模拟环境传热性能试验室的研制

试验室由室外、室内构成,外室由空气处理机组模拟户外气候环境,内室配置温度、湿度、风速、热流计等传感器,测量由模拟空气调节器发出的热量,以对流和辐射的方式通过被测件传递到室外的能力。适用欧标、美标和国标试验要求。试验室用于测试各种部件和整体构件的环境传热性能,以减少空调能耗,提高节能水平。     

云为什么总能浮在天空

天空中的云有高有低，高的有1万多米，低的只有几十米，甚至跟地面上的雾连成一片。形成云的主要原因，是潮湿空气的上升运动。空气经常由于热力作用、锋面作用或地形的作用，产生上升运动，由于高处的大气压力比低处小，空气在上升的过程中，就逐渐膨胀，空气的体积膨胀是要消耗热量的，而这种热量是取自上升空气的内部，从而降低了它本身的温度。一旦上升空气的温度降到与其露点温度相同时，就会有一部分水汽附着在烟尘微粒上凝结成小水滴。如果凝结高度上的温度在0以下，水滴就冻结成冰晶。‘这些水滴或小冰晶的体积非常小，它们的横断面直径通常只有千分之几到百分之几厘米，统称为云滴。云滴的体积虽然微小，但它的密度却比空气大800倍，按理在地球引力的作用下。它们应该落到地面上来，为什么人们所看到的云总是浮在空中呢？     

RMQ系列煤炭气化供热站

由山东日升环保科技股份有限公司开发、山东省环保局推荐的RMQ系列煤炭气化供热站适用于北方冬季区域性集中采暖与夏季制冷;工业锅炉的煤气化改造;气化装置可单独组成热站或冷站用于各类工业炉窑改造。主要技术内容一、基本原理混合空气在封闭的炉膛中由下向上通过灰层预热到300～450℃后与炭进行反应,生成二氧化碳与产生大量的热量,氧化层温度控制在1200～1250℃。同时氧化层上部还原层煤炭被加热至700～1000℃,使生成的二氧化碳与混合空气中的水蒸汽在还原层与炽热的煤炭反应,生成一氧化碳与氢气,成为煤气的主要可燃成分。随着热量由下…     

四川省冬季感热温度分布与所需服装量

本文从人体热量平衡观点出发，根据美国著名生物学家ＲＧ．Ｓｔｅａｄｍａｎ提出的感热温度理论，计算了四川省１２，１，２各月的感热温度，并绘制分布图，分别讨论了空气温度，湿度，风速及太阳辐射对人体冷感觉的影响，是服装营销，旅游服务的基础研究。     

利用芯片废热加热镜头玻璃除雾的技术研究

基于传热学提供传热理论,通过对芯片产生的废热进行回收利用研究,有助于小型摄像机除雾技术的发展,本文研究了摄像机镜头玻璃区域空气产生雾的机理,以及在热仿真条件下的玻璃温度具体行为,总结了芯片的内部热阻分布;芯片的拓扑关系对镜头加热的机理。     

准好氧填埋技术在城市垃圾处理中的应用

准好氧垃圾填埋技术在近年得到了国内外的广泛应用。其原理是将排气管与渗滤液收集管相通，利用自然通风，使外部空气因填埋场内微生物发酵产生的热量形成的热对流而通过排水管自然进入填埋场内。使填埋场内维持好氧状态，从而加快垃圾的分解，改善渗滤液水质，降低有害气体的发生量，极大的改善了填埋场周围的环境。     

一种雷达导引头的隔热设计方法

针对雷达导引头外部气动加热温度高,内部组件集成度高的情况,提出了一种隔热设计方法.通过选用导热系数低的材料,设计气凝胶-空气双隔热层,有效地增加了传热路径的热阻系数;通过设计半圆定位装配法,将雷达主机与弹架之间以凸台环抱的方式实现点接触连接,大幅减小接触热桥面积.结合数模仿真和实物试验加以验证,在工作时间300 s内,...     

混合式蒸发在垃圾渗滤液零排放中的应用

垃圾渗滤液是高毒性的有机废水,常规的处理工艺难以同时满足可行性和经济性的要求。文章提出了水平-竖直管多效混合式蒸发垃圾渗滤液处理工艺。工艺流程中,渗滤液中超过80%的水分在水平管降膜多效蒸发器内负压蒸发,浓缩后的渗滤液在竖管降膜蒸发器内结晶;水平管降膜蒸发的小温差传热特性保证了在5℃~10℃温差范围内布置多个蒸发器实现对热量的重复利用和有效降低机械蒸气压缩的电耗。工程实例计算表明,新工艺处理垃圾渗滤液消耗的高压蒸气量和电耗大幅度降低,验证了该工艺可以高效节能地实现渗滤液处理的零排放。     

寒冷地区热风机与空气源热泵采暖效果分析

“双碳”目标下，清洁能源替代化石能源采暖具有重要意义，消耗少量高品位电能的热泵从环境中吸取低品位热能并传输给高温热源，无疑是一种极佳的清洁采暖方式。热泵产品品类繁杂，进行寒冷地区住宅经济高效热泵设计方案对比研究十分必要。对分体热风机与户式空气源热泵采暖进行实验和仿真分析，得出：随着环境温度的降低，热风机、空气源热泵采暖-20℃较2℃外环COP同比下降29.67%、41.06%，低温运行时热风机较二次换热的户式水机更具节能优势；仿真分析表明：0℃工况房间最大得热量下热风机室温较暖气片散热高3.92℃；0℃工况维持室温20℃时热风机室内温度场较暖气片更均匀，仿真与实测结果吻合度较高。     

基于模型确认的ASAAC标准均温板模块热响应分析研究

军用电子设备朝着高精度、小体积、轻量化快速发展,导致设备的热流密度越来越高,无法散出的热量会损伤元器件的使用寿命。均温板优异的导热性能,使其在军用领域受到越来越多的关注和研究,本文通过仿真分析及模型确认,对ASAAC模块（内嵌均温板）展开热分析研究,研究结果表明,将ASAAC模块上关键传热路径上的铝合金(6061)更换为均温板后,内部发热器件的平均温度更低,温差更小,温度均匀性更高,散热性能得到显著改善。文中采用的模型确认方法及均温板等效导热系数值可为同类产品的优化设计及验证提供参考。     

Effect of pipes in heat pump system on electric vehicle energy saving

ABSTRACT

Refrigerant pressure drop and temperature change in pipes are normally ignored in the thermodynamic analysis of traditional vehicle air conditioning system, this will result in serious errors. In this Paper, pressure drop and temperature difference are simulated in different pipes of electric vehicle (EV) heat pump system to analysis the effects of pipes in the actual EV heat pump system. The results indicate that the greater the mass flow, the faster pressure drop increases, the temperature difference decreases. Pressure drop of saturated liquid refrigerant is smaller than that of saturated gas refrigerant at the same saturation pressure and mass flow rate. The higher the refrigerant pressure (no phase change), the slower pressure drop decreases, the faster the temperature difference decreases. Pressure drop decreases with the increment of bending angle of the pipe. For EV heat pump system, suitable valves and less branches are helpful for energy saving of the system. Shortening the pipe between compressor and condenser can reduce temperature change obviously. Pressure drop per unit length in the pipe between evaporator and compressor is large especially in heating mode because of lower refrigerant density. It even reaches to over 100 times of that in the pipe between condenser and throttle valve in heating mode and has negative effects on the performance of the system. If the evaporator is closer to the compressor and the number of branches is less, then pressure drop will decrease a lot, which will be advantageous for energy saving of the heat pump system.     

Non-linear autoregressive neural network approach for inside air temperature prediction of a pillar cooler

The volcanic plate made pillar cooler system is designed for outdoor spaces as a heat exchanging medium and reduces the outcoming air temperature which flows through the exhaust port. This paper proposes the use of artificial neural networks (ANNs) to predict inside air temperature of a pillar cooler. For this purpose, at first, three statistically significant factors (outside temperature, airing and watering) influencing the inside air temperature of the pillar cooler are identified as input parameters for predicting the output (inside air temperature) and then an ANN was employed to predict the output. In addition, 70%, 15% and 15% data was chosen from a previously obtained data set during the field trial of the pillar cooler for training, testing and validation, respectively, and then an ANN was employed to predict inside air temperature. The training (0.99918), testing (0.99799) and validation errors (0.99432) obtained from the model indicate that the artificial neural network model (NARX) may be used to predict inside air temperature of pillar cooler. This study reveals that, an ANN approach can be used successfully for predicting the performance of pillar cooler.     

Research on distribution performance of desert sand for heat storage in downcomer

In this research, desert sand is used as the sensible heat storage medium, which exchanges heat with air in the downcomer to realize heat storage and heat release. The desert sand distribution uniformity has a significant impact on the heat exchange performance and efficiency between desert sand and air for the process of convection in the downcomer. Given the superiority of sensible heat storage in convective heat transfer between desert sand and air, distributors with cylinder or conical bore solid particles and homogeneity performance testing device are designed and manufactured on the basis of convection system equipped with solid particle–air downcomer. Then, the convection experiment between solid sand and air is researched. The greater the desert sand flow rate and higher the volume density, the larger the variance of regional mass flow rate and the worse the homogeneity performance. For the cylinder bore distributor, the smaller the sand particle size is, the greater affected the sand groups can be. The sand homogeneity performance is preferable with the two particle size ranges: 0.18-0.25 mm and 0.15-0.18 mm. The total sand flow rate decreases, but the uniformity improves with the increase of the air flow velocity, and the best distribution performance is achieved at an air velocity of 0.6 m/s. However, the distribution performance declines with the air flow velocity persistently increasing because the sand groups are pushed to one pipe side close to the wall. The sand groups deflect seriously with the air flow velocity increasing.     

热沉技术在高低温低气压试验箱中的应用

在高低温低气压试验中,由于空气稀薄,其温度均匀性试验已经无法用空气对流来实现了,只能通过的辐射和传导来实现和达到试验温度的均匀。在这种试验状况下,往往试验所得的温度、湿度的均匀性偏差很大。要实现较好的温度均匀性十分困难。我们将高真空领域中的热沉技术即辐射换热方式,运用到高(低)温低气压试验箱中,通过多个几何平面的辐射和传导,达到较为理想的试验参数。     

Solar Assisted Small-Scale Biomass District Heating System in the Northern Part of Sweden

Abstract

This article presents a case study of a projected solar assisted biomass district heating system in the north of Sweden. It is generally known that a biomass district heating system combined with solar heat brings many important benefits. The most common system solution is to install a heat store and a large solar collector field near the heating central. No plant of this type is however in operation in the northern part of Sweden. The main reason for this is that the solar irradiation at these latitudes is very low when the demand for heat is high. Solar heat could however be useful during summer in order to generate hot tap water. One problem is that the heat losses, calculated as percentage of the delivered heat, become very large during these months. This article presents the idea of allowing the connected households to generate their own hot tap water using solar collectors and heat stores installed in each house. The district heating network can therefore be closed in summer, which eliminates the heat losses outside the heating period. A case study of a projected plant has been carried out and it is shown that it is possible to reduce the heat losses by 20% compared to a conventional system. This idea also provides many other important technical and economic benefits.     

Determination of VOC source signature of vehicle exhaust in a traffic tunnel

This study describes the methodology used to obtain the volatile organic compound (VOC) source signature of vehicle exhaust. To accomplish this, C(2)-C(9) VOCs were measured in a traffic tunnel located in Seoul, South Korea. The effect of VOC concentrations from the outside ambient air was considered in the determination of the source signature. To examine the effects of ambient air on VOC concentrations inside the tunnel, the ratio of propane to the total VOC concentrations was compared between the entrance and middle sites in the tunnel. Propane was used as a standard not only because of its insignificant contribution to vehicle exhaust gas, but also the fact that propane is the most abundant VOC in the atmosphere of Seoul. The ratio of propane to the total VOC concentrations was higher at the entrance site than at the middle location by, on average, 60%. This suggests that ambient air affects the inside tunnel air to a greater extent at the entrance site as compared to the middle site. The contribution of ambient air to the air inside the tunnel at the entrance location varied from 30% to 67%, with an average of 55%. This is 1.5 times higher than the value measured at the middle location, which ranged from 20% to 48%, with an average of 36%. This shows that ambient air substantially affects the inside air of the tunnel. Excluding the effects of ambient air on the air inside the tunnel can provide an improved chemical composition for vehicle exhaust using tunnel measurements. We believe that the concentration difference between the two sites within the tunnel provides a more accurate chemical composition of vehicle exhaust as compared to that obtained from a measurement taken at only one point inside the tunnel.     

油田注汽锅炉烟气余热利用与低碳减排

通过对注汽锅炉烟气余热利用潜力的分析及开展余热利用方式对比分析,采用在注汽锅炉对流段上安装热管换热器,使高温烟气与助燃空气换热,利用换热器回收烟气余热。该技术的现场应用,实现了注汽锅炉燃料单耗降低和污染物排放量降低的目的,取得了良好的节能、减排效果。     

燃煤锅炉低温烟气余热利用探讨

针对燃煤锅炉燃烧产生的低温烟气仍具有一定温度的现象,提出通过增设超导热管空气预热器对这部分低温烟气余热加以回收的设想,对锅炉送风进行预热,探讨烟气余热利用可达到的送风温度、节能效果及可能产生的经济效益。     

The Effects of a Dredge Excavation Pit on Benthic Macrofauna in Offshore Louisiana

Over two years after the original creation of a sand excavation pit 8 km off the Louisiana coast, benthic macrofauna communities and sedimentary characteristics are still effected. Macrofaunal communities inside the pit had lower abundance, biomass, and diversity than communities outside the pit. This difference, however, was only significant with some of the stations outside the pit. Results from multi-dimensional scaling and cluster analysis showed that macrofaunal communities were less than 32% similar inside the pit to communities outside the pit. The polychaete Mediomastus ambiseta was the most abundant species outside the excavation pit, but the species was only counted once inside the pit. The most dominant species, which made up over 90% of organisms inside the pit, was the pioneer polychaete Paraprionospio pinnata. Only three species were found at each station inside the pit as opposed to 9–27 species at stations outside the pit. All species inside the pit were also found outside the pit; thus, change was due to a loss of species rather than replacement by different species. Sediment inside the pit contained more silt and clay; however, no difference in water quality was detected compared with outside the pit. Hurricanes Katrina and Rita passed near the dredge pit in 2005 and could have effected sediment transport in the region. Because the macrofaunal community inside the pit has not recovered within 38 months, it is likely that it will require more time before it resembles the surrounding conditions.     

Wintertime Surface Heat Exchange for the Inner Mongolia Reach of the Yellow River

This study analyzed the wintertime surface heat exchange for the Inner Mongolia reach of the Yellow River, China, based on the data from the nearby weather station at Wulateqianqi. In this analysis, the solar radiation is based on the observed data. Other components of the surface heat flux, that is, long‐wave radiation, and evaporative and conductive heat fluxes, are calculated. The relative importance of the contributions of long‐wave radiation, conductive, and evaporative heat fluxes are in descending order. The air temperature is the most important meteorological factor to the total heat flux. Although the wind speed influences evaporative and conductive heat fluxes, it has the least correlation with the total heat budget. The heat exchange coefficient for the linearized surface heat exchange equation is 21.87 W/(m² °C), which is comparable with published values in the regions of United States and Canada with similar latitudes.