环形扩散管采集环境空气中气态多环芳烃的方法

建立了环形扩散管采集环境空气中气态多环芳烃的方法,采用平行实验分别比较了不同涂渍介质和不同吸附树脂对采样效率的影响.结果表明,利用正己烷作为涂渍介质、以XAD-2吸附树脂作为吸附剂涂渍的环形扩散管在二级串联使用的情况下,目标化合物的采样效率在92.21%-99.14%之间,采样效率的相对标准偏差在0.18%-2.2%之间,采样效率高且稳定,可满足不同环境下采样的要求.在采样体积为13.7m3的情况下,多环芳烃的检出限为2.06ng·m-3.利用该方法对北京市城区环境空气中气态多环芳烃的浓度进行了测定,春季和夏季气态多环芳烃的总浓度在498.29-1054.66ng·m-3之间,其中二环和三环的芳烃占优势,有一定量的四环芳烃,但高环数芳烃基本无检出.     

固相萃取-高效液相色谱法同时测定自来水中氯代多环芳烃和多环芳烃

建立了自来水中6种氯代多环芳烃和15种多环芳烃的固相萃取-高效液相色谱荧光检测分析方法.500 mL水样过C18固相萃取柱富集,经6 mL的50%甲醇水溶液淋洗,10 mL二氯甲烷-正己烷(1∶1)洗脱.目标化合物经色谱柱(SUPELCOSILTMLC-PAH柱,150 mm×4.6 mm,5μm)分离后,荧光检测,外标法定量.结果表明,21种目标化合物在线性范围内线性关系良好,相关系数均大于0.999;目标化合物的加标回收率为70%—98%,相对标准偏差(RSD) 0. 6%—8. 8%;方法的检出限(LOD,S/N=3)为0. 3—5. 0 ng·L~(-1),定量限(LOQ,S/N=10)为1.1—16.7 ng·L~(-1).方法简便快速,可用于自来水中氯代多环芳烃和多环芳烃的检测.     

中国饮用水中多环芳烃的分布和健康风险评价

饮用水中存在的多环芳烃对人类的身体健康会产生危害。应用固相萃取富集法和气相色谱?质谱联用(GC/MS)分析方法对全国主要城市的80座自来水厂出水中多环芳烃的浓度进行了分析。结果表明:各自来水厂的出水中多环芳烃总量在174.02-658.44ng.L-1之间,其中致癌性多环芳烃的总量为55.08-173.36ng.L-1,致癌性多环芳烃占多环芳烃总量比例最高可达到49.68%。就其组成而言,出水中多环芳烃以3环芳烃(31%-37%)为主,但各环均有检出;通过评价水体健康风险,得到水厂出水中多环芳烃对人体的健康风险值是10-6a-1。     

SPE-PDA/FLD串联HPLC法测定水样中痕量多环芳烃

建立了固相萃取-PDA/FLD串联HPLC法测定水样中多环芳烃(PAHs)的分析方法,优化了固相萃取条件.结果表明,对1L水样加入10%有机改性剂进行固相萃取,采用3ml四氢呋喃洗脱后进行HPLC分析,平均回收率在95.22%-100.8%间,相对标准偏差为0.78%-6.68%,方法的检出限在0.03-220 ng·l-1之间.     

离子液体1-甲基-3-己基咪唑六氟磷酸用于水中多环芳烃萃取的研究

用疏水性离子液体1-甲基-3-己基咪唑六氟磷酸作为溶剂,液液萃取水中典型污染物多环芳烃,用1ml离子液体萃取50ml含萘、1-甲基萘、2-氯萘、菲、芘、(?)各40μg·1-1的水样,其回收率为:82.2%-101.2%,相对标准偏差(n=4)为2.4%-3.5%,方法的检出限在0.05-0.43μg·1-1范围之间,水样中有机溶剂、盐的含量及pH值对萃取回收率有一定的影响.用该方法测定了卫津河水样上述污染物的含量,并与传统的二氯甲烷萃取相对比,表明离子液体在水样中多环芳烃的富集方面可以取代传统的有机溶剂.     

加压流体萃取-硅酸镁柱净化-气相色谱质谱法同时测定土壤中有机氯农药和多环芳烃

本研究通过对仪器定性定量、样品萃取和萃取液净化等环节的条件优化实验,建立了同时测定土壤中8种有机氯农药和15种多环芳烃的加压流体萃取-硅酸镁柱净化-气相色谱质谱分析方法.化合物方法检出限在0.4—3.2μg·kg~(-1)之间,测定下限在1.6—12.8μg·kg~(-1)之间;对化合物含量为0.1 mg·kg~(-1)和0.5 mg·kg~(-1)的土壤加标样品分别进行6次平行分析,回收率在61%—119%之间,测定结果的RSD在2.8%—21%之间;对相关土壤标准物质进行分析,测定结果均在化合物认定值与不确定度范围内.与其他方法相比,本法减少了萃取环节共萃物、降低了净化环节对干扰物的洗脱、有效排除了假阳性,且显著提高了工作效率.     

加速溶剂提取-在线凝胶净化色谱-气质联用法分析检测土壤中多环芳烃

采用加速溶剂萃取作为土壤样品的萃取技术,萃取液浓缩后直接采用在线凝胶净化色谱-气质联用法分析检测土壤中16种多环芳烃.结果表明,16种多环芳烃在1.0—100.0μg·L~(-1)线性关系良好,线性相关系数均大于0.995.对10.0μg·L~(-1)标准溶液连续进样8针,相对标准偏差RSD在1.70%—6.27%之间,重复性良好.16种多环芳烃方法检出限范围为0.001—0.030μg·kg~(-1)(S/N=3).在加标浓度为0.1、0.5、1.0μg·kg-1时,16种多环芳烃的加标回收率均在62.5%—113.7%之间,符合日常分析检测的要求.     

GC-MS/MS测定生活饮用水中16种多环芳烃

本文建立了三重四极杆气质联用仪GC-MS/MS测定生活饮用水中16种多环芳烃的分析方法.该方法在0.5—50μg·L~(-1)的浓度范围内,16种PAHs的线性相关系数均在为0.999以上,对5μg·L~(-1)的标准溶液连续6针进样,峰面积的RSD%为4.93%以下.在0.02μg·L~(-1)的加标浓度下,加标回收率在75%—118%之间,利用3倍的峰峰比计算检出限,16种多环芳烃的最低检出限均小于0.011 ng·L~(-1),完全满足日常检测对生活饮用水中多环芳烃的检测要求,保证生活饮用水的质量安全.     

大气飘尘中硝基多环芳烃的高效液相色谱分析

叙述了用高效液相色谱分析大气飘尘中硝基多环芳烃化合物的方法。对硅胶柱层析预分离、硝基多环芳烃的还原反应、液-液萃取分离、液相色谱条件和响应线性范围进行了研究。在所选的荧光检测波长下,1-硝基芘和2-硝基芴的最小可测量约为20×10~(-12)g.在国内首次测定了大气飘尘样品中的1-硝基芘含量,两种试样的测定值分别为0.11和1.4ug/1000m~3。     

卷烟烟气中多环芳烃的测定

卷烟烟气样品经环己烷超声提取、薄层色谱分离纯化后 ,再用毛细管气相色谱分析测定 结果表明 ,多环芳烃的回收率在 80 %以上 ,检测限在 8— 10 0 pg之间 ,本方法测定的每支卷烟主流烟气中多环芳烃的浓度在 8 9— 4 5 4 8ng·支 -1之间 壳聚糖改性醋纤滤嘴对卷烟烟气中多环芳烃有较好的截滤效果     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Representation of the world's biophysical conditions by the global protected area network

Protected areas (PAs) are often implemented without consideration of already existing PAs, which is likely to cause an overrepresentation of certain biophysical conditions. We assessed the representativeness of the current PA network with regard to the world's biophysical conditions to highlight which conditions are underprotected and where these conditions are located. We overlaid terrestrial and marine PAs with information on biophysical conditions (e.g., temperature, precipitation, and elevation) and then quantified the percentage of area covered by the PA network. For 1 variable at a time in the terrestrial realm, high temperature, low precipitation, and medium and very high elevation were underrepresented. For the marine realm, low and medium sea surface temperature (SST), medium and high sea surface salinity (SSS), and the deep sea were underrepresented. Overall, protection was evenly distributed for elevation across the terrestrial realm and SST across the marine realm. For 2 variables at a time, cold and very dry terrestrial environments had mostly low protection, which was also the case for low SST and low and medium SSS across most depths for marine environments. Low protection occurred mostly in the Sahara and the Arabian Peninsula for the terrestrial realm and along the Tropic of Capricorn and toward the poles for the marine realm. Although biodiversity measures are of prime importance for the design of PA networks, highlighting biophysical gaps in current PAs adds a frequently overlooked perspective. These gaps may weaken the potential of PAs to conserve biodiversity. Thus, our results may provide useful insights for researchers, practitioners, and policy makers to establish a more comprehensive global PA network.     

Quantitative composition of the defensive secretion ofBledius species (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Oxytelinae) is adapted to naturally occurring predators

Summary The adaptation of defensive secretions to their target organisms was examined for the abdominal gland secretions ofBledius furcatus, B. spectabilis andB. arenarius. Therefore the target organisms of the secretion of theseBledius species (i.e. their predators) had to be identified. At the collection sites examined these were the earwigLabidura riparia, the antCataglyphis bicolor, the flyLispe candicans, different carabids of the generaPogonus, Dichirotrichus, Dyschirius, Bembidion andCalathus and the wading birdsHaematopus ostralegus andCalidris alba. The secretion of the abdominal glands contains the toxin ptoluquinone dissolved in either-dodecalactone and 1-undecene (B. furcatus andB. spectabilis) or in octanoic acid and octyloctanoate (B. arenarius). The ratio of these solvents is species-specific. Application experiments using some of the natural insect predators (L. riparia, C. bicolor, Pogonus, Di. gustavii, Dyschirius) revealed that these solvent ratios provided a more effective deterrent than other possible ratios. Thus by combining the solvents in certain ratios, the capability of cuticular penetration and therefore the effectiveness of the defensive secretions are adapted to their natural targets.     

Democracy versus development: New urban debates

The politics of development includes subtexts of choice, as underpinned by community consensus (or lack of it), against the larger backdrop of a liberal democracy, with its intricate power structures that influence the choice of concepts and often lead to complicity rather than consent. A dilemma exists between the understanding of field-level practitioners and that of academics, whose understandings of progress differ. Progress can (and often does) imply long-term change across generations whereas development is often more a matter of crisis management and delivering tangible results to end-users. This makes it a bone of contention across political systems, irrespective of local or global dynamics. Development can emerge as a tool to be wielded for power and further political mileage at the expense of progress. Progress cannot be studied as a counterpoint to development as the sense of history is often missing in development interventions. Development tends to be piecemeal as its very logic often stems from the rationale of power. This is not to suggest, however, that development is only about politics; it is definitely more than the politics of everyday life and involves all of civil society that requires its critical and immediate attention. In this sense, it has become a priority for politicians with an underlying agenda designed to out-manouevre dissent and all statements of protest.     

A framework to measure the wildness of managed large vertebrate populations

As landscapes continue to fall under human influence through habitat loss and fragmentation, fencing is increasingly being used to mitigate anthropogenic threats and enhance the commercial value of wildlife. Subsequent intensification of management potentially erodes wildness by disembodying populations from landscape-level processes, thereby disconnecting species from natural selection. Tools are needed to measure the degree to which populations of large vertebrate species in formally protected and privately owned wildlife areas are self-sustaining and free to adapt. We devised a framework to measure such wildness based on 6 attributes relating to the evolutionary and ecological dynamics of vertebrates (space, disease and parasite resistance, exposure to predation, exposure to limitations and fluctuations of food and water supply, and reproduction). For each attribute, we set empirical, species-specific thresholds between 5 wildness states based on quantifiable management interventions. We analysed data from 205 private wildlife properties with management objectives spanning ecotourism to consumptive utilization to test the framework on 6 herbivore species representing a range of conservation statuses and commercial values. Wildness scores among species differed significantly, and the proportion of populations identified as wild ranged from 12% to 84%, which indicates the tool detected site-scale differences both among populations of different species and populations of the same species under different management regimes. By quantifying wildness, this framework provides practitioners with standardized measurement units that link biodiversity with the sustainable use of wildlife. Applications include informing species management plans at local scales; standardizing the inclusion of managed populations in red-list assessments; and providing a platform for certification and regulation of wildlife-based economies. Applying this framework may help embed wildness as a normative value in policy and mitigate the shifting baseline of what it means to truly conserve a species.     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

Sexual Predators,Energy Development,and Conservation in Greater Yellowstone

Abstract: In the United States, as elsewhere, a growing debate pits national energy policy and homeland security against biological conservation. In rural communities the extraction of fossil fuels is often encouraged because of the employment opportunities it offers, although the concomitant itinerant workforce is often associated with increased wildlife poaching. We explored possible positive and negative factors associated with energy extraction in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE), an area known for its national parks, intact biological diversity, and some of the New World's longest terrestrial migrations. Specifically, we asked whether counties with different economies—recreation (ski), agrarian (ranching or farming), and energy extractive (petroleum)—differed in healthcare (gauged by the abundance of hospital beds) and in the frequency of sexual predators. The absolute and relative frequency of registered sex offenders grew approximately two to three times faster in areas reliant on energy extraction. Healthcare among counties did not differ. The strong conflation of community dishevel, as reflected by in‐migrant sexual predators, and ecological decay in Greater Yellowstone is consistent with patterns seen in similar systems from Ecuador to northern Canada, where social and environmental disarray exist around energy boomtowns. In our case, that groups (albeit with different aims) mobilized campaigns to help maintain the quality of rural livelihoods by protecting open space is a positive sign that conservation can matter, especially in the face of rampant and poorly executed energy extraction projects. Our findings further suggest that the public and industry need stronger regulatory action to instill greater vigilance when and where social factors and land conversion impact biological systems.     

Comparison of the insecticidal effects of water extracted and intact aromatic plants onAcanthoscelides obtectus,a bruchid beetle pest of kidney beans

Summary Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) is one of the most damaging pests of kidney beans,Phaseolus vulgaris L. worldwide. However, aromatic plants from the families Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae and Poaceae can protect kidney beans by direct or delayed insecticidal effect, through increased adult mortality and inhibition of beetle reproduction (both oviposition and adult emergence). The efficiency of hydrodistillated and intact plants fromThymus vulgaris andT. serpyllum, Mentha piperata, Rosmarinus officinalis, Satureia hortensis, Eucalyptus globulus, Laurus nobilis, Origanum vulgare, andCymbopogon nardus was compared. For both extracts,Origanum vulgare had the best effect. The insecticidal effect was induced by more than the essential oils because no significant difference was noticed between distilled and intact plants extract. Inhibition of reproduction was particularly important. These results suggest that lipidic as well as non lipidic, allelochemicals, such as phenolics, or non-protein amino-acids, or flavonoids may be involved in the toxicity of aromatic plants to this beetle.     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.