CANON中试反应器启动及性能优化

以青岛某污水处理厂污泥消化液为连续进水,控制温度在(30±3)℃,接种污水厂普通活性污泥,驯化启动CANON反应器.为解决菌种流失、优化反应器性能,向CANON反应器内投加悬浮生物载体,转换为生物膜CANON反应器.结果表明,经过130 d运行培养,总氮去除负荷达到0. 03 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1),硝酸盐生成量与氨氮减少量的比值(RNaA)平均为0. 09,接近理论值0. 11,由此判断CANON反应器启动成功. CANON活性污泥反应器共运行300 d,稳定运行时总氮去除负荷为0. 20kg·(m~3·d)~(-1).投加悬浮载体后,经过30d运行培养,系统成功转换为纯膜系统,载体表面生物膜转为淡红色,TN平均去除负荷达到0. 17 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1),RNaA平均为0. 14,略大于理论值0. 11.由此判断CANON污泥在MBBR工艺中逐渐适应并得以稳定运行. CANON-MBBR反应器共运行200 d,稳定运行期间,总氮去除负荷为1. 15 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1).高通量测序结果表明,CANON-MBBR成功启动后,AOB和An AOB是系统中的优势菌种,相对丰度分别达到26. 24%和30. 08%,NOB被成功抑制.以上结果表明,以高密度聚乙烯填料为悬浮载体的CANON-MBBR具有良好的脱氮效能,有利于自养脱氮工艺的稳定运行.     

陶粒CANON反应器的接种启动与运行

通过CANON接种污泥,以人工配制无机高氨氮废水为对象,研究以陶粒为填料的CANON反应器启动与运行情况,结果表明:①陶粒可以作为CANON反应器合适填料,温度通过水浴控制在30℃±1℃,HRT为9 h、pH控制在7.00~8.08之间,经过60 d成功启动了CANON反应器,TN的去除负荷达到0.79 kg·(m3·d)-1;②在温度30℃时,陶粒CANON反应器中临界DO范围在1.12~1.69 mg·L-1之间,CANON反应器中短程硝化和厌氧氨氧化性能可维持稳定,高于此范围时,会出现CANON反应器中短程硝化不稳定现象;③在温度25℃,控制DO在1.01~1.54 mg·L-1之间时,尽管NO-3-N变化值与TN变化值的比值(δNO-3-N/δTN)略微偏离理论值0.127,为0.150~0.204,但CANON反应器脱氮性能趋于稳定,TN去除率最高为75.56%,TN的去除负荷最高达到0.97 kg·(m3·d)-1,这意味着CANON工艺的适宜温度范围至少可以降低至25℃.     

MBR系统CANON工艺的快速启动及微生物种群特征

为了考察CANON工艺的快速启动策略及功能微生物的种群特征,在常温MBR反应器内接种普通活性污泥后间歇运行.启动策略为以调控曝气时间和曝气量作为主要方法,首先在限氧条件下启动亚硝化,之后进一步降低DO启动CANON工艺.在CANON工艺启动成功后,通过调整曝气时间和无机碳源浓度提高了总氮去除负荷,并采用PCR-DGGE技术分析了稳定运行的CANON工艺内功能微生物的种群特征.结果表明,CANON工艺经36d成功启动,NH4+-N去除率和总氮去除率最终稳定在99%和84%左右,氮去除负荷达到0.41kg/(m3·d).DGGE测序结果表明,Nitrosomonas和Candidatus Kuenenia stuttgartiensis是反应器内的优势菌种,两种微生物协同作用,共同在MBR内完成了高效的自养脱氮.     

火山岩填料曝气生物滤池的SNAD工艺启动特性及功能菌丰度演替

为研究同步亚硝化、厌氧氨氧化耦合反硝化(SNAD)工艺在浸没式生物滤池反应器(SBAF)内的运行特性,同时接种亚硝化污泥和富集ANAMMOX的填料启动SNAD反应器.结果表明在60 mg·L~(-1)有机物浓度下,自养脱氮和反硝化实现较好的耦合,并在该浓度下稳定运行了67 d,其总氮去除率最高可达92.0%,COD去除率最高达82.9%,最高总氮去除负荷为2.3 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1).与全程自养脱氮(CANON)工艺相比,SNAD工艺的平均总氮去除率提高了12.6%.荧光定量PCR结果显示,系统启动后AOB菌的丰度有所增长,ANAMMOX菌的丰度增长了1个数量级,而NOB菌和反硝化菌的数量维持在较低水平(小于10~7 copies·g~(-1)),表明以火山岩为填料的浸没式生物滤池反应器有利于ANAMMOX和AOB的协同生长,可快速实现SAND工艺的启动.     

溶解氧对CANON颗粒污泥自养脱氮性能的影响

采用稳定运行的CANON颗粒污泥,探究不同DO浓度对CANON工艺脱氮性能的影响.结果表明,当DO小于0.46mg/L时,CANON反应器可在连续曝气方式下运行.随着DO从0mg/L升高至0.46mg/L,系统脱氮速率从0提高到50.88mg N/(L·h);当DO大于0.46mg/L时,CANON反应器必须以间歇曝气方式运行;随着DO从0.46mg/L升高至2.8mg/L,系统脱氮速率从50.88mg N/(L·h)降低为41.84mg N/(L·h).CANON反应器在DO为0.46mg/L时脱氮速率最高,达到50.88mg N/(L·h),污泥脱氮负荷为0.45kg N/(kg MLSS·d).CANON颗粒污泥大小及结构对AOB和anammox菌的活性影响较大:由于液相向颗粒污泥的传质阻力,AOB的DO半饱和常数为0.77mg/L;而对于anammox菌,当DO小于0.46mg/L时,随DO浓度上升,其活性下降缓慢;当DO大于0.46mg/L时,随DO浓度上升,其活性迅速下降;当DO超过1.0mg/L时,anammox菌接近失活.     

溶解氧对序批式全程自养脱氮工艺运行的影响

在常温22~26℃下,接种成熟的全程自养脱氮(CANON)污泥至2个相同的SBR反应器,通过设置不同的初期DO及不同的DO梯度,考察了DO控制策略及DO值对CANON工艺脱氮性能,稳定性及污泥形态的影响.结果表明,初期DO为0.05~0.10mg/L的反应器可以稳定运行,氨氮和总氮的平均去除率分别为99%和85.4%,而初期DO为(0.40±0.5)mg/L的反应器的氨氮和总氮平均去除率分别为99%和0;在反应器运行稳定之后,逐渐增加DO浓度, DO为0,0.2,0.4,0.5mg/L时的厌氧氨氧化反应速率分别为35.95,23.89,31.50,19.25mgN/(L·h),延时曝气2h后反应器仍可正常运行.在一定DO范围内,CANON反应器的活性随着DO的升高而升高,较高DO对接种初期的CANON反应器冲击较大且不可逆,对稳定运行的CANON反应器的影响较小;但是当CANON工艺稳定运行之后,短时高DO对CANON工艺的影响是可逆的.显微镜照片显示稳定运行的CANON反应器内出现了颗粒化的趋势.     

低浓度氨氮废水单级自养脱氮EGSB反应器的快速启动

将单级自养脱氮生物膜污泥作为种泥接种于膨胀颗粒污泥床反应器中,并对该反应器进行启动.在温度为(30±2)℃,p H值为7.8~8.2,DO为0.2~1.1 mg·L~(-1),上升流速为2.0~4.0 m·h~(-1)的条件下,进行了低浓度氨氮(60~100 mg·L~(-1))废水的单级自养脱氮工艺快速启动研究.结果表明,经过83 d的运行,反应器历经适应期、提高期和稳定期后,稳定运行阶段NH_4~+-N、TN去除率分别达到99.4%和80.7%.通过控制回流比和提高进水氨氮负荷维持了稳定的低DO状态,有效抑制了硝化细菌的生长,而部分亚硝化反应和厌氧氨氧化反应为主导反应并能保持高效、稳定的脱氮效果,成功实现了在膨胀颗粒污泥床反应器中单级自养脱氮过程的启动.颗粒污泥平均粒径从174μm增大到296μm.扫描电镜显示颗粒污泥表面光滑,微生物以球菌、短杆菌为主.FISH结果显示亚硝化细菌分布在颗粒污泥表面,厌氧氨氧化菌分布在颗粒污泥内部.反应器中构建了稳定的自养脱氮颗粒污泥系统.     

一体化全程自养脱氮(CANON)工艺的效能及污泥特性

在氨氮浓度梯度升高的条件下,通过控制DO等方式在一体化CSTR反应器中实现了一体化全程自养脱氮(CANON—completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite).结果表明随进水氨氮浓度(76.05~583.93mg/L)的升高,系统的氨氮和总氮去除负荷逐渐提高,试验期间无亚硝态氮的积累,反应器后期在高氨氮进水下最高氨氮去除率84.4%,最高去除负荷0.42kg/(m3·d);最高总氮去除率72.0%,最高去除负荷0.35kg/(m3·d).污泥氧消耗速率实验得出好氧氨氧化菌的耗氧速率为169.46 mgO2/(gVSS·h)、硝酸化细菌的好氧速率为39.63 mgO2/(gVSS·h).采用总氮去除量和硝态氮产生量的比值(△TN /△NO3-)表征硝酸化反应对出水氨氮浓度的影响.试验进一步研究了反应器内污泥形态的变化,得出第102d的污泥粒径(86.36μm)比第30d(54.09μm)增加60%,污泥的SEM分析得出实验后期相对于前期污泥表面丝状菌减少,胞外聚合物增多.以上结果表明该反应器具备良好的造粒功能,有利于自养脱氮工艺的启动与稳定.     

一体化全程自养脱氮(CANON)工艺的效能及污泥特性

在氨氮浓度梯度升高的条件下,通过控制DO等方式在一体化CSTR反应器中实现了一体化全程自养脱氮(CANON—completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite).结果表明随进水氨氮浓度(76.05~583.93mg/L)的升高,系统的氨氮和总氮去除负荷逐渐提高,试验期间无亚硝态氮的积累,反应器后期在高氨氮进水下最高氨氮去除率84.4%,最高去除负荷0.42kg/(m3·d);最高总氮去除率72.0%,最高去除负荷0.35kg/(m3·d).污泥氧消耗速率实验得出好氧氨氧化菌的耗氧速率为169.46 mgO2/(gVSS·h)、硝酸化细菌的好氧速率为39.63 mgO2/(gVSS·h).采用总氮去除量和硝态氮产生量的比值(△TN/△NO3-)表征硝酸化反应对出水氨氮浓度的影响.试验进一步研究了反应器内污泥形态的变化,得出第102d的污泥粒径(86.36μm)比第30d(54.09μm)增加60%,污泥的SEM分析得出实验后期相对于前期污泥表面丝状菌减少,胞外聚合物增多.以上结果表明该反应器具备良好的造粒功能,有利于自养脱氮工艺的启动与稳定.     

生物膜CANON反应器性能的优化:从FBBR到MBBR

控制温度为30℃±1℃,在移动床式生物膜反应器(MBBR)采用以改性聚乙烯为填料的全程自养脱氮(CANON)工艺,以无机高NH_4~+-N(约400 mg·L~(-1))人工模拟废水为连续进水,研究MBBR对生物膜CANON工艺脱氮性能的优化.试验控制pH在7.8左右,HRT为6 h,填料填充率为35%,经过一个月调试与培养,NH_4~+-N及TN平均去除率达到74.28%和87.93%,最高分别可达84.68%和98.82%,此时ΔNO-3/ΔTN为0.12,接近理论值0.127,由此判断CANON污泥在MBBR工艺中逐渐适应并得以稳定运行.同时,对比采用相同进水基质及控制条件的固定床式生物膜反应器(FBBR),计算发现MBBR与FBBR工艺NH_4~+-N去除率、TN去除率及去除负荷3组均方差分别为:8.31%和14.06%,7.09%和11.79%,0.17kg·(m3·d)-1和0.27 kg·(m3·d)~(-1),前者均低于后者;并且,在MBBR与FBBR的DO平均浓度分别为1.96 mg·L~(-1)和3.09mg·L~(-1)的情况下,MBBR与FBBR中每升氮去除负荷分别为0.53 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1)和0.37 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1).因此,(1)相比FBBR,MBBR具有更加稳定的脱氮性能;(2)相比FBBR,MBBR中每升填料中的微生物具有更高的O2利用效率及总氮去除负荷.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

ＲｅｍｏｖａｌｏｆｈｅａｖｙｍｅｔａｌｓｆｒｏｍｓｅｗａｇｅｓｌｕｄｇｅｂｙｌｏｗｃｏｓｔｉｎｇｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｍｅｔｈｏｄａｎｄｒｅｃｙｃｌｉｎｇｉｎａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅＷｕＱｉｔａｎｇ，ＮｙｉｒａｎｄｅｇｅＰａｓｃａｓｉｅ，ＭｏＣｅｈｕｉＦ...