两性猕猴桃“龙山红”的育种表现

"龙山红"是从四川省龙门山南段的野生彩色猕猴桃中筛选出的一个两性花品种(雌雄同花),品种选育后进行连续田间观察,同时观察其性状表现,并以"龙山红"为主体进行了育种实验。结果表明:在育种表现上,"龙山红"整体存在着花粉活力不高、去雄不结实、自交结实率低等特点,但在与"红阳"授粉雄株、"磨山4号"等杂交时又表现为可正常结实,显示"龙山红"具备正常猕猴桃雌株的特征,在整枝套袋时结实率较高,且果实表现较好,说明"龙山红"又具有同株异花授粉的特征。综合各种结果发现,"龙山红"猕猴桃在性别表现上更倾向于雌花两性花同株类型,且其中两性花比例较小。     

四川省自然资源科学研究院——猕猴桃研究所

正四川省自然资源科学研究院于1979年秋开展猕猴桃科研工作,1997年成立猕猴桃研究中心,2001年改名为猕猴桃研究所,成为西南地区专业从事猕猴桃资源开发与利用研究的科研部门。经过20多年的发展,猕猴桃研究所建立了资源与育种、绿色防控等7个科研创新团队,选育出世界上第一个商业化红肉猕猴桃新品种——红阳,建立了全球最     

猕猴桃珍品5款

金梅：金梅由野生猕猴桃、山葡萄、藤状植物“九月红”杂交选育而成。果形像猕猴桃，果色金黄，果面有毛，9-10月份成熟，单果重165g，大果重250g以上，均超过我国猕猴桃的单巢重。     

猕猴桃珍品5款

金梅：金梅由野生猕猴桃、山葡萄、藤状植物“九月红”杂交选育而成。果形像猕猴桃，果色金黄，果面有毛，9-10月份成熟，单果重165g，大果重250g以上，均超过我国猕猴桃的单巢重。     

猕猴桃加工技术发展现状及四川猕猴桃产业近况

中国是猕猴桃的栽培生产大国,每年产生的大量猕猴桃残次果给猕猴桃产业带来了不小的损失.多年来,无数研究者为了促进猕猴桃产业的全面发展而致力于猕猴桃加工技术的研究和开发.简要介绍了猕猴桃的加工技术,并结合四川猕猴桃产业发展情况,探讨了四川猕猴桃的健康发展之路.     

红肉猕猴桃新品种适时采收指标研究

以红肉猕猴桃新品种"红实2号"为材料,分别在盛花期后152d、156d、161d、171d、181d这5个时期进行采摘,在常温(20±1℃)和低温(1±0.5℃)下检测其品质指标变化,研究四川绵竹地区红肉猕猴桃最佳采收指标。结果表明:"红实2号"最佳采收期为盛花后156—171d,此时果实干物质17.9%—20.2%,可溶性固形物7.4%—9.0%,果肉硬度5.0—6.0kgf,果肉红色等级得分3.5—5分。该期采收的果实常温下软熟后平均糖度15.3%—17.1%,果柄出水率显著降低,好果率高。低温(1±0.5℃)下贮藏期60d,果肉硬度0.9kgf,好果率大于95%。     

两性猕猴桃株系“龙山红”的生物学特征

“龙山红”是从四川省龙门山南段的野生彩色猕猴桃中筛选出的一个两性花品种，平均单果重65．59g，可溶性固形物含量14．6％、总糖含量10．2％，果实酸甜适口，香气浓厚。果实成熟后中柱外围（即种子外侧）的果肉成淡红色，果实较耐贮运。首次发现雌雄同体且充分发育的两性花猕猴桃品种，在理论上和生产上都具有重要的意义。     

红阳猕猴桃质量体系研究--病虫害及其防治

红阳猕猴桃是国内外首个红肉型新品种,因其肉质好、风味佳而受到消费者好评.为了较快增加产量、提高质量,国家立题开展了全面系统的红阳猕猴桃质量体系研究.病虫害防治是控制质量体系的重要环节,因此,了解红阳猕猴桃的主要病虫害种类及其危害尤为重要.     

红阳猕猴桃质量体系研究-果园建立

建园是红阳猕猴桃果果品生长的前提和发展红阳猕猴桃产业的基础.开展质量体系研究应从建园抓起,从园地自然条件、园地规划、架材架式、苗木定植后至上架前的管理等基础开展研究入手,从而实现优质高产.     

中华猕猴桃与软枣猕猴桃种间杂交亲本的筛选北大核心

为筛选中华猕猴桃(A.chinensis Planch.var.chinensis)与软枣猕猴桃(A.argute(Sieb.&Zucc)Planch.ex Miq.)种间杂交亲本,对两类猕猴桃进行染色体倍性测定、物候期调查和果实感官品质、主要营养成分、耐藏性评价。结果表明:①软枣猕猴桃均为四倍体,中华猕猴桃既有四倍体又有二倍体。②两类猕猴桃的萌芽期、展叶期、花期接近,但软枣猕猴桃果实成熟期和休眠期较中华猕猴桃早。③两类猕猴桃果实感官评价指标呈现差异,中华猕猴桃单果重和可溶性固形物含量均显著高于软枣猕猴桃。④受试材料中,HN-AA-03067的VC含量最高,‘魁绿’可溶性糖含量和糖酸比最高,‘金实1号’耐藏性最好。     

Conversion of temperate forests into heaths: Role of ecosystem disturbance and ericaceous plants

Fire and logging in nutrient-poor temperate forests with certain ericaceous understory plants may convert the forests into heaths. The process of disturbance-induced heath formation is documented by using examples ofCalluna in western Europe,Kalmia in Newfoundland, andGaultheria (salal) in coastal British Columbia. In a cool, temperate climate, rapid vegetative growth ofCalluna, Kalmia, and salal following disturbance results in increasing organic accumulation (paludification), nutrient sequestration, soil acidification, and allelochemicals. These are thought to be the main reasons to conifer regeneration failure in disturbed habitats. If continuation in forest is a land-use objective, then temperate forests with an ericaceous understory should not be logged unless effective silvicultural methods are devised to control the ericaceous plants and restore forest regeneration. Preharvest vegetation control may be considered as an option. Failure to control the understory plants may lead to a long-term vegetation shift, from forest to heathland, particularly in nutrient-poor sites. Successful methods of controllingKalmia andGaultheria, however, have yet to be developed. While theKalmia- andGaultheria- dominated heathlands are undesirable in Canada and the Pacific Northwest, a wide range ofCalluna heathlands of western Europe are being conserved as natural and seminatural vegetation.     

BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ESTUARINE/COASTAL POLLUTION1

ABSTRACT: Sustained interest in and concern about the health status of the aquatic environment has resulted in extensive research focused on (1) effects of pollution on survival, growth, and reproduction of resource species at all life stages; (2) diseases of fish and shellfish, as they may be related to pollution and as they may serve as indicators of environmental stress; and (3) contaminant body burdens in fish and shellfish - their effects on the aquatic animals and their potential effects on humans. Effects, lethal and sublethal, of pollutants on life history stages of fish and shellfish have been documented, as have impacts on local stocks in badly degraded habitats, but as yet there has been no adequate quantitative demonstration of effects on entire aquatic species - probably because of the difficulty in sorting out relative effects of the many environmental factors that influence abundance. Sublethal effects, especially those that result in disease, have been examined intensively, and some diseases and disease syndromes have been associated statistically with pollution. Other pollution indicators (biochemical, physiological, genetic, behavioral, and ecological) have also received some attention, as have body burdens of contaminants in aquatic species. Research, especially that conducted during the past decade, has done much to clarify the many pathways and toxic effects of contaminants on aquatic animals, and has also helped to identify mechanisms for survival of fish and shellfish in the presence of environmental changes caused by human activities.     

Using Paleo Reconstructions to Improve Streamflow Forecast Lead Time in the Western United States

In water stressed regions, water managers are exploring new horizons that would help in long‐range streamflow forecasts. Oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations have been shown to influence streamflow variability. In this study, long‐lead time streamflow forecasts are made using a multiclass kernel‐based data‐driven support vector machine (SVM) model. The extended streamflow records based on tree ring reconstructions were used to provide a longer time series data. Reconstructed data were used from 1658 to 1952 and the instrumental record was used from 1953 to 2007. Reconstructions for oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations included the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation, Pacific Decadal Oscillation, Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, and North Atlantic Oscillation. Streamflow forecasts using all four oscillations were made with one‐year to five‐year lead times for 21 gages in the western United States. This is the first study that uses both instrumental and reconstructed data of oscillations in SVM model to improve streamflow forecast lead time. SVM model was able to provide “satisfactory” to “very good” forecasts with one‐ to five‐year lead time for the selected gages. The use of all the oscillation indices helped in achieving better predictability compared to using individual oscillations. The SVM modeling results are better when compared with multiple linear regression model forecasts. The findings are statistical in nature and are expected to be useful for long‐term water resources planning and management.     

Urban ecological systems: scientific foundations and a decade of progress

Urban ecological studies, including focus on cities, suburbs, and exurbs, while having deep roots in the early to mid 20th century, have burgeoned in the last several decades. We use the state factor approach to highlight the role of important aspects of climate, substrate, organisms, relief, and time in differentiating urban from non-urban areas, and for determining heterogeneity within spatially extensive metropolitan areas. In addition to reviewing key findings relevant to each state factor, we note the emergence of tentative "urban syndromes" concerning soils, streams, wildlife and plants, and homogenization of certain ecosystem functions, such as soil organic carbon dynamics. We note the utility of the ecosystem approach, the human ecosystem framework, and watersheds as integrative tools to tie information about multiple state factors together. The organismal component of urban complexes includes the social organization of the human population, and we review key modes by which human populations within urban areas are differentiated, and how such differentiation affects environmentally relevant actions. Emerging syntheses in land change science and ecological urban design are also summarized. The multifaceted frameworks and the growing urban knowledge base do however identify some pressing research needs.     

Neighbourhood characteristics and urban gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area: staffing and voluntarism,food production,infrastructure, and sustainability practices

Urban gardens are important sources of sustenance for communities with limited access to food. Hence, this study focuses on food production in gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area in Northwest Ohio. We administered surveys to 150 garden managers from November 2014 to February 2015 in our attempt to better understand how neighbourhood racial composition and poverty levels are related to staffing and voluntarism, food production and distribution, the development of infrastructure, and the adoption of sustainability practices in urban gardens. The results from 30 gardens are presented in this paper. We used Geographic Information Systems to map the gardens and overlay the map with 2010 census data so that we could conduct demographic analyses of the neighbourhoods in which the gardens were located. Though the gardens were small – two acres or less – up to 46 varieties of food were grown in a single garden. Gardens also operated on small budgets. Food from the gardens was gifted or shared with friends, family, and neighbourhood residents. Gardens in predominantly minority neighbourhoods tended to have fewer institutional partners, less garden infrastructure, and had adopted fewer sustainable practices than gardens in predominantly White neighbourhoods. Nonetheless, residents of predominantly minority and high-poverty neighbourhoods participated in garden activities and influenced garden operations. Volunteering and staffing were racialised and gendered.     

Journalists' views of advertiser pressures on agricultural news

All major journalism ethical codes explicitly state that journalists should protect editorial copy from undue influence by outside sources. However, much of the previous research on agricultural information has concentrated on what information various media communicate (gatekeeping studies) or communication's role in increasing innovation adoption (diffusion studies). Few studies have concentrated specifically on organizational and structural constraints that might adversely affect agricultural journalists' ethical standards; those that have, focus largely on farm magazines. A study of newspaper reporters who cover agricultural news found that the most pressing ethical concern is the effect of advertiser (agri-business) pressure on editorial copy, and that their concerns in general parallel those of farm magazine writers and editors. The majority reported being in situations in which they might be exposed to advertiser pressure, including pressures to change or withhold editorial copy. Large minorities suggested that advertising pressures affect the overall environment in which agricultural journalists work, and more than one in ten said they allow advertiser pressures to influence editorial decisions. The newspaper reporters who cover agricultural beats showed slightly more resistance to advertiser pressure than did farm magazine editors in a parallel study.     

Definition Procedures Have Little Effect on Performance of Environmental Classifications of Streams and Rivers

Mapped environmental classifications are defined using various procedures, but there has been little evaluation of the differences in their ability to discriminate variation in independent ecological characteristics. We tested the performance of environmental classifications of the streams and rivers of France that had been defined from the same environmental data using geographic regionalization and numerical classification of individual river valley segments. Test data comprised invertebrate assemblages, water chemistry, and hydrological indexes obtained from sites throughout France. Classification performance was measured by analysis of similarity (ANOSIM). Geometric regions defined by a regular grid and without regard to environmental variables and a posteriori classifications based on clustering the test datasets defined lower and upper bounds of performance for a given number of classes. Differences in classification performances were generally small. The ANOSIM statistics for the a posteriori classifications were around twice that of all environmental classifications, including geometrically defined regions. The hydro-ecoregions performed slightly better for the invertebrate data and the network classification performed slightly better for the chemistry and hydrological data. Our results indicate that environmental classifications that are defined using different procedures can be comparable in terms of their ability to discriminate variation of ecological characteristics and that alleged differences in performance arising from different classification procedures can be small relative to unexplained variation. We conclude that definition procedures might have little effect on the performance of large-scale environmental classifications and decisions over which procedures to use should be based primarily on pragmatic considerations.     

Predicting deer-vehicle collisions in an urban area

Collisions with deer and other large animals are increasing, and the resulting economic costs and risks to public safety have made mitigation measures a priority for both city and wildlife managers. We created landscape models to describe and predict deer-vehicle collision (DVCs) within the City of Edmonton, Alberta. Models based on roadside characteristics revealed that DVCs occurred frequently where roadside vegetation was both denser and more diverse, and that DVCs were more likely to occur when the groomed width of roadside right-of-ways was smaller. No DVCs occurred where the width of the vegetation-free or manicured roadside buffer was greater than 40 m. Landscape-based models showed that DVCs were more likely in more heterogeneous landscapes where road densities were lower and speed limits were higher, and where non-forested vegetation such as farmland was in closer proximity to larger tracts of forest. These models can help wildlife and transportation managers to identify locations of high collision frequency for mitigation. Modifying certain landscape and roadside habitats can be an effective way to reduce deer-vehicle collisions.     

MANGANESE CYCLE IN IMPOUNDMENT WATER

Manganese entering impounded water will undergo a cyclic transformation. Oxidation precipitates manganese from top waters. At the bottom of the lake, biological activity will render manganese soluble by both intracellular as well as extracellular activity. The study was made to demonstrate that biological reduction and transformation, organometallic complexation, together with the presence of carbon dioxide and the lowering of pH all have some effect on the solubility of manganese. Dissolved manganese may be brought back to top waters during the lake overturn and therefore deteriorates the water quality.     

Effect of Light on Biodegradation of Estrone, 17β‐Estradiol,and 17α‐Ethinylestradiol in Stream Sediment

Biodegradation of [A‐ring ¹⁴C] Estrone (E1), 17β‐estradiol (E2), and 17α‐ethinylestradiol (EE2) to ¹⁴CO₂ was investigated under light and dark conditions in microcosms containing epilithon or sediment collected from Boulder Creek, Colorado. Mineralization of the estrogen A‐ring was observed in all sediment treatments, but not epilithon treatments. No difference in net mineralization between light and dark treatments was observed for ¹⁴C‐E2. Net mineralization of ¹⁴C‐E1 and ¹⁴C‐EE2 was enhanced in light treatments. Extents of ¹⁴CO₂ accumulation and rates of mineralization were significantly greater for E2 than E1 under dark conditions, but were comparable under light conditions. These results indicate substantial differences in the uptake and metabolism of E1 and E2 in the environment and suggest biorecalcitrance of E1 relative to E2 in light‐limited environments. The extent of ¹⁴CO₂ accumulation and rate of mineralization for EE2 in dark treatments were less than half of that observed for E2 and generally lower than for E1, consistent with previous reports of EE2 biorecalcitrance. However, ¹⁴CO₂ accumulation and rates of mineralization were comparable for EE2, E2, and E1 under light conditions. These results indicate photoactivation and/or phototransformation/photodegradation processes can substantially enhance heterotrophic biodegradation of estrogens in sunlit environments and may play an important role in estrogen transport and attenuation.