哑铃湾网箱养殖环境容量研究Ⅰ.网箱养殖污染负荷分析计算

在综述分析前人关于网箱养殖污染负荷计算方法的基础上,借助网箱养殖物质平衡方程和实地监测实验数据,建立了哑铃湾网箱养殖污染负荷数学模型,并在模型中首次考虑了底泥累积污染影响.一方面为计算网箱养殖环境容量提供理论基础和计算参数,另一方面也为国内外相关的计算提供方法和参考.     

苏州河水系非点源负荷模型研究及应用

开发了苏州河水系非点源负荷LOAD模型,对土地利用、降水量、人口密度和污染源进行分析,求得整个区域非点源的污染量.LOAD模型的计算结果为水质模型计算提供了定量化及较合理的非点源污染负荷数据,为正确估算苏州河水系污染负荷和水系水质奠定了基础,为有效控制和治理非点源污染提供了科学方法.     

哑铃湾网箱养殖环境容量研究

在综述分析前人关于网箱养殖污染负荷计算方法的基础上，借助网箱养殖物质平衡方程和实地监测实验数据，建立了哑铃湾网箱养殖污染负荷数学模型，并在模型中首次考虑了底泥累积污染影响。一方面为计算网箱养殖环境容量提供理论基础和计算参数，另一方面也为国内外相关的计算提供方法和参考。     

基于改进输出系数法的矿区重金属面源污染负荷核算模型

借鉴农业面源污染负荷核算研究成果,结合我国实际情况,以输出系数法为基础,提出矿区面源污染负荷核算模型.考虑重金属污染的来源和特点,将矿山地区的土地类型分为尾矿库区、降尘污染区、运输污染区和自然土地4类,分别计算各类型土地的输出系数.考虑到重金属在水中的溶出率影响,在模型中引入了溶出率因子,以构建适应矿区流域的重金属非点源污染负荷核算模型,并用该模型对浑河流域重金属面源负荷进行了估算.结果表明:矿山地区重金属污染主要来自运输污染区和自然土地,占总污染负荷的77%左右.从模拟过程和模拟结果可知,面源污染负荷核算模型所需原始资料较少,参数计算较方便,是计算矿山地区重金属面源污染负荷的可靠方法.      

等标污染负荷评价的“标准”问题探讨

采用等标污染负荷方法用来确定主要污染物，污染行业，污染区域，污染源，有着一定意义，但选用合理的评价标准是准确应用等标污染负荷评价方法的关键。     

武汉东湖西南区外源污染调查与评价

对东湖西南湖区各主要排污口的水质水量进行了一年多的监测 ,根据等标污染负荷评价方法 ,明确了主要污染物及污染源。通过定量分析得出“东湖主要是 BOD、COD、TN及 TP等有机污染”的结论 ,并对总污染负荷作了计算     

基于双向算法的湖库允许纳污负荷量计算及案例

为了加强湖库流域水环境保护与污染负荷排放管理,支持湖库控制单元允许纳污负荷量的计算和污染负荷分配决策的制定,在总结国内外环境容量相关研究的基础上,针对现状水环境总量控制技术中允许纳污负荷计算与分配环节存在的问题,提出基于双向算法的湖库允许纳污负荷量计算方法.并以EFDC(environmental fluid dynamic code)水环境模型为核心,通过模型概化、参数率定等建模技术与方法的研究,利用估算与精算相结合的方法制定排污情景,并应用模型完成情景分析.应用多次情景试算、分析的方法,制定优化的排污情景,从而计算出湖库允许纳污负荷量.最后以辽宁省柴河水库为实证区进行方法的应用,证明了方法具备科学性与计算精度.     

长江、嘉陵江重庆段生活垃圾污染负荷研究

通过对重庆市生活垃圾的取样分析，得出重庆市城区、郊区城镇生活垃圾中污染物含量，从而计算出重庆现有的生活垃圾污染负荷。同时，对重庆市到２０００年生活垃圾污染负荷进行了预测，为重庆市水污染控制规划提供了必须的生活垃圾污染负荷数据。     

秦皇岛市非点源污染问题初探

在分析了秦皇岛市的非点源污染问题及其特点的基础上,对非点源污染负荷进行了初步的估算。计算结果表明,该市非点源污染负荷在水环境污染负荷中占有很大份量,还提出了秦皇岛市非点源污染防治措施。      

基于基尼系数的水污染负荷分配模糊优化决策模型

从水污染负荷分配涉及的社会、经济、资源、环境和技术管理等领域筛选出6个指标,构建以基尼系数为度量标准的水污染负荷公平分配评价指标体系。基于统计数据信息的模糊性、不准确性以及不同评价指标重要性程度的差异,建立了带有弹性约束和信息熵权的水污染物总量分配模糊优化决策模型,并将其应用于巢湖流域COD和氨氮削减负荷的分摊。研究结果表明,所建模糊优化模型较好地克服了现有基尼系数分配方法的不足,是一种较为理想的分配模式。     

基于多目标决策的水污染负荷分配方法

为科学、合理地配置汇流区域的水污染负荷,从经济最优性、公平性综合决策角度,构建了一个以区域环境经济收益最大化、水污染负荷削减费用和加权综合基尼系数等最小化为目标的水污染负荷分配多目标决策优化模型,并将该模型应用于巢湖流域COD削减负荷分摊中.计算得到合肥市、肥东县、肥西县、巢湖市、庐江县、无为县、含山县、和县和舒城县等...     

分区达标控制法求解海域环境容量

提出可考虑二维扩散的分式标控制法用于求解海域环境容量。引进贡献度系数将二维容量问题定义为线性规划问题,使各类水功能区在达到所对应的环境标准的前提下各排污口污染允许排放量之和最大。并给出了用二维扩散模型计算贡献质系数的方法。     

Optimising the environmental benefits of emission reductions from UK coal- and oil-fired power stations: a critical loads approach

This paper describes a method for determining reductions of SO₂ emissions from coal- and oil-fired power stations, oil refineries and large industrial units in the UK taking into account their pollution potential. The method is based on the use of two gridded data sets: critical loads, which represent the sensitivity of the environment to acid deposition and modelled estimates of total (wet + dry) sulphur deposition for 646 point sources within the UK. An iterative method is used to identify and subsequently reduce emissions from point sources that contribute most to areas of critical loads exceedance. This paper demonstrates how the method may be used to determine an optimal allocation of emissions across the UK which yields the maximum amount of environmental protection per unit of emission.The paper then goes on to consider the changes that will have to take place within the UK power generation industry in order to meet the revised EC Large Combustion Plant Directive which comes into force on 1 January 2008. Particular emphasis is placed upon proposed emissions trading schemes and the environmental implications of allowing trading between stations with high and low pollution potentials. The paper concludes by suggesting that the emissions trading process should take into account the pollution potential of each source, irrespective of whether the proposed emission is within the plant's agreed emission limit. An approach based entirely on minimizing environmental damage rather than one which takes cost into account, as in current integrated assessment modelling, could provide an interesting approach across the rest of Europe.     

Options for Emission Allowance Allocation Under the Eu Emissions Trading Directive

The article investigates four alternative allocation schemes for emission allowances. The investigated schemes are emission-based allocation, production-based allocation with actor-specific emission factors, production-based allocation with benchmarking and production-based allocation based on data on best available technology (BAT). All the examined schemes apply free allocation based on historical activities. The allocation schemes are evaluated against the criteria for a National Allocation Plan, listed in the Annex III of the EU ETS Directive, and regarding their conformity with the criteria put forward by the Swedish Parliamentary Delegation on Flexible Mechanisms, The FlexMex 2 Commission. No allocation scheme unambiguously meets all criteria. Each has its advantages and disadvantages. Emission-based allocation schemes are most straightforward, transparent and are the easiest to implement. Production-based allocation schemes meet more of the criteria, but are more costly to implement and require more data. Data on BAT will not be available to the extent necessary in order to base an allocation scheme implemented for the trading starting 2005 on BAT. It is unlikely that any given allocation scheme will be perceived as fair by all concerned parties, no matter how sophisticated it is. The overall characteristics of the studied allocation schemes are summarised in the paper. Due to the lack of abatement cost curves, it is not possible to accurately model capital flows between the trading sectors. Data availability will most probably limit the options available to the authorities designing the allocation schemes. An erratum to this article is available at .     

水权制度选择理论——基于交易成本、租值消散的研究

水资源配置大致存在完全政府配置、完全市场配置和准市场配置3种模式。中国正处于水权制度改革的过程中,水资源配置制度有从完全政府配置转向依靠市场配置的趋势。新制度经济学的交易成本理论和租值消散理论可以为新的水权制度的设计和选择提供依据。水资源的不同配置制度对应着相应的交易成本,相对较好的制度应该能在扣除交易成本之后获得较多的社会净租值。目前我国水资源管理的当务之急是根据经济理性,科学地界定好水资源的公有和私有权利,并由完全政府管制向市场体制转型。     

Geographic variation in resource allocation to the abdomen in geometrid moths

A resource allocation trade-off is expected when resources from a common pool are allocated to two or more traits. In holometabolous insects, resource allocation to different functions during metamorphosis relies completely on larval-derived resources. At adult eclosion, resource allocation to the abdomen at the expense of other body parts can be seen as a rough estimate of resource allocation to reproduction. Theory suggests geographic variation in resource allocation to the abdomen, but there are currently no empirical data on it. We measured resource allocation to the abdomen at adult eclosion in four geometrid moths along a latitudinal gradient. Resource (total dry material, carbon, nitrogen) allocation to the abdomen showed positive allometry with body size. We found geographic variation in resource allocation to the abdomen in each species, and this variation was independent of allometry in three species. Geographic variation in resource allocation to the abdomen was complex. Resource allocation to the abdomen was relatively high in partially bivoltine populations in two species, which fits theoretical predictions, but the overall support for theory is weak. This study indicates that the geographic variation in resource allocation to the abdomen is not an allometric consequence of geographic variation in resource acquisition (i.e., body size). Thus, there is a component of resource allocation that can evolve independently of resource acquisition. Our results also suggest that there may be intraspecific variation in the degree of capital versus income breeding.     

基于技术和水质相结合的排污许可限值核定技术研究

“十三五”期间,我国排污许可管理制度已基本建立;“十四五”时期,我国排污许可管理将逐步过渡到注重水质达标的管理阶段.为适应我国排污许可新的管理需求,研究了基于技术和水质相结合的排污许可限值核定技术.其中,基于技术的排放限值核定主要根据企业的行业属性和核定产能,结合环境影响评价批复的污染物排放额度,确定其排放浓度限值和排放总量限值;基于水质的排放限值核定需建立污染源与水质之间的响应关系,以地表水水质达标为目标,计算各污染源的最大允许排放量.最终的排污许可限值为基于技术的排污许可限值和基于水质的排污许可限值的最小值.以常州为例,从常州排污许可证核发重点行业选取了两家化工企业A和B,核算其基于技术的排放限值;采用水质模拟和污染物最大允许排放量分配技术,计算了污染物最大允许排放量,并分配到两家化工企业,作为基于水质的排放限值.结果表明:A化工企业COD_Cr和NH₃-N的最终排污许可限值分别为6.53和0.075 t/a,其中,COD_Cr的最终取值为基于水质的排放限值,NH₃-N基于技术和基于水质的排放取值相同;B化工企业COD_Cr和NH₃-N的最终排放限值分别为11.60和0.17 t/a,最终取值均为基于技术的排放限值.研究显示,基于水质的排许可限值受到企业自身和外部水环境容量的双重影响,应从严制定排污许可限值,既能达到企业行业排放标准和环境影响评价批复的要求,又能满足水环境质量达标的目标.      

珠江三角洲地区硫和氮沉降临界负荷研究

通过实地采集土壤样品和测量其矿物组成,收集植被和大气沉降等数据,应用稳态质量平衡(SMB)法和ArcGIS,计算得到了珠江三角洲地区硫沉降和氮沉降临界负荷及其超临界负荷.结果表明,珠江三角洲地区当前硫沉降临界负荷呈现东高西低的态势,高值区分布于惠州大部、广州中北部、东莞和中山南部地区,其临界负荷值大于15.0 keq·(hm2·a)-1;低值区包括江门大部、肇庆大部和深圳部分地区,其临界负荷值小于2.0 keq·(hm2·a)-1.氮沉降临界负荷在1.0~2.5 keq·(hm2·a)-1范围,小于1.0 keq·(hm2·a)-1出现在肇庆等地区.当前硫沉降超过临界负荷的区域较少,但大部分区域氮沉降超过了其临界负荷;未来随着大气颗粒物浓度的降低硫沉降临界负荷将下降,将出现大片硫超临界负荷区.因此,当前珠江三角洲地区应加大氮沉降控制的力度,未来在控制大气颗粒物的同时应特别注重硫沉降的协调控制.