大气CO2体积分数升高对植物N素吸收的影响

从影响植物N素吸收的因素来看，大气CO2体积分数升高条件下植物净光合作用增强，碳同化产物增多，利于改善N素吸收的能量和物质基础：植物根系生长增强，生物量增多且空间分布加大，有利于N素吸收；但土壤有效N供应能力的变化存在增强和减弱两种观点。从植物N素吸收的实际情况来看，大气CO2体积分数升高条件下植物N吸收总量并末增加，植物体内N质量分数普遍降低，某些种类植物N吸收形态也发生了改变。因此要阐明大气CO2体积分数升高对植物N素吸收的影响机制，必须探明土壤有效N供应能力的变化：CO2体积分数升高条件下N矿化作用是否增强，微生物和植物间是否存在对有效N的竞争，此外，CO2体积分数升高条件下植物根系形态特征变化和N素吸收(包括主动和被动吸收)的生理机制及其与环境因素的关系也值得进一步研究。     

南亚热带丘陵土壤水分循环及其有效性的研究──Ⅵ.丘陵赤红壤-果树-大气连续体中能量的变化及其分布规律

依据田间实测资料，分析了南亚热带丘陵赤红壤-果树-大气连续体中的能量变化及其分布规律、结果表明，土壤基质势的年度变化特征说明南亚热带丘陵赤红壤存在明显的湿季和旱季．果树叶水势随土壤基质势、大气水势、气温及大气相对湿度的变化而变化，荔枝、龙眼叶水势的变化比芒果叶水势的变化大.以荔枝、芒果和龙眼作为供试植物，水分从土壤到达植物根表皮、进入根系并通过植物茎到达叶片，其能量降低分别约为0．9063～1.7428、0．2818～0．6979和0．2904～1．8707MPa；水分从叶部汽化扩散到大气中，其能量降低分别达15．1491～57．3669、15．4491～58．4036和14．5824～56．9536MPa，说明水流在南亚热带丘陵赤红壤-果树-大气连续体中运移时，其能量主要消耗在由叶部到大气这一环节上。     

昆明市西山土壤—菊科植物系统铜锌分布特征研究

论述了昆明市西山土壤－菊科植物系统铜、锌分布特征。利用统计分析及吸收系统等参数。定量描述了植物、土壤中铜、锌含量水平，描述了植物对土壤中铜、锌的吸收及富集能力。     

毛乌素沙地SPAC系统中各部分水分状况及其关系的研究

以SPAC理论为指导，用压力室法及烘干法测定了宁夏盐池沙地表征沙生植物油蒿(Artemisia ordosica Krasch．)和中间锦鸡儿(Caragana intermedia KuangetH．C．Fu)水分生理特征的系列指标——植物水势、组织含水量等，比较了两种植物的水分生理特征；同时用TDR水分速测仪结合烘干法测定了土壤水分参数；通风干湿表和气压计测定大气水分状况。分析了两种植物的水分生理特征与环境的相互关系。结果表明油蒿和中间锦鸡儿有着适应干旱生境的水分生理特征，但避旱的具体方式不同。雨季时期土壤含水量较大，除了10cm左右土层处于难效状态外，其它各土层都处于易效状态。表层干土层的形成利于下层土壤水分的保持。水势梯度明显，时空变异规律明显，不论是油蒿还是中间锦鸡儿的叶水势值和大气水势相关性显著。     

DDT及其主要降解产物污染土壤的植物修复

用植草方法研究了受DDT及其主要降解产物污染土壤的植物修复试验，比较了10种草在不同污染浓度下对5种土壤的修复能力。研究表明，同一品种的草在不同土壤中对污染物的清除能力是不同的，不同品种的草在同一土壤中对污染物的清除能力也是不同的，在植物修复的过程中，通过草对有机污染物吸收的途径而去除土壤中污染物所作的贡献很小，植草3个月后，草对DDT及其主要降解产物的吸收与富集仅占原施药总量的0．13％－3．0％，而7．10％－71．94％的DDT及其主要降解产物从土壤中消失。     

根系分泌物及其在植物营养中的作用

论述了根系分泌物的种类和影响因素，根系分泌物在植物营养中的调节作用、异种克生作用，根系分泌物与根际微生物的相互作用。在铁胁迫条件下，许多高等植物都能产生一系列生理和形态方面的适应性反应，禾本科植物通过根际特定分泌物——麦根酸类物质来自动调节其体内的铁营养状况；在磷胁迫条件下，根系分泌的低分子有机酸种类主要有柠檬酸、草酸、酒石酸和苹果酸，它们在植物根际的富集能明显促进土壤中磷的释放，提高作物对磷的吸收，缓解植物的磷胁迫；在锌胁迫条件下，双子叶植物的根系分泌物对锌的活化作用不明显，而禾本科植物的根系分泌物可以活化石灰性土壤中难溶性锌。     

土壤条件与植物响应

植物对土壤状况的反应并不仅仅表现为根系具有吸收水分和营养元素的能力。植物根系能够感应到土壤的某些不利因素，对枝干发出信号，从而锻炼植株以抵抗退化或严酷的环境。这种信号能影响植株气孔导度、细胞伸长、细胞分裂及叶的出现速度等：对植物生长有重要影响的土壤物理条件包括土壤硬度、容器大小、孔隙大小和土壤干燥度等，在这些条件极端化的情况下，植物往往表现为生长变缓，根、叶等器官形态发牛改变。而在某些土壤化学条件不利的情况下，如土壤酸度增加、养分缺乏或发生铝毒时，植物则通过产生根际分泌物、降低生长速率及富集作用等来适应环境，维持生命。了解植物对不良环境的适应机制有利于筛选出具有一定抗性的优良基因类型。     

甲霜灵在土壤—烟草系统中的残留与归宿

在田间生态箱中研究了＾１４Ｃ－甲霜灵在土壤－烟草系统中的迁移与归宿。实验结果表明，甲霜灵在实验土壤中的移动，主要受水分运动影响，在土体中甲霜灵甲醇提取残留的半衰期为２－３周，总残留的半衰期为５周，结合残留占总残留的百分比随时间的延长而延增，到第６周时可达到２３．１％。烟草可以通过根系吸收土壤中的甲霜灵，并表现出一定的富集作用，甲醇提取残留浓度从第２周开始下降，半衰期为１－２周，到第６周时为５．３５     

大气CO2与植物氮素营养的关系

大气CO2浓度升高对植物吸收氮素,以及对植物和土壤中的氮浓度、C/N比和氮循环都存在着影响。大气CO2浓度与植物氮素营养之间存在着交互作用。大气CO2浓度升高对植物氮素营养影响的结果与氮浓度、氮形态等因素有关。     

根际养分活化与吸收过程的定量模拟研究进展

在论述植物根系作为养分的主动吸收槽．对根际养分生物有效性产生重要作用的前提下，本文扼要讨论了根际pH值变化、根分泌螯合物与还原性物及根际微生物在根际土壤养分活化中的作用过程，并重点评述了有关养分活化与吸收模拟模型的研究进展与发展趋势．     

CERES — A model of forest stand biomass dynamics for predicting trace contaminant,nutrient, and water effects. I. Model description

CERES is a forest stand growth model which incorporates sugar transport in order to predict both short-term effects and long-term accumulation of trace contaminants and/or nutrients when coupled with the soil chemistry model (SCHEM), and models of solute uptake (DIFMAS and DRYADS) of the Unified Transport Model, UTM. An important feature of CERES is its ability to interface with the soil-plant-atmosphere water model (PROSPER) as a means of both predicting and studying the effects of plant water status on growth and solute transport.CERES considers the biomass dynamics of plants, standing dead and litter with plants divided into leaves, stems, roots, and fruits. The plant parts are divided further into sugar substrate, storage, and in the case of stems and roots, heartwood components.Each ecosystem component is described by a mass balance equation written as a first-order ordinary differential equation.     

Vegetation competition model for water and light limitation. I: Model description, one-dimensional competition and the influence of groundwater

Vegetation growth models often concentrate on the interaction of vegetation with soil moisture but usually omit the influence of groundwater. However the proximity of groundwater can have a profound effect on vegetation growth, because it strongly influences the spatial and temporal distribution of soil moisture and therefore water and oxygen stress of vegetation. In two papers we describe the behavior of a coupled vegetation-groundwater-soil water model including the competition for water and light. In this first paper we describe the vegetation model, compare the model to measured flux data and show the influence of water and light competition in one dimension. In the second paper we focus on the influence of lateral groundwater flow and spatial patterns along a hillslope. The vegetation model is based on a biophysical representation of the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum. Transpiration and stomatal conductance depend both on atmospheric forcing and soil moisture content. Carbon assimilation depends on environmental conditions, stomatal conductance and biochemical processes. Light competition is driven by tree height and water competition is driven by root water uptake and its water and oxygen stress reaction. The modeled and measured H₂O and CO₂ fluxes compare well to observations on both a diurnal and a yearly timescale. Using an upscaling procedure long simulation runs were performed. These show the importance of light competition in temperate forests: once a tree is established under slightly unfavorable soil moisture conditions it can not be outcompeted by smaller trees with better soil moisture uptake capabilities, both in dry as in wet conditions. Performing the long simulation runs with a background mortality rate reproduces realistic densities of wet and dry adapted tree species along a wet to dry gradient. These simulations show that the influence of groundwater is apparent for a large range of groundwater depths, by both capillary rise and water logging. They also show that species composition and biomass have a larger influence on the water balance in eco-hydrological systems than soil and groundwater alone.     

植被根系及其土壤理化特征在高寒小嵩草草甸退化演替过程中的变化

以野外样地调查和室内分析法研究了不同退化演替阶段高寒小嵩草草甸的植被根系空间变化和土壤环境因子间的关系。结果表明,不同退化演替阶段高寒小嵩草草甸群落植被根系和蕴育植被根系的土壤量发生了明显的变化。特别是0~10 cm土层的植被根系在重度退化阶段显著高于其它退化演替阶段（P〈0.05）,而蕴育植被根系的＂载体＂量在重度退化阶段显著低于其它退化演替阶段（P〈0.05）,根土比（根和土的重量比）明显高于其它退化演替阶段（P〈0.05）;随着退化演替阶段的进行,高寒小嵩草草甸群落物种数、地上部分、植被根系锐减,群落结构和功能明显发生变化;不同退化演替阶段,植被根系（0~40 cm）的垂直分布、根土比与土壤容重、土壤含水量以及土壤中N、P含量存在一定的相关性;不同退化演替阶段高寒小嵩草草甸土壤理化特性的变化影响草地群落地上部分和植被根系;土壤的稳定性是草地生产稳定和恢复的重要因素,在评价与改良退化草地时,要充分了解土壤的退化程度。在高寒草甸地下根系取样方法难以统一,而且土壤表层根系和土壤很难难以分离,加之根系采样破坏性大、工作量大,根土比可能是指示高寒草甸退化程度相对可靠的量化指标。     

Foliar absorption of intercepted rainfall improves woody plant water status most during drought

A large proportion of rainfall in dryland ecosystems is intercepted by plant foliage and is generally assumed to evaporate to the atmosphere or drip onto the soil surface without being absorbed. We demonstrate foliar absorption of intercepted rainfall in a widely distributed, continental dryland, woody-plant genus: Juniperus. We observed substantial improvement in plant water status, exceeding 1.0 MPa water potential for drought-stressed plants, following precipitation on an experimental plot that excluded soil water infiltration. Experiments that wetted shoots with unlabeled and with isotopically labeled water confirmed that water potential responded substantially to foliar wetting, that these responses were not attributable to re-equilibration with other portions of the xylem, and that magnitude of response increased with water stress. Foliar absorption is not included in most ecological, hydrological, and atmospheric models; has implications for interpreting plant isotopic signatures; and not only supplements water acquisition associated with increases in soil moisture that follow large or repeated precipitation events, but also enables plants to bypass soil water uptake and benefit from the majority of precipitation events, which wet foliage but do not increase soil moisture substantially. Foliar absorption of intercepted water could be more important than previously appreciated, especially during drought when water stress is greatest.     

沙打旺与柳枝稷单、混播种苗期水分利用和根冠生长的比较

在室内生长箱内盆栽沙打旺和柳枝稷的苗期生长阶段进行高土壤水分 (黄绵土土壤田间持水量FC的 80 % )和低土壤水分 (5 0 ?)处理 ,比较二者单、混播种植下水分利用与根冠生长差异 ,以探讨黄土高原半干旱丘陵区牧草植物的合理种植方式 .结果表明 :在水分利用方面 ,低水处理下混播使沙打旺和柳枝稷叶片瞬时水分利用效率均较单播提高 ,低水处理后混播群体水分利用效率也显著比单播柳枝稷增大 .在根冠生长方面 ,混播促进了柳枝稷地上部分植株高度生长 ,并使地下部分分配比重增大 ,根系绝对长度缩短 ;混播后沙打旺的植株高度降低 ,根系绝对长度增加 ,但干物质分配比重减小 .低水处理后 ,沙打旺和柳枝稷混播下的根冠生长趋向于资源的充分合理利用 ,表现在混播群体的根系生长有利于充分利用土壤深层水和表层来水 ,混播后地上部分高度的生长特征变化利于对光的利用 .因此 ,在水分和养分条件相对较差坡地占较大比例的半干旱黄土丘陵地区 ,采用沙打旺和柳枝稷混播种植相比各自单播利于促进苗期生长与提高土壤水分利用率 .图 2表 2参 10     

Effects of the interactions between selenium and phosphorus on the growth and selenium accumulation in rice (Oryza sativa)

The solution culture, paddy soil culture and the simulation experiments in the laboratory were conducted to clarify the interactions between selenium and phosphorus, and its effects on the growth and selenium accumulation in rice. Results revealed that a suitable supply of selenium could promote rice growth and excessive selenium could injure rice plant, causing lower biomass, especially in the roots. The supply of selenite could enhance the selenium contents of rice shoots and roots in solution culture and in soil culture. The selenium concentrations in roots were much higher than those in shoots supplied with the same rates of selenium and phosphorus. The interaction between selenium and phosphorus was evident. When the phosphorus supply increased to meet the needs of plant growth, phosphorus could promote absorption and accumulation of selenium in the shoots. If the phosphorus supply was excessive, phosphorus could inhibit the accumulation of selenium in the shoots at the lower selenite level (2 micromol l(-1)), but could not at the higher selenite level (10 micromol l(-1)). With the supply of phosphate increased, the selenium concentrations in the roots decreased significantly at both selenite levels. The presence of phosphate could decrease Se sorption on the soil surface and increase the selenium concentration in the soil solution. The concentrations of selenium in shoots and roots supplied with 0.08 g kg(-1) phosphorus were lower than those with no phosphorus supplied. With the increase of phosphorus added to 0.4 g kg(-1), the selenium concentration in shoots and roots increased. The effect of phosphorus on the concentration was statistically significant at all three selenium levels.     

植物根系对土壤抗侵蚀能力的影响

植物根系增加土壤的抗侵蚀能力主要通过两种方式一是通过根系在土体中交错、穿插,网络固持土壤;二是通过改善土壤的物理性质,提高土壤自身的水力学性质,从而增强土体的抗侵蚀能力.植物根系能明显增强土壤的抗冲性、土壤的渗透性及土体的剪切强度等水力学性质.根系在提高土壤抗侵蚀能力、防止土壤侵蚀方面具有重要作用.     

根系吸水机理研究进展

植物根系除支撑和固定其地上部这一力学功能外的一个重要功能就是从土壤中吸收水分和养分以满足植物地上部生长所需.表征植物根吸水能力的一个重要的水力学参数是水力导度(用单位时间单位面积的水流速率来表示),可在细胞(细胞水力导度)、单根和整株根系水平上来表达,其中单根导度可分为径向导度和轴向导度,仅径向导度反映了单根吸收水分的能力,而轴向导度则反映了植物根系输导水分的能力,但在整株根系水平上则以通过整个根系的水流通量与根木质部和根表土壤间的水势差之比来表示,既包括径向导度也包括轴向导度.近年来,对植物根系吸水或根水…     

The impacts of Robinia pseudoacacia litter cover and roots on soil erosion in the Loess Plateau,China

The impacts of vegetation on soil erosion are closely associated with the combined effects of above- and below-ground components. In this study, we explore the effects and contributions of Robinia pseudoacacia litter cover and roots on soil erosion. Experiment sites under natural conditions with vegetation cover, plant roots and bare ground plots were investigated for overland flow discharges of 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0?L?s^?1 and slope gradients of 8.7%, 17.6%, 26.8%, 36.4% and 46.6%. Results indicate that litter cover and roots have a significant impact on sediment reduction; soil loss was reduced by about 57% and plant roots had a greater impact on the reduction of soil erosion than litter cover. The combination of litter cover and plant roots had a significant effect on decreasing K_r, increasing τ_c and consequently strengthening soil resistance capacity to erosion. When plants and roots existed on the slopes, K_r decreased by 81% and 66%, and τ_c increased by 319% and 246%, respectively, in comparison with bare slopes. These results illustrate the importance of high-forest in controlling soil erosion by quantifying the specific contributions of litter cover and plant roots in erosion reduction in the Loess Plateau.     

Pb、Cd及其复合污染对紫茎泽兰生长及吸收富集特征的影响

外来植物紫茎泽兰（Eupatorium adenophorum）入侵我国西南地区并造成了严重的生态灾难,通过研究Pb、Cd及其复合污染对紫茎泽兰生长及吸收富集特征的影响,有助于从生态学角度为紫茎泽兰的综合防控提供依据。采用模拟Pb、Cd污染土壤培养法研究了不同浓度Pb、Cd及其复合污染作用下紫茎泽兰的生长响应及重金属吸收、富集和迁移特征变化。结果表明：低浓度的Pb、Cd对紫茎泽兰的生长有促进作用,高浓度则表现出一定的抑制作用,生物量,株高,根长均明显减少。紫茎泽兰体内Pb、Cd吸收量与污染土壤具有良好的相关性,随处理浓度增加明显增大,极端浓度Pb、Cd胁迫下紫茎泽兰各器官Pb、Cd积累量与对照相比显著增加,1000 mg·kg-1处理时紫茎泽兰根、茎、叶的Pb质量分数均分别高达603.69、568.31、598.85 mg·kg-1;100 mg·kg-1 Cd处理时其根、茎、叶的Pb、Cd累积量依次为165.21、93.59、152.79 mg·kg-1。说明紫茎泽兰对Pb、Cd具有较好吸收累积及转运能力,可作为重金属污染地区的一种理想的修复植物。