赣江流域浮游硅藻功能群多样性及其水期演替的驱动特征

为了摸清我国南方丰水型河流流域重要的环境指示类群——浮游硅藻的功能多样性及其环境驱动要素,以赣江流域为例,采用国际上普遍认可的雷氏(Reynolds)、博氏(Borics)和帕氏(Padisák)分类体系进行浮游硅藻类群的系统研究. 结果表明:赣江流域共发现11个浮游硅藻功能类群(包含122种硅藻),并以MP、P、D和L_O类群物种最丰富,全年以MP、P、C和D类群占优势,不同水文期浮游硅藻优势功能类群存在明显分异,表现为丰水期以MP类群占绝对优势,枯水期以C和MP类群占共优势,平水期以则以C类群占绝对优势. 多元逐步回归分析发现,与丰水期占优势的MP、P、C和D类群密度呈显著相关的主要环境因子为纬度、ρ(Hg)、ρ(Zn)、pH和ρ(S2-),与枯水期占优势的C、MP、P和D类群密度呈显著相关的主要环境因子为ρ(Pb)、ρ(Cr6+)、纬度、ρ(BOD₅)、ρ(N)、ρ(P)和ρ(CN-),与平水期占优势的C、P和MP类群密度呈显著相关的主要环境因子为ρ(BOD₅)、ρ(Pb)、ρ(Hg)、ρ(Cd)和ρ(NH₄+-N)等.除趋势对应分析(DCA)和冗余分析结果显示,影响赣江流域浮游硅藻功能多样性的主要环境因子包括流域的经纬度、ρ(FC)(FC为粪大肠杆菌)、重金属含量〔ρ(Cu)、ρ(Pb)和ρ(Cr6+)〕、水位等(解释度达77.0%~90.4%). 研究显示,赣江流域浮游硅藻功能类群多样性及结构呈明显的季节性演替特征,南-中亚热带流域的纬度差异、气温的时空差异以及水位的水期波动、污染物年内排放节律等的共同作用会引起河流流域水体物理和化学生境的改变,这是促使浮游硅藻功能类群不同水期演替的重要原因.      

贵州百花水库浮游藻类功能群时空分布特征及影响因子分析

为了探究百花水库浮游藻类功能群时空分布特征及其环境影响因子,于2012年11月（枯水期）、2013年4月（平水期）和2013年7月（丰水期）对浮游藻类群落结构与水环境理化指标进行采样分析.基于浮游藻类功能群、综合营养状态指数、Shannon-Wiener指数、RDA（冗余分析）等方法,分析浮游藻类功能群的群落组成和时空分布特征.结果表明:①共鉴定浮游藻类7门67属58种,其可划分为21个功能群.浮游藻类丰度从枯水期→平水期→丰水期递增,分别为131.99×104、592.27×104、53 140.81×104 L-1.②根据浮游藻类丰度,B功能群小环藻（Cyclotella sp.）,J功能群栅藻（Scenedesmus sp.）、盘星藻（Pediastrum sp.）、空星藻（Coelastrum sp.）,P功能群颗粒直链藻（Melosira granulate）、鼓藻（Penium sp.）,S1功能群湖泊假鱼腥藻（Pseudanabaena limnetica）、湖丝藻（Limnothrix sp.）为优势功能群;浮游藻类功能群季节变化明显,其时空分布特征（枯水期→平水期→丰水期,下同）为P+B+J→J+P→S1.在垂直层面上,枯水期以硅藻组成的P、B功能群在各采样点底层藻类丰度达到最大,中层和底层丰度远高于表层,与P、B类群耐受低光的因素有关;平水期以绿藻组成的J功能群在各采样点15 m藻类丰度达到峰值,与J类群耐受低光的因素有关;丰水期以蓝藻组成的S1功能群在各水层表层藻类丰度达到最大,与S1适宜较高水温的因素有关.③RDA分析结果表明,WT（水温）是影响百花水库浮游藻类时空分布的主要环境因子.研究显示,根据浮游藻类绝对优势功能群（P、B、J、S1）以及不同季节生长策略（R/CR/CR→CR/R→R）可以判定百花水库处于中-富营养化状态.      

白荡湖流域水文连通对浮游生物群落结构的影响

2020年11月(枯水期)及2021年3月(平水期)和6月(丰水期)开展了白荡湖流域水文、水质、浮游动植物现场调查,评价了水文连通性,揭示了其浮游生物群落结构的关键影响因子。结果表明：白荡湖流域水文连通受到不同水文期的直接影响,表现为丰水期优于平水期和枯水期;浮游植物和浮游动物群落优势种、丰度及生物量均呈季节性差异,优势种均为丰水期最多,枯水期最少,浮游植物优势门类为绿藻-硅藻-蓝藻类型,浮游动物优势种为轮虫类和枝角类,而生物量和物种丰度均呈丰水期>平水期>枯水期的趋势。从空间分布特征上,浮游植物Shannon-Wiener指数和Margalef指数均为湖区最低,杨市河上游最高;而Pielou指数则在罗昌河入湖口最高;浮游动物Shannon-Wiener指数和Margalef指数最低值和最高值均在罗昌河中上游;Pielou指数在杨市河入湖口最低,罗昌河上游最高。RDA显示,影响浮游植物群落结构的关键影响因子为T、DO和TN,而浮游动物则为TP和HCI。研究明确了白荡湖流域浮游生物群落结构特征,揭示了水文连通对浮游生物群落结构的影响,为深入研究该水系生态健康和保护修复提供科学...     

渭河浮游细菌群落结构特征及其关键驱动因子

基于T-rflp技术和高通量测序技术,分析了渭河在平水期、枯水期和丰水期的浮游细菌群落变化特征,并采用冗余分析和典范对应分析识别了不同水文时期影响细菌群落的关键环境因子.结果表明,渭河水体浮游细菌群落空间和季节差异明显,且季节性差异比空间差异更加显著.平水期、枯水期和丰水期渭河(陕西段)干流浮游细菌群落Shannon多样性指数分别在2.13~2.82、2.05~2.84和2.61~2.91之间.平水期浮游细菌多样性指数空间差异最大(RSD=16.75%),样点间群落结构相似度最低(26.8%),流域优势T-RF片段数最多(23种);丰水期浮游细菌Shannon指数空间差异最小(RSD=9.27%),样点间群落相似度最高(62.6%),且检出的优势片段数最少(12种).咸阳-西安段是浮游细菌群落多样性最低、优势菌群结构最单一的河段.河流水体细菌群落在不同时期的关键环境驱动因子不同,而其中悬浮颗粒物(TSS)浓度是不同水文时期都不可忽视的关键影响因子.高通量分析结果表明,丰水期渭河水体浮游细菌物种涉及21个已知细菌门类和26个候选门类,其中,变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)共同的相对丰度占比达到75%以上,是最主要的细菌类群.汛期渭河干流各样点浮游细菌群落特征趋于一致,物种结构与泾河相似而与黑河存在明显差异.     

渭河流域浮游植物功能群与环境因子的关系

为分析渭河流域不同水期浮游植物的时空分布特征,于丰水期(2012年9月)和枯水期(2013年4月)对渭河流域浮游植物群落结构和水环境理化特征进行了野外调查,基于Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数以及MRPP(多响应置换过程)、浮游植物功能群划分、CCA(典范对应分析)等方法,分析浮游植物群落的组成和空间结构特征. 结果表明:丰水期和枯水期渭河全流域分别鉴定出浮游植物165和175种;各采样点浮游植物物种密度平均值分别为1.07×106和1.85×106 L-1;Shannon-Wiener多样性指数平均值分别为2.98和2.74;Pielou均匀度指数平均值分别为0.40和0.37. 全流域共划分出浮游植物功能群23类,其中,丰水期20类,枯水期21类,均以MP功能群物种数最多;代表性功能群为MP、D、Lo和J. MRPP分析结果显示,丰水期和枯水期全流域浮游植物群落结构都具有较明显的空间差异. CCA结果显示,渭河水系丰水期浮游植物群落结构的主要驱动因子为ρ(DO)和ρ(TN),枯水期为流速、ρ(TN)和ρ(COD_Mn);泾河水系丰水期为ρ(SS)、流速和ρ(TN),枯水期为流速和ρ(TN);北洛河水系丰水期为ρ(TDS),枯水期为ρ(DO)和ρ(TP).      

南昌城市湖泊浮游真菌群落组成、共生模式及影响因素

为探明南昌湖泊浮游真菌群落特征和环境胁迫对浮游真菌群落的影响机制,分别于枯水期（2月、12月）、平水期（4月、10月）和丰水期（6月、8月）采集了均匀分布于南昌市不同县级区划下的7个主要城市湖泊表层水样.测定了WT、DO、NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^--N等环境胁迫因子指标,基于高通量测序研究浮游真菌群落特征,运用网络分析等方法阐明浮游真菌群落的共生模式,并揭示影响浮游真菌群落结构和共生模式的环境胁迫因子.结果表明：①南昌湖泊浮游真菌群落组成在水期间具显著差异,在各湖泊间差异不显著.WT、DO、pH和NH₄⁺-N是影响浮游真菌群落组成的显著环境胁迫因子.②浮游真菌群落优势门为Chytridiomycota （9.55%~33.14%）、Basidiomycota （0.48%~4.25%）和Ascomycota （1.29%~3.19%）,优势菌门数量大小为：丰水期>平水期>枯水期,Chytridiomycota相对丰度在丰水期显著高于平水期和枯水期,Basidiomycota相对丰度在枯水期显著低于平水期和丰水期,Ascomycota水期差异不显著.③南昌湖泊浮游真菌群落共生网络稳定性大小为：丰水期>平水期>枯水期,WT是影响浮游真菌群落共生模式的最佳环境胁迫因子.研究可为湖泊的综合评价和治理研究提供理论依据,并为长江中下游地区湖泊生态系统保护提供指导.     

阿哈水库浮游植物功能群时空分布特征及其影响因子分析

为了解贵州高原阿哈水库的浮游植物功能类群时空分布特征及其影响因素,于2012年至2013年枯水期(11月)、平水期(4月)、丰水期(7月)对浮游植物与水样进行分层采样分析.研究结果表明:浮游植物可分为23个功能群,优势功能群为B、D、J、LO、P、S1和X1,其时空分布特征表现为:枯水期、平水期与丰水期分别以B+D+P+LO、S1+LO以及S1为主,其丰度由枯水期至丰水期依次递增;优势功能群主要在15 m以下水体发生变化,营养物质分布差异及人工放闸泄水是产生该特征的主要原因;采样点大坝和库中的优势功能群季节变化大致相同,但却表现出大坝多于库中,而其丰度却低于库中的特征,水动力条件是导致这一变化的主要原因.经RDA分析得出,优势功能群丰度与水温呈正相关,与总氮、透明度、磷酸盐、硝氮呈负相关,其中水温、透明度为影响浮游植物功能群时空分布的主要因子.     

于桥水库流域地表水中水溶性氮季节变化特征

通过对于桥水库流域1999～2000年枯水期(6月)、丰水期(8月)和平水期(10月)地表水体采样分析,研究了地表水中水溶性氮浓度(硝态氮+氨氮)的季节动态变化特征,可以分为以下6种变化模式.I平水期>丰水期>枯水期;II丰水期>平水期>枯水期;III平水期>枯水期>丰水期;IV丰水期>枯水期>平水期;V枯水期>平水期>丰水期;VI枯水期>丰水期>平水期.干旱年份,不同控制小区地表水中水溶性氮浓度的季节变化比较简单,主要表现出I、II、III 3种变化特征;而平水年份地表水中水溶性氮浓度的季节变化比较复杂,包括I、II、III、IV、V、VI 6种变化模式.这种变化特征主要与控制小区地形、土地利用、地表径流和水系特征有关.     

西枝江流域浮游植物群落结构特征与主要环境因子的关系研究

于2012年枯水期、丰水期与平水期(2、8、11月)在西枝江全流域开展浮游植物群落的种类组成、密度和生物多样性指数研究,并分析环境因子与浮游植物群落之间的关系.结果表明,西枝江流域共检出浮游植物6门98种,其中卵形隐藻(Cryptomonas ovata)为流域全年常见种,西枝江流域浮游植物种类数由上游至下游逐渐增加,且支流淡水河浮游植物种类和数量高于干流;西枝江流域水体浮游植物群落密度变化范围为2.2×104~6.72×106cell·L~(-1);Shannon-Weaver多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数、Margalef丰富度指数评价结果表明,西枝江流域部分点位浮游植物群落生物多样性受到一定程度的损害.西枝江流域平水期总氮浓度显著高于枯水期、丰水期(p0.05);西枝江干流总磷全年差异不明显(p0.05),支流淡水河总磷在枯水期显著高于丰水期、平水期(p0.05).氮磷含量空间分布特征为淡水河高于西枝江下游高于西枝江中游,西枝江上游水质最优,且浮游植物指示种的演替与流域内水质变化情况相吻合;RDA分析结果表明,氮磷营养盐、T以及CODMn是西枝江流域浮游植物群落结构的重要影响因子.     

贵州高原三板溪水库浮游植物功能群时空分布特征

为探究贵州高原三板溪水库的浮游植物功能群时空分布特征,于2012—2013年枯水期(11月)、平水期(4月)、丰水期(7月)对三板溪水库浮游植物与水样进行分层采样分析.研究结果表明,水库浮游植物可分为21个功能群,其优势功能群具有明显的水期分布特征:枯水期P+X1+D+J→平水期P+B+C+G→丰水期M+H1+S1+J,垂直分布中平水期和丰水期优势功能群在10 m左右发生变化,枯水期在70 m处变化;各时期水体热分层及营养物质分布差异是产生该特征的主要原因;浮游植物功能群时空分布特征受环境变化影响,水温、p H和N/P变化是浮游植物功能群结构变化的最主要因素;浮游植物功能群生长策略变化规律为:枯水期CR/C/S策略藻种→平水期R/CR/CS策略藻种→丰水期S/CS/CR/R策略藻种;通过浮游植物功能群与生境之间的相互关系可以得出:三板溪水库水体处于富营养状态.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.