硫化氢降解菌包埋条件及降解特性研究

筛选获得2株硫化氢(H2S)高效降解菌株(T3和B3),分别鉴定为根瘤杆菌属和人苍白杆菌属。采用改进的海藻酸钠(SA)-聚乙烯醇(PVA)对2株菌的混合液进行包埋,并对最佳包埋条件及包埋后的降解效果进行研究,结果表明:SA-PVA包埋的最佳条件:复合载体的配比为2%SA和7%PVA混合溶液;在1%氯化钙和4%硼酸混合溶液中交联24 h;制得粒径为2 mm左右的固定化凝胶小球;包菌量为0.3 g/L;在pH 5.0¹0.0、温度为2510.0、温度为25⁴0℃时,固定化细胞对H2S具有较高的降解能力和抵抗性,当H2S浓度提高到700 mg/m3以上时,48 h后固定化细胞能达到93%以上的降解率,并且其重复脱硫能力明显优于游离态细胞,为工业应用提供了可能性。     

高效降酚菌Bacillus sp.JY01的固定化及降解特性研究

以海藻酸钠作为载体将降酚菌株Bacillussp.JY01进行固定化包埋,并通过正交实验确定了该菌株固定化细胞制备的最优条件;研究并对比了固定化细胞和游离细胞的降酚性能,研究结果表明最佳固定条件为:海藻酸钠质量分数3%菌液量:海藻酸钠水溶液体积比4:30、氯化钙含量为3%、钙化交联时间8h;固定化细胞降解苯酚的最适温度是32℃,最适pH值范围为7.0～7.5,最适条件下能高效降解质量分数为1300mg/L的苯酚溶液,固定化细胞重复利用8次苯酚降解率仍可达到96.8%,该固定化细胞降酚性能优于游离细胞。这将为该细菌进一步应用于含酚工业废水的生物处理提供可靠的控制条件。     

芽孢杆菌H-1菌株的固定化及降解动力学研究

采用海藻酸钠-海藻酸钙法对芽孢杆菌H-1菌株进行包埋实验,测试各固定化因素对凝胶微球物理性能的影响,得到各因素合适的取值范围。以石油降解率为试验指标对固定化因素进行4因素3水平正交试验,结果显示菌株的最佳固定化条件为海藻酸钠浓度7%、菌悬液添加量75%、CaCl2浓度2%、交联时间24 h。对比固定化菌株与游离菌株的降解效果,结果显示固定化菌株的降解效率大于游离菌株。对固定化菌株的降解动力学进行研究,结果表明当石油浓度较低时,固定化菌株的降解动力学方程符合Monod方程的线性简化形式,方程的半饱和常数K S=52.33 mg/L,最大反应速率v max=44.05 d-1。当原油浓度较高时,其降解速率大于方程的v max。     

一株醚苯磺隆降解菌的分离、鉴定及固定化应用研究

从某农药厂的活性污泥中富集、筛选出一株醚苯磺隆的共代谢降解菌株MB-1,鉴定为铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)。研究碳源、醚苯磺隆初始浓度及接菌量对菌株降解特性的影响,实验结果表明:葡萄糖为200 mg/L,醚苯磺隆初始浓度为200 mg/L,接菌量为1%时,MB-1对醚苯磺隆的降解效果最佳。采用海藻酸钠固定化技术对菌株MB-1进行固定化。结果表明海藻酸钠质量分数为4%,CaCl_2质量分数为2%,接菌量为2%,钙化时间为4 h时,固定化菌株对醚苯磺隆废水的降解效果良好。将固定化MB-1小球投入实验室规模的SBR装置中进行应用发现,固定化MB-1菌株可以持续高效降解醚苯磺隆废水。     

固定化SRB处理低浓度含铬废水

主要选用海藻酸钠和聚乙烯醇等为包埋剂,采用包埋法对SRB细菌进行固定化,并且以固定化小球对铬的去除率为主要参考指标,从失重率、传质性等方面综合考虑,通过正交试验确定固定化小球的最佳配比,同时采用这种新型的固定化小球处理含低浓度铬废水。试验结果表明,固定化SRB小球的最佳包埋条件为:聚乙烯醇8%,二氧化硅2%,海藻酸钠0.2%,活性炭3%,菌液含量30%,饱和硼酸中氯化钙2%,交联时间24 h。固定化小球处理低浓度含铬废水的最佳条件为:p H为6,温度为30℃,初始铬离子浓度为1 mg/L,在250 min内小球表面的活性位点趋于饱和,此时Cr去除率为92%。     

己烯雌酚降解菌固定化条件优化及其降解性能

以海藻酸钠为包埋剂,制备了己烯雌酚(DES)降解菌株S(Serratia sp.)的固定化菌剂,通过正交试验确定了菌株S的最佳固定化条件:海藻酸钠质量分数为4%,菌悬液与海藻酸钠重量比为1:2,CaCl₂质量分数为4%,交联时间为6h.菌株S的固定化菌剂比游离菌株更有优势;7d时,固定化菌株S对无机盐培养基中DES的去除率为83.84%,较游离菌株高22.84%.优化了固定化菌株S对溶液中DES的处理条件:固定化菌株S接入量为300g/L,初始底物浓度为20~40mg/L.固定化菌株S对DES浓度为40.01,37.90 ,33.52μg/L 3个排污口污水中DES的去除率分别达90.0%,96.0%,96.7%.利用固定化菌株处理实际污水中DES等雌激素具有应用潜力.     

嗪草酮降解菌Rhodococcus sp.MA的降解特性及固定化应用

从农田土壤中分离得到1株嗪草酮高效降解菌株,命名为MA,该菌5 d对50 mg·L^-1嗪草酮的降解率达到74.8%,最适反应温度和pH分别为30℃和7.0.根据表型与生理生化特征及16S rRNA序列分析,将其鉴定为Rhodococcus sp.MA.利用气相色谱-质谱联用（GC-MS）鉴定菌株MA降解嗪草酮的中间产物为脱氨基嗪草酮.以海藻酸钠为包埋剂,经正交试验表明,3%海藻酸钠、2% CaCl₂、包埋比8：1和固定时间6 h条件下,菌株对嗪草酮的降解效率最高,为71.2%.将固定化菌体细胞用于修复实验,结果表明,未固定化处理的菌液对湖水及池塘水中嗪草酮（15 mg·L^-1）的去除率分别为72.1%和69.9%;固定化处理后可提高对嗪草酮的去除率,分别达到87.3%和82.6%,具有良好的应用前景.     

海藻酸钠包埋固定化微生物处理含油废水研究

采用海藻酸钠固定化包埋活性炭与菌Brevibacillus parabrevis Bbai-1,制备海藻酸钠-活性炭固定化微球。通过活性炭吸附前后的菌浓变化,测定了25℃时活性炭对Bbai-1的最大吸附量。采用正交试验优化了影响海藻酸钠-活性炭固定化微球的物理性质和微生物活性的4个主要因素(海藻酸钠浓度,活性炭含量,种子菌液浓度和交联时间),确定了固定化微球的最佳制备条件:海藻酸钠浓度为3.5%,活性炭含量为0.7%,种子菌液浓度为6×107 cell/mL,交联时间为24 h。并在25℃,原油含量为0.2%,固定化微球与含油培养基的体积比为3:20时,以游离菌作对比,考察了固定化微球降解原油的最佳pH和盐度。结果表明,固定化菌在pH 6~9,盐度为1.5%~3.5%时,原油降解率可达50%以上,比游离菌提高了20%,且具有较高的盐度适应能力和较宽的pH适应范围。     

固定化菌降解溴氨酸的特性及其动力学研究

鞘氨醇单胞菌QYY菌能以溴氨酸为唯一碳源、氮源和能源生长。考察了用海藻酸钙包埋该菌细胞对溴氨酸废水进行处理的降解和动力学过程。确定了固定化鞘氨醇单胞菌QY(Y以下简称固定化菌)处理溴氨酸废水的最适条件为:接种量10mL固定化菌,摇床转速100r/min,pH7,温度30℃。最佳降解条件下,固定化菌降解溴氨酸的过程符合Haldane模型。     

一株菲降解菌的分离鉴定及其固定化条件研究

从取自某焦化厂生物处理装置的活性污泥中分离筛选出一株菲的降解菌株PH1。经形态学观察和ITS序列分析,对PH1进行了菌种鉴定。采用累托石、聚乙烯醇(PVA)、海藻酸钠(SA)作为固定化载体材料,氯化钙作为交联剂,将菲的降解菌包埋制备固定化微生物小球,通过正交实验确定了微生物小球的最佳制备条件。结果表明,菌株PH1初步鉴定为茄镰孢菌或该菌的一个株系。在微生物包埋量取10%(v/v)的情况下,固定化茄镰孢菌的最佳制备条件为:累托石2.5%,PVA11%,海藻酸钠0.3%,CaCl2 3%。对于初始浓度为40mg/L的菲溶液,游离茄镰孢菌经过108h对菲的降解效率达到49.25%,固定化茄镰孢菌小球可明显提高对菲的去除效果,经32h,去除率可达到100%。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.