微电池法处理印染废水的研究

主要研究了微电池法处理印染废水的净化处理技术。由最佳工艺流程处理后出水的COD质量浓度最低为4.9mg/L(此时COD净化效率为99.84%),出水pH值为6,色度净化效率最高为99.72%。出水水质可达到国家《污水综合排放标准(GB8978-1996)》中第二类污染物最高允许排放浓度的一级标准的规定。采用该工艺处理后的出水的COD平均净化效率为95.66%,色度平均净化效率为96.62%。     

印染废水处理过程中有机污染物及急性毒性变化规律研究

我国印染废水排放量大,对于印染废水中典型毒害物质的控制日趋严格,且生物毒性控制越来越受到重视.因此,本文以掌握典型印染废水处理中污染物去除特性和毒性转化机制为目标,解析印染废水水质特征及其在典型处理工艺中的变化.结果发现,典型印染废水处理工艺对典型污染物的去除效率较好,出水COD、苯胺浓度、色度分别为46 mg·L~(-1)、0.86 mg·L~(-1)、6倍,去除效率分别为78%、95%、86%;但对急性毒性的控制不足,尤其是有机组分的急性毒性控制不足.典型印染废水处理中,生物曝气处理是控制典型污染物的主要阶段,对COD、色度、苯胺的去除效率分别达60%、23%、50%,对生物毒性的去除率为48%.氯氧化和混凝沉淀是保障印染废水中苯胺类有毒物质和色度达到排放标准的重要深度处理阶段,对色度、苯胺的去除效率分别为86%、95%;然而,深度处理却会引发印染废水急性毒性急剧升高,升高比例达150%.印染废水中的急性毒性组分包括有机组分和无机组分,生物曝气主要去除有机组分毒性;氯化深度处理会增加有机组分毒性和无机组分毒性,其中,无机组分毒性可通过还原脱氯削减,但有机组分毒性控制需综合考虑前处理阶段提质增效或实施氯氧化替代工艺.     

微电解+物化+生化处理印染废水工程实例

印染废水具有污染物含量高、浓度波动幅度大、偏碱性、色度高、难生化等特点.文章结合工程实例,介绍了微电解 物化 生化工艺在处理印染废水工程中的实际应用,详细介绍了工艺原理、主要工艺参数及运行成本分析.工程运行表明,该工艺运行稳定、投资少、处理成本低,COD、BOD、SS和色度的去除率分别在94%、96%、89%、96%以上,出水水质各项指标均达到<纺织染整工业水污染物排放标准>(GB4287-92)中一级排放标准.     

生物法处理印染废水的探讨

在同一个生化池中使生物膜与活性污泥有机结合 ,充分发挥两种方法的长处 ,对印染废水进行有效处理。结果表明 :该工艺对废水中的CODcr、BOD5 及色度的去除有显著的效果 ,其去除率均大于80 %。出水水质均达到国家规定的排放标准。     

印染废水处理工程设计与运行

根据印染废水水质特点．采用水解酸化、生物接触氧化、气浮脱色工艺处理印染废水。实际运行监测表明：出水COD,BOD,SS等各项指标均能达到GB4278--1992《纺织染整工业水污染物排放标准》中Ⅱ级排放标准,工程投资和运行费用较低。运行效果稳定,能广泛应用于纺织染整工业废水处理的实际工程中。     

预处理-水解酸化-AO工艺处理印染废水

常州某染织有限公司采用预处理 水解酸化 AO工艺处理棉布、棉纱印染废水。运行结果表明,该工艺处理效果良好,且适应多种水质的处理。出水水质达到《中华人民共和国综合排放标准》(GB8978 1996 )中的一级标准,废水处理站的运行成本为1 85 1元t。     

双效混凝-兼性水解-SBR组合工艺处理印染废水的工程应用

针对印染废水色度大,有机物含量高,可生化性差,而且水量和水质变化大,水质成分复杂的特点,采用双效混凝兼性水解SBR组合工艺处理印染废水。运行结果表明,该工艺对CODCr、BOD5、SS、色度等均有很好的去除效果,出水水质满足纺织印染行业水污染物排放二级标准(GB428792)。     

混凝沉淀-生物接触氧化工艺处理制革废水试验研究

采用PFS混凝沉淀-生物接触氧化工艺处理制革废水,试验结果表明:该工艺处理效果高,含硫废水的S2-去除率达到99.0%,综合废水的BOD5、CODCr、SS去除率分别为97%、85%、98%,出水水质达到<污水综合排放标准>(GB 8978-1996)二级标准.     

平顶山市污水处理厂总氮去除工艺

分析了平顶山市污水处理厂一期工程中总氮去除效率低下的原因,介绍了平顶山市污水处理厂去除总氮的有效措施,包括调整进水水质和改善进水可生化性能以及改进传统Carrousel型氧化沟工艺为改良型氧化沟工艺等措施。结果表明:工艺改造后的出水TN达到GB18918-2002一级城镇污水排放标准,可以排放,污水处理厂运行效果良好。     

催化铁内电解-生化法处理印染废水

纺织印染废水水质变化大、色度高,直接生物处理难度大.采用催化铁内电解法对浙江某地区的印染废水进行预处理,有效地去除了对生物有抑制的有机物,为后续的生化处理创造了有利条件,COD_Cr去除率达到85%;过去难以解决的色度问题也得到了有效的解决,可去除废水色度90%以上.另外,简要探讨了金属粒径,pH,温度等因素对去除有机物的影响.近40 d的连续流试验证明,内电解-生化工艺具有处理效果好、出水水质稳定、工艺设备简单、操作管理方便、能耗低等特点,是处理印染废水的有效方法之一.      

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.