海河及渤海表层沉积物中多环芳烃的分布与来源

采集海河和渤海表层沉积物样品,测定16种EPA规定多环芳烃.海河∑PAH含量（干重）范围为445～2185 ng·g-1,平均值为964 ng·g-1;渤海∑PAH含量范围为171～290 ng·g-1,平均值为226 ng·g-1.海河塘沽区段和天津市区段沉积物中∑PAH含量比郊区段含量高.LMW/HMW(低分子质量/高分子质量)和异构体比值分析表明,生物质及煤的燃烧为海河表层沉积物中PAHs主要来源;对于渤海湾大部分区域来说,石油污染是其PAHs的主要来源,而热解来源的PAHs主要以生物质及煤的燃烧为主;滨海旅游度假村附近海域因受旅游活动影响而燃烧源的贡献较大.风险评价表明,海河及部分渤海海域存在潜在生态危害,滨海村附近海域存在潜在生态风险可能性较低.     

Persistent organochlorine residues in sediments of the Haihe River and Dagu Drainage River in Tianjin, China

Persistent organochlorine compounds were analyzed by means of GC-ECD in surface sediment samples from two selected rivers in Tianjin, Haihe River and Dagu Drainage River. A total of 16 surface sediment sites were selected along the both rivers. The frequency of detection of T-HCH and T-DDT in sediment samples both was up to 100%, which illustrated that the contamination of HCH and DDT was widespread in Haihe and Dagu Drainage Rivers. Results indicated that the concentrations of various pesticides in sediments from Haihe River were in the range of 3.30-75.96 ng/g dw for T-HCH and 1.57-211.57 ng/g dw for T-DDT. Compared with Haihe River, Dagu Drainage River was contaminated by HCHs and DDTs along the all locations and the values of T-HCH and T-DDT residues in sediments ranged from 2.30 to 124.61 ng/g dw and from 11.28 to 237.30 ng/g dw, respectively, The possible pollution sources were analyzed through monitoring results of organochlorine pesticides（OCPs） residues in sediments from the two rivers. The investigation also indicated that HCH was still used as pesticide in Tianjin partial area.     

Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments from Yellow River Estuary and Yangtze River Estuary, China

Surface sediment samples collected from twenty-one sites of Yellow River Estuary and Yangtze River Estuary were determined for sixteen priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by isotope dilution GC-MS method. The total PAH contents varied from 10.8 to 252 ng/g in Yellow River Estuary sediment, and from 84.6 to 620 ng/g in Yangtze River Estuary sediment. The mean total PAH content of Yangtze River Estuary was approximately twofold higher than that of Yellow River Estuary. The main reasons for the di erence may be the rapid industrial development and high population along Yangtze River and high silt content of Yellow River Estuary. The evaluation of PAH sources suggested that PAHs in two estuaries sediments estuaries were derived primarily from combustion sources, but minor amounts of PAHs were derived from petroleum source in Yellow River Estuary. PAHs may be primary introduced to Yellow River Estuary via dry/wet deposition, wastewater e uents, and accidental oil spills, and Yangtze River Estuary is more prone to be a ected by wastewater discharge.     

Phosphorus fractions and its release in the sediments of Haihe River, China

The amounts and forms of phosphorus (P) in surface sediments of Haihe River, Tianjin, North China, were examined using a sequential chemical extraction procedure. Five fractions of sedimentary P, including loosely sorbed P (NH4Cl-P), redox-sensitive P (BD-P), metal oxide bound P (NaOH-P), calcium bound P (HCl-P), and residual P (Res-P) (organic and refractory P), were separately quantified. The results indicated that the contents of di erent P fractions in the sediments varied greatly. The total P (TP) contents ranged from 968 to 2017 mg/kg. Phosphorus contents in NH4Cl-P, BD-P, NaOH-P, and HCl-P ranged from 6.7 to 26.6 mg/kg, 54.5 to 90.2 mg/kg, 185.2 to 382.5 mg/kg, and 252.3 to 425.5 mg/kg, respectively, which represented 1.2%–3.2%, 7.7%–13%, 33.3%–48.9%, and 36.2%–54.2% of the sedimentary inorganic P, respectively. For all the sediment samples, the rank order of P-fractions was Res-P > HCl-P > NaOH-P > BD-P > NH4Cl-P. The highly positive relationship between the amounts of P released from the sediments and those in the NH4Cl-P and BD-P fractions, indicated that NH4Cl-P and BD-P were the main fractions that can release P easily.     

大石围天坑群地下河沉积物中PAHs的污染特征

为探索喀斯特地下河沉积物中多环芳烃(PAHs)的污染特征、来源,研究选择典型的广西乐业大石围天坑群地下河进行,沿途采集7个断面的沉积物样品,利用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)对16种优控PAHs进行定量分析.结果表明,大石围天坑群地下河上层沉积物中总PAHs浓度为37.75～1 662.72 ng/g,下层沉积物为43....     

Distribution, sources and potential toxicological significance of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) in Guanting Reservoir sediments, China

The Guanting Reservoir lost its function as the second biggest drinking water source for Beijing due to the pollutions from the upstream flow of Yongding River in 1997. From 1998, lots of studies were carryied out to renew the function of Guanting Reservoir as domestic drinking water source before 2008 Olympic Games. This is the first time that polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations in the surface sediment of Guanting Reservoir have been analyzed. A distinctive spatial distribution of PAHs was observed. Sediments from four sites along Inlet of Yongding River to reservoir bam had PAHs concentrations of 1377--2855 μg/g dw in descending order. The composition of PAHs is investigated and used to assess patrogenic,combustion and naturally derived of the sediments samples of Guanting Reservoir. Special PAHs ratios, such as phenanthrene/anthracene(P/A) and fluoranthene/pyrene(Fl/Pyr) were calculated to assess the relative importance of different origins. The data confirmed a relatively high level of petrogenic contamination in four sites. These high PAHs levels were associated with the input of untreated and partially treated industrial sewage. In addition, the concentrations of PAHs compounds of samples indicated that sediments of reservoir were most likely to pose potential biological impairment.     

滦河流域多环芳烃的污染特征、风险评价与来源辨析

在滦河上、中、下游和河口地区布设了15个采样点,对滦河流域的河水和表层沉积物中多环芳烃(PAHs)进行了分析.结果表明,水中PAHs总量为9.8～310ng.L-1,表层沉积物中PAHs总量最高达478ng.g-1.城市地区河段中PAHs的浓度高于农村河段中PAHs的浓度,河口地区相对中游地区污染较轻.就组成特征而言,水中PAHs以3环(40.9%)、4环(56.2%)为主,表层沉积物中PAHs以3环(30.0%)、4环(39.3%)、5环(15.8%)为主.总的来讲,3环、4环PAHs是滦河流域PAHs最主要的成分.地表水健康风险评价结果显示,韩家营、瀑河口两个采样点苯并[a]芘(BaP)毒性当量值(EBaP)分别为11.8、11.4ng.L-1,超出中国国家环境保护部(CEPA)制定的EBaP=2.8ng.L-1的国家标准,存在不利的健康风险.表层沉积物生态风险评价结果显示,韩家营、上板城、乌龙矶地区的PAHs可能存在着对生物的潜在危害,剩余研究区域不存在生态风险.滦河水和表层沉积物PAHs主要表现为以草、木柴和煤燃烧来源为主的特征,部分样点存在燃油与木柴、煤燃烧的混合来源特征.瀑河口、大黑汀受石油源污染影响明显.     

海河流域14条河流表层沉积物中多溴联苯醚的分布特征

海河流域是我国受人类活动扰动强度最大的地区,为了解多溴联苯醚（PBDEs）在该流域的污染现状与分布特征,通过采集14条主要河流的48个表层沉积物样品,采用高分辨的GC-MS/MS技术对干燥后的沉积物中27种PBDEs进行分析.结果发现沉积物中PBDEs的平均含量范围为0.06～2.10 ng·g^-1;其中徒骇河沉积物...     

海河干流表层沉积物总磷、总铁和有机质的含量及相关性分析

采用深水表层沉积物采样器采集海河干流8个断面的表层沉积物,测定不同粒径表层沉积物的总磷(TP)、总铁(TFe)和有机质(OM)含量,并采用多元线性回归分析方法对TP与TFe和OM含量进行相关性分析.结果表明:海河干流表层沉积物的颗粒组成除光华桥断面分布较均匀外,其余各断面主要以砂粒(>54%)为主;沉积物的TP含量为29.00～78.99 μmol/g,TFe含量为595.67～719.91 μmol/g,w(OM)为3.77%～8.79%;同一断面不同粉砂粒之间的TP,TFe和OM含量没有显著性差异(P>0.05),而不同断面之间的差异十分显著(P<0.01).TP与OM和TFe的相关分析结果显示:除金刚桥、外环河桥与中心桥外,其余断面的TP与TFe和OM均具有良好的相关性(R2>0.85).      

DDTs在海河干流市区段沉积物/水间迁移行为研究

于2007年8月~2008年3月对海河干流表层水和沉积物中滴滴涕(DDTs)污染状况进行了采样调查.结果表明,海河干流水体DDTs含量为6.88~78.82 ng/L(均值28.54 ng/L),表层沉积物中DDTs含量为5.82~45.5 ng/g(均值21.55 ng/g),表层水和表层沉积物中DDTs主要成分分别为p,p-′DDT和p,p-′DDE.利用稳态非平衡逸度模型计算了p,p-′DDT在海河干流沉积物/水间迁移和分布,模型结果用现场实测浓度进行验证,计算值与实测值吻合很好.模型参数灵敏度分析进一步表明,生物降解速率常数、污染物在悬浮颗粒物/水间分配系数以及水体颗粒物沉降通量是影响p,p-′DDT在沉积物/水间迁移过程的主要因素.     

化工区土壤中多环芳烃的污染特征及其来源分析

系统采集了天津滨海新区3个化工区28个表层土壤样品,利用GC/MS分析了16种US EPA优控多环芳烃(PAHs)的含量和组分特征,运用环数比值法和主成分因子载荷法揭示了其污染来源.结果表明,化工区土壤中PAHs最高含量达5 991.7　ng·g^-1(塘沽化工区),平均含量1 18５.０　ng·g^-1,与国内外相关研究比较,处于中高等污染水平,工业污染排放已明显影响到周边环境中PAHs的残留,且塘沽化工区＞汉沽化工区＞大港采油区;塘沽和汉沽2个化工区土壤中毒性较高的4环和5环PAHs均高于其他环数PAHs,大港采油区3环所占比例明显占主导;土壤有机碳(TOC)和PAHs之间存在显著相关关系(n=28,R²=0.847,p＜0.01),TOC是影响研究区域PAHs在土壤中分配的一个重要因素;煤燃烧的排放是化工区土壤中PAHs污染的主要来源,石油类挥发或泄漏对大港采油区影响显著.     

大连湾沉积物中PAHs的初步研究

对采集大连湾附近海域的沉积物中多环芳烃（PAHs)进行了定性和定量分析，并探讨了其在沉积物中的分布特征。大连湾表层沉积物中PAHs含量的变化范围为32．70－3558．88ng/g，平均值1152．08ng/g。大连湾表层沉积物中PAHs以油类污染为主。其含量分布，大连港附近海域最高，东北部靠近大连湾煤码头航道测站次之，由西北和东北向南逐步递减，呈现出明显的两点污染源特征。     

外秦淮河疏浚后底泥中多环芳烃分布特征及其变化

利用GC-MS对外秦淮河疏浚后3个月及6个月采集的13个底泥样品中16种优控多环芳烃(PAHs)进行了分析.结果表明,疏浚后3个月底泥中PAHs含量较低,疏浚后6个月PAHs含量明显上升,说明疏浚对减少水体底泥污染确实有效果,但保持时间不长,经过一段时间的沉积和富集后污染物含量会发生回复现象,外源输入和河道沉积物内源释放对疏浚后新生表层底泥PAHs含量有较大的贡献. 草场门和集庆门河段处底泥中PAHs含量较高. 底泥中的PAHs以4～6环高分子量的PAHs为主,低环PAHs所占比例春季比冬季高. 根据PAHs中特殊组分(菲/蒽和荧蒽/芘)比例(w(Phe)/w(An), w(Flu)/w(Pyr))判断外秦淮河表层底泥中的多环芳烃主要来源为石油产品燃烧.      

松花江表层沉积物中16种多环芳烃空间分布特征及生态风险评价

为揭示松花江干支流表层沉积物中16种PAHs（多环芳烃）的空间分布特征及其生态风险状况,采用气相色谱-质谱联用仪分析了2017年9月松花江干支流26个表层沉积物16种PAHs质量分数特征,并采用比值法对其污染来源进行解析,运用沉积物质量基准法和质量标准法评价其生态风险状况.结果表明:①松花江干支流表层沉积物中w（∑₁₆PAHs）为169.76~3 769.19 ng/g,以3~6环高环为主,并且支流w（∑₁₆PAHs）（范围为169.76~3 769.19 ng/g,平均值为1 598.41 ng/g）高于干流（范围为459.92~2 092.58 ng/g,平均值为1 173.67 ng/g）,呈从上游到下游逐渐降低的趋势.②松花江干支流表层沉积物中w（∑₁₆PAHs）主要来源于生物质燃烧和石油燃烧.③松花江干支流表层沉积物中w（∑₁₆PAHs）总体处于低生态风险水平,个别支流点位（3个）会发产生经常性生态风险.研究显示,松花江流域干支流表层沉积物中w（∑₁₆PAHs）呈从上游到下游逐渐降低的趋势,并且支流高于干流,但总体处于低生态风险水平.      

闽江福州段沉积物中多环芳烃的分布、来源及其生态风险

对闽江福州段37个沉积物样品中的15种多环芳烃(PAHs)进行了研究.结果表明,15种PAHs的总量在241.5～1310.8ng·g-1之间,均值为630.9ng·g-1,且从上游到下游整体上呈下降的趋势,但在福州市区附近有突增的现象.沉积物中有机质含量(SOM)与PAHs总量呈显著正相关(r=0.58,p<0.01).同时,应用因子分析和多元线性回归方法对PAHs进行了源解析.结果表明,煤燃烧来源占31.7%,汽油燃烧占25.2%,柴油燃烧占28.7%,石油泄漏源占14.5%,石油燃烧是闽江福州段沉积物中PAHs的主要来源.用效应区间中值ERM(the effects range median)和效应区间低值ERL(the effects range low)及其商值平均方法对闽江福州段沉积物中PAHs的生态风险进行了评价.结果表明,有4个样品芴的含量超过ERL指导值(19ng·g-1),具有一定的生态风险,其余PAH单体和PAHs总量都不超标.     

天津地区冬季总悬浮颗粒物中PAHs污染特征

采集并分析了天津不同区县13个样点冬季总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)中16种优控多环芳烃(PAHs)含量.结果表明不同样品间PAHs含量差异明显,东部开发区和中北部区县含量明显高于其它地区,大港油田的颗粒物中PAHs含量很低,市区、南部区县和北部山区居中.根据毒性等效因子计算了等效浓度,不同样品PAHs总等效浓度差异不大,占总浓度50%的高环PAHs毒性贡献达90%.     

安徽省室内降尘中多环芳烃分布及来源解析

采集安徽省内14个采样点的24个室内降尘样品,检测16种多环芳烃(PAHs)含量.结果表明,安徽省不同区域室内降尘中ΣPAHs浓度范围为0.52~89.3 μg/g,平均浓度为20.7 μg/g.降尘中PAHs以5环为主,其次是4环和3环.PAHs组成分析表明,几乎全部样品中PAHs均以高环(4~6环)为主,其高达60.5%~97.0%,仅在4个样品中检出了较高比例的低环PAHs (2~3环).这说明多数室内降尘中PAHs污染由交通运输(汽车和船舶)以及化工厂等高温燃烧排放造成.而安庆、芜湖及六安地区可能存在较严重的石油污染或煤、木材等低温燃烧源污染.公共场所、城市家庭和农村家庭降尘中PAHs的浓度存在明显的差异,总体上呈现:公共场所>城市家庭>农村家庭.异构体分析表明,公共场所和城市家庭内存在混合来源,而农村家庭以燃烧源为主.致癌能力分析表明,城市家庭降尘中的苯并[a]芘当量(BaPE)值略高于农村家庭.公共场所降尘中的BaPE值远大于家庭场所,是农村家庭或城市家庭场所的2倍多.     

Biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments from the Daliao River watershed, China

The Daliao River, as an important water system in Northeast China, was reported to be heavily polluted by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Aerobic biodegradations of four selected PAHs (naphthalene, phenanthrene, fluorene and anthracene) alone or in their mixture in river sediments from the Daliao River water systems were studied in microcosm systems. E ects of additional carbon source, inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus, temperature variation on PAHs degradation were also investigated. Results showed that the degradation of phenanthrene in water alone system was faster than that in water-sediment combined system. Degradation of phenanthrene in sediment was enhanced by adding yeast extract and ammonium, but retarded by adding sodium acetate and not significantly influenced by adding phosphate. Although PAHs could also be biodegraded in sediment under low temperature (5°C), much lower degradation rate was observed. Sediments from the three main streams of the Daliao River water system (the Hun River, the Taizi River and the Daliao River) demonstrated di erent degradation capacities and patterns to four PAHs. Average removal rates (15 or 19 d) of naphthalene, phenanthrene, fluorene and anthracene by sediment were in the range of 0.062–0.087, 0.005–0.066, 0.008– 0.016 and 0–0.059 mg/(L d), respectively. As a result, naphthalene was most easily degraded compound, anthracene was the hardest one. In multiple PAHs systems, the interactions between PAHs influenced each PAH biodegradation.     

人类活动对查干湖PAHs沉积历史及来源的影响

对查干湖湖心沉积岩芯中16种美国环保署（US EPA）优控多环芳烃（PAHs）含量进行分析,辅以²¹⁰Pb和¹³⁷Cs年代测定,重建查干湖1877—2017年PAHs沉积历史,通过正定矩阵因子分解模型（PMF）定量判别污染源,通过随机影响模型（STIRPAT）和通径分析方法定量分析人类社会经济参数与PAHs沉积历史的影响机理.研究表明：PAHs含量为305.90~1214.42 ng·g^-1,3~4环为优势组分.140年来,PAHs含量变化总体表现为缓慢波动、剧烈波动、快速增加的趋势,20世纪60年代,沉积物中PAHs总量及各组分开始呈较频繁的波动性增大,于2011年达高峰值.查干湖沉积物中PAHs的来源为生物质及煤燃烧、化石燃料燃烧、交通源和石油泄漏,其中燃烧源为主要来源.松原市人口总量和第二产业占GDP比值每提高1%,沉积物中PAHs沉积通量将分别增加8.11%和2.98%,其中能源消费总量通过第二产业占GDP比值对PAHs沉积通量的影响最大.     

长江和辽河沉积物中的多环芳烃类污染物

报道了长江和辽河沉积物中17种多环芳烃（PAHs）类污染物的含量及分布状况．所研究的长江南京段沉积物中多环芳烃总量变化范围为213.8～550.31ng/g（干重）,辽河新民段沉积物中多环芳烃总量变化范围为 27.45～198.26ng/g（干重）．测定结果表明,长江和辽河沉积物中多环芳烃具有不同的空间分布模式：长江段以南京市下游的沉积物中PAHs含量为最高,而辽河段则以新民市区的沉积物中PAHs含量为最高但总的来说,长江南京段沉积物中多环芳烃的污染水平明显高于辽河新民段沉积物所受的多环芳烃污染．