着沉积物污染程度的增加,生物有效态Po含量增加,但所占Po相对含量降低;HCl-Pi含量增加,所占Pi相对含量降低,这一现象和我国其它典型地区沉积物磷形态空间分布类似.西部和西南入湖流域主要受水土流失、有机面源污染及藻类生长的影响,有机质环境较高,水交换能力弱,可被有机质降解的Po组分高于可被矿化的Po组分,大部分难降解Po组分易沉积,导致西部和西南入湖流域较高的BAP和NLOP含量,富营养化程度较高.沉积物OM是各形态磷之间相互转化的关键因素,和沉积物内源磷地球生物化学循环密切相关.洪泽湖入湖流域沉积物磷形态空间差异性主要由农业面源污染物的输入而导致内源磷负荷加剧.洪泽湖西部和西南入湖流域应重点控制农田水土流失及养殖业面源污染,建设滨岸修复带,遵循少量多次增施有机肥原则,减少农用地水土流失.健全农村养殖业废水废渣处理;划定科学养殖区;提倡铜围网箱,增加水体交换率.而对于洪泽湖西北入湖流域则应重点防止过度城镇化带来的水土流失及对生态功能保护区过高的污染负荷.     

骆马湖表层沉积物有机质分布特征及来源解析

为解析骆马湖富营养化沉积物的影响因素,2018年9月采集了骆马湖表层沉积物32个点位样品,分析了沉积物的总有机碳（TOC）、总氮（TN）、有机碳同位素（δ¹³C）和氮同位素（δ¹⁵N）指标,研究了沉积物中有机质分布特征及来源.研究表明：表层沉积物TOC含量在0.55%~3.76%,平均值为1.62%;TN含量在0.04%~0.46%,平均值为0.19%;δ¹³C含量在-27.32‰~-8.36‰,平均值为-14.98‰;δ¹⁵N含量在-1.92‰~10.17‰,平均值为7.72‰,TN与TOC在空间分布呈正相关,有机碳、氮同位素受不同来源有机质影响空间分布有较大差异.对δ¹⁵N、δ¹³C与C/N进行定性分析和端元混合模型定量计算,得出骆马湖表层沉积物有机质来源主要有三个：一是人类活动带来的土壤有机质贡献率最大,特别是东岸休闲旅游区贡献较高;二是围网养殖造成的源污染,加大了湖泊富营养化程度;第三是湖泊来水携带较高浓度的污水有机质,对"典型过水性"骆马湖水质影响较大.为了降低骆马湖水体富营养化程度,改善水生态环境质量,急需对湖体有机质的来源加大控制.     

土壤-植物系统中铬的环境行为及其毒性评价

由于铬及其化合物的使用和含铬废弃物的大量排放,空气、土壤、水和食品都不同程度地受到了铬污染.对于铬污染,尤其是与人体健康密切相关的土壤系统铬污染的研究,已成为国内外相关领域的热点.其中铬在土壤-植物系统中的迁移转化规律备受关注.本文详细介绍了铬的基础化学、土壤-植物系统中铬迁移转化的影响因素(土壤理化性质、铬的供给形态、浓度、植物种类等)以及该系统中铬的生态毒性,总结了通过综合分析土壤-植物系统中植物、土壤微生物、土壤动物的生态毒理数据来评估土壤-植物系统中铬生态风险的方法,并指出了这一领域研究工作的不足之处,对今后的研究重点进行了展望.     

非参数模型在河湖富营养化研究领域应用进展

河湖富营养化过程受流域水污染、生境破坏和闸坝控制等多因素非线性叠加影响,在一定程度上限制了常规水生态机理模型的模拟精度.非参数模型以其强大的数据分析能力在河湖水生态问题诊断和预测方面得到了广泛应用,该文系统梳理了国内外近20年来河湖富营养化非参数模型的相关研究成果,通过Citespace开展基于WoS与CNKI数据库的相关文献大数据可视化分析,全面阐明了结构方程模型（SEM）、贝叶斯网络（BN）、支持向量机（SVM）、人工神经网络（ANN）、随机森林（RF）、梯度推进机（GBM）、广义相加模型（GAM）等主流非参数模型在河湖富养化营研究中的适用性与局限性,对具有相似特征的模型进行对比分析并提出展望,以期为水生态模拟相关研究提供科学有效的方法支撑.结果表明:非参数模型在河湖富营养化研究领域中的应用呈指数增长趋势,其中SEM、BN、RF、GBM和GAM模型适用于河湖富营养化问题的诊断和驱动要素识别,BN、ANN、SVM、RF、GBM和GAM具有良好的非线性拟合预测能力.非参数模型将是今后一段时期内开展水生态大数据分析诊断和预测管控的关键技术手段.综合考虑区域异质性与多重环境因子在不同时空尺度上响应关系及强人类活动干扰下的河流水生态退化风险,利用生态机理模型与非参数模型耦合求解与优化算法引入,精准识别水生态健康退化的环境压力阈值,开展变化环境下的水生态退化风险预测预警,将是未来非参数模型在河湖富营养化应用研究的重要方向.      

风场对太湖梅梁湾水华及营养盐空间分布的影响

为了解风场对湖泊表层蓝藻水华及营养盐空间分布的影响,以太湖梅梁湾为例,在蓝藻水华期间开展表层粒子漂流实验,研究风场对水体表层物质的推移规律,并开展全水域水体表、中、底层密集布点采样,测定水体藻类叶绿素a、氮、磷、高锰酸盐指数、溶解性有机碳、溶解氧等水质指标,探讨风场驱动下大型浅水湖泊蓝藻水华及营养盐时空分布特征.结果表明,在平均风速1. 9 m·s~(-1)和2. 3 m·s~(-1)的情况下,表层粒子的平均漂移速度分别为3. 0 cm·s~(-1)和5. 0 cm·s~(-1);风场对表层水体蓝藻水华的空间分布具有决定性影响,能够引起蓝藻水华在空间上较高的异质性;蓝藻水华物质的空间变化对水体颗粒态氮、磷、有机质和溶解氧等水质指标产生较大影响,表、中、底层颗粒态氮和磷、高锰酸盐指数与叶绿素a浓度的空间分布一致,而溶解态氮、磷浓度及溶解性有机碳的分布与叶绿素a浓度分布不尽相同;蓝藻水华物质在风场作用下的再分配对水体溶解氧产生复杂的影响,底层溶解氧平均值低于表层与中层,可能对沉积物营养盐释放产生影响;依据高密度布点调查估算,仅表层20 cm,梅梁湾水域的蓝藻干物质赋存量约396 t,远大于蓝藻打捞工程的清除量.研究表明,鉴于水华期间风场作用下对蓝藻水华漂移的巨大影响,在湖泊水质调查采样方法及数据分析时应充分考虑蓝藻水华漂移的影响因素;防控湖泛灾害的蓝藻打捞作业对湖体蓝藻水华赋存量的清除能力有限,只能对岸边带湖泛的预防产生影响.     

湖泊缓冲带功能、建设与管理

湖泊缓冲带在湖泊保护和流域管理中的作用日益受到重视. 湖泊缓冲带是保护湖泊的隔离生境,是缓解或减轻湖泊水生态系统受流域内各种人类活动或自然过程的破坏、干扰和污染的空间. 湖泊缓冲带应具备缓冲隔离、促进生态环境改善、实施特殊的环境经济政策与生态补偿等3个主要功能,其宽度需考虑生态环境目标和环境准入标准、生态环境现状、技术经济约束和社会与管理制度制约等4个影响因素. 湖泊缓冲带的生态环境建设一般遵循控源与生态修复相结合、自然恢复与人工强化相结合、生态建设与管理相结合的原则,主要技术体系包括湖泊缓冲带内的农村面源污染控制技术和湖泊缓冲带缓冲体系改善技术. 湖泊缓冲带的管理主要涉及通过环境管理优化经济发展、生态工程长效运行管理和环境经济政策与生态补偿等3个方面. 未来湖泊缓冲带的研究方应包湖泊缓冲带范围的合理设置、相关生态学模型的引入、缓冲带建设的长效运行和管理机制的建立.      

Temporal and spatial variations of low-molecular-weight organic acids in Dianchi Lake, China

Low-molecular-weight organic acids (LMWOAs) in eutrophic lake water of Dianchi, Southwestern China Plateau were investigated diurnally and vertically using ion chromatography. Two profiles (P1 and P2) were studied due to the difference of hydrochemical features. Lactic, formic, pyruvic and oxalic acid were detected as major components at P1 and P2 which were on average 7.98 and 6.53 mol/L, respectively, corresponding to their proportions of 2.68% and 2.48% relative to DOC. Pyruvic acid was regarded as the uppermost species at P1 and P2, reaching up to 3.82 and 3.35 mol/L and accounting for 47.9% and 51.3%, respectively, in individual TOA. Although humus were of biogenetic production at both sites, the significant negative correlation between diurnal variations of TOAs, fluorescence intensity (FI) of protein-like components and humic-like components at P1 indicated LMWOAs were greatly originated from bacterioplankton excretion and degradation. However, correlations between diurnal variations of humic-like FI and physicochemical parameters demonstrated algal origination of LMWOAs at P2. Although content of humus was high, TOA at P2 was 1.45 mol/L lower than that at P1, due to the co-influence of more intense photo-oxidation and aggregation at P2. Therefore, TOAs exhibited quite opposite diurnal variation trends of increasing-decreasing and decreasing-increasing at P1 and P2, respectively. Except for impact of solar radiation, bacterial decomposition and assimilation rendered shifts of maximal LMWOAs along water column at P1. Covering with massive algae, UV rays penetrated shallower depth that LMWOAs assembled in surface layer water before 18:00 at P2 and represented decreasing profiles.     

冬季巢湖SPOM来源、空间变化及营养盐效应

为研究枯水期巢湖水体悬浮颗粒物（SPM）营养元素组成及其潜在环境效应,分析了2020年1月巢湖18个采样点表层水体SPM含量、颗粒有机质（SPOM）含量及氮磷组成,并利用颗粒有机碳、氮同位素组成及C/N研究了冬季巢湖SPOM的来源及其空间变化. 结果表明,悬浮颗粒物总磷(PP)浓度为0.032~0.065 mg/L,平均值为0.049 mg/L;悬浮颗粒物无机磷(PIP)浓度为0.018~0.046 mg/L,平均值为0.032 mg/L,是PP的主要组分,二者浓度均呈西湖区>东湖区>中湖区的空间分布特征. 悬浮颗粒物总氮(PN)浓度为0.254~0.424 mg/L,平均值为0.342 mg/L,其中悬浮颗粒物有机氮(PON)占比较高,表明颗粒态氮以湖泊内源性有机来源为主. 巢湖表层水体SPOM的δ13C范围在?28.72‰~?26.68‰之间,δ15N为3.34‰~9.97‰,C/N为2.51±0.95,指示冬季枯水期水体SPOM主要来自内源水生生物碎屑,而陆源径流输入对湖泊颗粒物影响较小. 研究显示:冬季巢湖悬浮颗粒有机质主要来自湖泊内源,具有潜在的营养盐效应,污染控制需要相应的策略.      

武汉城市湖泊表层底泥汞分布、风险评价及影响因素

底泥作为汞重要的"汇"及二次"源"，在湖泊系统汞生物地球化学循环中起到了重要作用。本文以武汉主要城市湖泊为研究对象，探究了表层底泥中总汞（THg）和甲基汞（MeHg）的分布特征、潜在生态风险及主要影响因素。结果表明，武汉15个城市湖泊表层底泥THg平均浓度为152±170 ng/g （24~611 ng/g），与国内其它湖泊系统相比处于较高水平；MeHg浓度为52.0±46.8 pg/g （ND~161.0 pg/g），低于其它湖泊系统。空间分布上，底泥THg浓度呈现由武汉市中心向外逐渐递减的趋势，MeHg含量并未呈现类似THg的分布趋势。潜在生态风险评价（PERI）结果显示，所有采样点位中汞潜在生态风险极高和高风险等级占比均为5.7%，且主要分布在市中心附近，说明武汉市中心附近湖泊底泥汞污染程度较重，而市中心外围湖泊底泥汞生态风险较低。相关性分析结果显示，有机质可能是影响武汉城市湖泊底泥THg分布的重要因素之一，而MeHg主要受控于无机汞的原位甲基化过程。底泥THg浓度-湖泊距市中心距离间显著的负相关关系、THg浓度-湖泊所在区GDP/人均GDP间的显著正相关关系均表明人为活动对武汉城市湖泊汞分布影响明显。     

中国湖泊水资源问题与优化调控战略

湖泊水资源在国民经济和社会可持续发展中占有重要的位置,实施优化调控战略是中国湖泊水资源可持续开发利用的重要途径。文中扼要综述了中国湖泊水资源特点和开发利用中存在水资源短缺、湖泊水资源污染和相关问题,指出湖泊资源优化调控的思路是进行湖泊流域系统的综合调控,目前针对中国湖泊水资源问题的优化战略措施包括:实施湖泊水资源流域管理战略、建立流域节约型国民经济体系、增加科技投入并因地制宜实施环境整治、流域污染的全过程与全方位控制、实施环境教育战略。     

Ecological and environmental water demand of the lakes in the Haihe-Luanhe Basin of North China

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＴｈｅＨａｉｈｅ ＬｕａｎｈｅＢａｓｉｎｉｓｔｈｅｄｉｓｔｒｉｃｔｆａｃｉｎｇｔｈｅｐｒｏｂｌｅｍｏｆｗａｔｅｒｃｒｉｓｉｓｉｎｔｈｅＮｏｒｔｈＣｈｉｎａ.Ｗａｔｅｒｐｏｌｌｕｔｉｏｎｉｓｓｕｅｓａｎｄａｎｔｈｒｏｐｏｇｅｎｉｃｄｉｓｔｕｒｂａｎｃｅａｒｅｖｅｒｙｓｅｒｉｏｕｓａｔｔｈｅｓａｍｅｔｉｍｅ .Ｗａｔｅｒｄｅｆｉｃｉｅｎｃｙ ,ｐｏｌｌｕｔｉｏｎａｎｄｏｖｅｒｐｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎｈａｖｅｒｅｓｕｌｔｅｄｉｎｏｂｖｉｏｕｓｅｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｄｅｇｒａｄａｔｉｏｎａｎ…     

Ecological and environmental water demand of the lakes in the Haihe—Luanhe Basic of North China

The purpose of this paper is to present a brief concept of the ecological and environmental water demand of lake. The present situation and affecting factors of lake ecological system in the Haihe-Luanhe Basin of North China was analyzed. The calculating method of the ecological and environmental water demand of the lake basis on the water body and the calculating method of the ecological and environmental water demand of the lake basis on the aquatic ecosystem, wetland and vegetation were compared and discussed. As the examples of Baiyangdian Lake and Beidagang Lake in Haihe-Luanhe river basin, the ecological and environmental water demand of the two lakes was calculated to be 27 x 10(8) m3. It is 6.75 times to the water demand according to the calculating method of the ecological and environmental water demand of the lake basis on the water body. The research result indicated: (1) The calculating methods of the ecological and environmental water demand of the lake basis on the aquatic ecosystem should be better than only basis on the water body of lake. (2) The data, such as area of the vegetation kind around and in the lake, the vegetation coefficient, the evaporating amount of the vegetation and the vegetation water demand itself around and in the lake are lack and urgent need. Some suggestions for controlling and regulating the water resource of the lake in North China were proposed.     

黄土高原沟壑区小流域土壤养分空间变异特征及其影响因素

了解表层土壤有机质与全量养分的空间变异规律及其影响因素,能够为黄土高原生态脆弱带的土壤养分管理提供参考。基于王东沟的93个野外采样点,综合多种地统计学方法,分析了土壤养分的空间变异特征及其影响因素。结果表明:研究区表层土壤养分含量处于中等水平,空间变异大小依次为全磷>全氮>有机质>全钾,均由结构性因素主导;有机质、全氮较全磷、全钾变异尺度小、空间自相关性弱、空间复杂程度高。有机质、全氮的分布格局为南高北低,主要影响因素包括海拔、坡度、曲率和土地利用;全磷呈现相反的北高南低分布,海拔、坡度、土地利用、土壤机械组成和人类活动对其影响较大;全钾则为内部高四周低,分布较破碎,坡向和土壤机械组成作用较强。据此建立了9个环境因子与土壤养分之间的回归预测模型,以期为研究区土壤资源的可持续利用提供数据支持。     

论湖滨带的结构与生态功能

湖滨带作为陆地和湖泊之间的过渡带,是健康湖泊生态系统不可缺少的有机组成部分,属于生态交错带的一种. 明晰湖滨带的结构与生态功能对湖滨带及湖泊的水环境改善与生态修复十分重要. 随着水环境因子的梯度变化,湖滨带的空间结构在横向、纵向和轴向分布上都表现出明显的圈层结构特点. 横向结构由陆向辐射带、水位变幅带和水向辐射带组成;纵向结构由空气、水体、底泥构成;轴向结构则是不同岸段湖滨带的景观变化和层次结构,体现整个湖滨带的全貌和湖滨带类型的组合. 湖滨带的时间结构体现在湖滨带生物及其生境条件随着时间推移的演化规律上,并在“时-空结构”中和人的积极存在紧密联系在一起. 影响时间结构的因素包括生物节律、气候因子、水动力等. 湖滨带在生态环境方面的功能可归纳为6项:污染物截留与净化、捕集和抑制藻类、提高湖滨带的生物多样性、提供野生动植物栖息地、控制沉积和侵蚀、调蓄洪水.