污泥堆肥处理过程中氧气消耗的动态变化与分布特征

对城市污水污泥、粪渣污泥和造纸污泥进行好氧堆肥试验,以研究不同物料堆肥过程中氧气消耗的动态变化、分布特征及其差异.结果表明.不同污泥堆肥时,耗氧速率和温度具有相似的动态变化阶段.在堆体刚进入高温阶段时,耗氧速率不断升高并达到峰值,之后则逐渐减小并趋于稳定,堆肥结束时的耗氧速率只相当于最大值的1/3～1/15.物料组成影响升温速率,耗氧速率的最大值及达到最大值的时间.有机物含量高时,堆体温度上升快、维持持续高温的时间长.堆体各部位耗氧速率存在差异;中间部位的耗氧速率始终较高,在升温期,上层的耗氧速率略高于下层,此后下层的耗氧速率高于上层.堆体上层和下层的氧气含量在堆肥过程中波动较小(>18%),而中间部位的氧气含量波动较大,在高温阶段其含量较低(约12%).使用无机调理剂(CTB调理剂)时,耗氧速率明显小于使用有机调理剂的处理,供氧所需的通风量减少35.9%;堆体升温较慢,温度变化较平缓.根据研究结果提出了优化通风控制的建议.     

污泥堆肥技术及工艺优化研究进展

我国污泥产量逐年增长,污泥处置问题面临严峻挑战。污泥堆肥技术因其符合绿色发展理念,是极具发展潜力的污泥处置技术。高效化、高值化、智能化是目前污泥堆肥技术的发展方向。从堆肥调理剂的优化发展、污泥堆肥的曝气策略、除臭工艺及堆肥设备的工艺优化等方面,归纳总结了目前污泥堆肥技术工艺的发展现状及面临的主要问题。提出从废物利用、可回收设备研发利用、生物生命活动利用的角度开发堆肥调理剂;结合传感器反馈、软件数值模拟等技术,改良堆肥工艺设备;引进新型曝气及除臭工艺,研发高效堆肥设备。以期为可为我国污泥堆肥工艺的发展及相关研究工作提供参考。     

卧式螺旋式污泥好氧动态堆肥装置的试验研究--含水率对污水厂消化污泥一次发酵的影响

采用自行设计的卧式螺旋式污泥好氧堆肥装置 ,利用间歇式动态工艺 ,以木屑为调理剂 ,对厌氧消化污泥进行了中温堆肥的试验研究。本试验控制物料配比为污泥∶木屑 =10∶1 0 (湿重比 ) ,通气量为 5 0m3 h·t,采用 5组不同的含水率 (5 1 0 %～ 71 0 % )对物料进行一次发酵。研究了含水率对该螺旋式动态堆肥装置的影响 ,重点探讨了含水率与堆体温度、有机物去除和pH、TN、有机C变化的关系 ,确定了该装置的最佳含水率为 5 0 %～ 5 5 % ,并且认为在同等通气条件和物料配比下 ,在一定范围内 ,含水率越高 ,堆体温度越低 ,对有机物的降解也越不利     

添加PAAS对于污泥/猪粪混合堆肥的影响

以高吸水性树脂聚丙烯酸钠(PAAS)作为堆肥调理剂,利用自制的好氧堆肥反应器,研究PAAS对于污泥/猪粪混合堆肥的影响。实验结果表明:PAAS可以降低堆体的间隙水,提高堆体的空隙率及蓬松性,从而改善污泥/猪粪混合堆体的供氧条件,加快堆肥的进程;添加PAAS后,污泥/猪粪混合堆肥过程中的温度、含水率、pH、电导率、种子发芽指数、可挥发性固体含量等指标均发生较明显规律性变化,各指标的变化显示了PAAS对污泥/猪粪混合堆肥过程具有一定的促进作用。     

生物炭对污泥堆肥及其利用过程重金属有效态的影响

以城市脱水污泥为研究对象,设置2种处理(A组:添加水稻生物炭; B组:未添加生物炭)进行污泥堆肥,并将污泥堆肥产品进行土地利用,研究污泥堆肥及其利用过程重金属(Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn、Ni)的变化特征及其钝化效果,同时考察添加生物炭的影响作用.结果表明:在污泥堆肥及其短期利用过程中,除Ni外,重金属总量没有显著变化,水稻生物炭对5种重金属总量的影响也不显著.污泥堆肥过程对5种重金属具有一定钝化作用,添加生物炭能显著降低重金属有效态含量,并具有显著的钝化效果(P 0. 05),钝化率达到16. 39%～43. 10%,其中Zn、Ni的钝化效果更为显著;而未添加生物炭的污泥堆肥过程对重金属有效态的钝化效果不显著(P 0. 05).施用污泥堆肥会增加土壤重金属含量,短期内,生物炭对污泥堆肥土壤利用后的重金属有效态具有一定影响,但效果不显著.     

基于土地利用的污泥-餐厨蚯蚓堆肥中碳氮元素的转化特征

我国城市剩余污泥有机物含量低,与厨余垃圾协同处理处置引起广泛关注。以城市污泥和厨余垃圾为堆肥原料,锯末为调理剂,考察二者协同堆肥的工艺性能,探讨基于土地利用为目的的处置途径下碳、氮元素的转化特征。结果表明：在含水率为(73±2)%,温度为(23±1)℃的条件下,蚯蚓能够在剩余污泥和餐厨垃圾中存活和生长并提高堆肥稳定化程度;在为期60 d的堆肥周期后,蚯蚓组的TOC平均降解率为32.62%左右,而对照组的平均降解率为27.13%左右,蚯蚓组的TN增幅为18.90%～29.80%,而对照组为15.83%～27.40%,C/N在堆肥的前后都有所降低,且蚯蚓组的降解率更高;剩余污泥∶餐厨垃圾∶锯末=4∶3∶3(以干重计)堆肥环境下的蚯蚓生长繁殖特征更为优良。市政污泥、餐厨垃圾、锯末联合蚯蚓堆肥处理,可以有效加快堆肥进程,提高有机物的稳定化和资源化利用的程度,利于进行后续土地利用。     

调理剂种类和配比对污泥生物干化效果的影响

为研究污泥生物干化过程中的调理剂种类及配比等工艺参数对生物干化效果的影响,利用自主设计的生物干化反应器进行了实验室模拟,分别研究了麦秆和锯末作调理剂和3种不同调理剂配比(污泥与调理剂湿基质量比为3∶1,5∶1,8∶1)的生物干化效果。结果表明,利用麦秆作调理剂能够达到更高温度,含水率降低了10.88%,优于锯末作调理剂降低的5.9%;与其他配比相比,污泥与调理剂添加比为5∶1时,干化效果与经济性相对更好。利用麦秆作调理剂,且物料配比为5∶1(污泥∶麦秆)时,生物干化效果最佳。     

不同通风方式对污泥堆肥的影响

采用2种通风方式和5种调理剂进行污泥堆肥,堆温均能顺利达到设定温度(60℃),并能保持一段高温期,堆肥产品的卫生学指标达到了无害化国家标准.同采用正压强制通风相比,采用自然通风与正压强制通风相结合方式,堆温上升迅速,能耗更低.但正压强制通风能加快堆料含水率的降低和有机质的降解.堆料含水率能极大地影响污泥堆肥过程,堆料的含水率不宜超过80%,在污泥堆肥过程中不必对堆料的pH值进行调整.     

高含水率垃圾与污泥混合堆肥实验研究

采用好氧堆肥工艺处理高含水率城市生活垃圾和脱水污泥。高含水率垃圾(含水率≥65%)经过一段时间静置预处理,含水率降至55%左右,破碎筛分,取筛下物和脱水污泥进行好氧堆肥。结果显示预处理垃圾和污泥在质量比1～3之间时,堆肥过程可以达到卫生化和稳定化的处理要求,质量比为1时升温速度快,堆肥周期短,有较好的堆肥效果;回用部分处理后堆肥可以大大缩短堆肥启动时间。     

生物质炭输入对污泥施用土壤-植物系统中多环芳烃迁移的影响

利用温室盆栽黑麦草实验,研究了生物质炭输入对污泥施用土壤性质、植物生长及土壤-植物系统中多环芳烃迁移性能的影响.结果表明,施用含炭堆肥污泥更有利于改善土壤的缓冲性能及增加土壤养分含量,与普通堆肥污泥处理相比,施用含炭堆肥污泥的黄棕壤和红壤中阳离子交换量分别提高了10%和5%,而2种土壤总氮含量则分别提高了13%和18%.同时,生物质炭的输入更有利于促进植物生长,与普通堆肥污泥处理相比,2种土壤中含生物质炭堆肥污泥处理黑麦草生物量均提高了23%,黄棕壤和红壤中种植的黑麦草叶绿素含量分别增加了8%和10%.生物质炭的输入还使得污泥-土壤体系中的多环芳烃转移到植株中的量明显减少,含炭堆肥污泥处理中多环芳烃在黑麦草中的累积量比普通污泥相应处理降低了27%~34%.因此,生物质炭作为污泥堆肥调理剂,不仅能进一步改良土壤性质,促进植物生长,还可以有效限制污泥-土壤体系中多环芳烃在环境中的迁移,降低潜在的污染风险.     

添加堆肥和赤泥对土壤生物有效性Cd和Zn的影响

采用土壤培养实验,研究添加堆肥和赤泥对土壤中Zn和Cd生物有效性的影响。结果表明,单独添加堆肥或赤泥以及赤泥和堆肥一起添加到土壤,均可以降低土壤中的交换态Cd和Zn含量以及生物有效态Zn和Cd含量。与对照相比,培养1-3个月后,单独添加堆肥、单独添加赤泥和同时添加赤泥与堆肥导致土壤交换态Cd含量分别降低14%-18%、33.3%-46.1%和44.2%-57.7%;土壤交换态Zn含量分别降低54.4%-59%、100%和100%;土壤生物有效态Cd含量分别降低11.8%-14.7%、25.1%-33.7%和32.6%-43.9%;土壤生物有效态Zn含量分别降低14.1%-15.8%、59.7%-72.2%和43.2%-58.4%。     

堆肥对土壤中石油烃的去除及微生物群落的影响

为研究堆肥对石油污染土壤中不同组分烃的去除作用及土壤微生物群落结构变化的影响,利用重量法和GC-MS测定土壤中总石油烃、烷烃和多环芳烃的含量,采用高通量测序技术研究了堆肥对土壤微生物群落结构和多样性的影响作用.结果表明,向石油污染土壤中施加堆肥进行42d的修复处理,土壤中石油烃、烷烃、多环芳烃去除率分别为（12.4±0.01）%、（10.2±0.01）%、（9.38±0.02）%;自然放置的土壤中3种烃去除率分别为（3.21±0.02）%、（-3.00±0.01）%、（-6.59±0.02）%.自然放置的土壤香农指数、ACE指数和Chao1指数分别为4.30、3489.3和2691.0,加入堆肥进行修复处理后,土壤香农指数、ACE指数和Chao1指数分别增加为5.80、4684.7和3851.8.油污土壤中放线菌门（Actinobacteria）所占丰度由47.3%降低为28.2%,拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）丰度由0.78%增加至16.2%.变形菌门（Proteobacteria）丰度为37.4%,修复结束后几乎不变.属水平上,油污土壤中的优势菌属包括原小单孢菌属（promicromonospora）、微小杆菌属（Exiguobacterium）、诺卡氏菌属（Nocardioides）、分支杆菌属（Mycobacterium）、柠檬酸细菌属（Citrobacter）.施入堆肥使土壤中的这些优势菌属丰度降低,土壤中出现氮单胞菌属（Azomonas）、藤黄单胞菌属（Luteimonas）、假鞘氨醇杆菌属（Pseudosphingo bacterium）、紫单胞菌属（Parapedobacter）等新菌属.研究结果表明,与自然放置的土壤相比,向石油污染土壤中施入有机堆肥可有效去除土壤中的石油烃、烷烃和多环芳烃.并使土壤微生物群落结构发生明显变化.     

Humification characterization of biochar and its potential as a composting amendment

Biochar has received increasing attention due to its applications as a soil amendment. Here, the chemical properties of solid and water-extractable fractions of four biochar samples were investigated. The results showed that wood biochar and bamboo biochar samples were 60%–80% more hydrophobic than those of rice husk biochar and rice husk ash. In addition, the acidity was 3.88 mmol/g from the total functional groups and 1.03 mmol/g from the carboxyl groups/lactones/phenols found in the wood biochar sample, which were about 1.5 times greater than those of the bamboo biochar sample. These functional groups could be used to determine the sorptive capacity of biochar for ionic solutes and water content and to increase the degradation of compost organics. The wood biochar sample was found to have the most humification materials(fulvic acid-like material + humic acid-like material) in the water-extractable fraction, which was 3–10 times higher than that in the rice husk biochar and rice husk ash; humified materials were not detected in the bamboo biochar sample. Humification materials in biochar may be involved in increasing the proportion of humic acid-like materials in humic-like substances within the compost product. Wood biochar had better hydrophobic, sorptive, aromatic, and humification properties compared to other biochars, suggesting that it may be used in composting in order to exert its effect as both a bulking agent and a composting amendment during the solid waste composting process.     

污泥富磷堆肥前后重金属赋存形态及释放能力变化

市政污泥富含有机质和N、P等营养元素,经堆肥稳定化处理后可成为矿山废弃地复垦的良好基质,但市政污泥中含有的重金属成为限制其土地利用的主要瓶颈.以磷尾矿为辅料进行污泥堆肥处理,既可利用其中磷酸盐固定市政污泥中的重金属,又可实现磷尾矿和市政污泥的协同资源化利用.以磷尾矿渣为辅料,采用高温好氧堆肥工艺,研究污泥堆肥前后重金属As、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Cd和Zn的赋存形态以及不同pH条件下的重金属浸出特性,探讨污泥富磷堆肥处理对堆肥中重金属迁移转化的影响.结果表明,污泥添加磷尾矿渣经过堆肥处理,促进了重金属由不稳定形态向稳定形态转化,降低了重金属在土壤自然pH范围(6~8)内及强碱性条件下的潜在释放风险,有利于污泥的土地利用.     

Vegetation dynamics after compost amendment in a Mediterranean post-fire ecosystem

On Mediterranean calcareous soils, high fire frequency induces soil impoverishment and the development of stable Quercus coccifera garrigues. Organic amendment could increase soil fertility levels, and could alter the vegetation dynamics and the established dominance relationships. In this study, the plant cover evolution is monitored in an amended burnt shrub during two years. Three treatments are studied: control (D0), 50 t ha⁻¹ (D50) and 100 t ha⁻¹ (D100) of fresh co-composted sewage sludge and greenwastes.First, the spreading process leads to the squashing of the vegetation, whose intensity reaches a threshold on D100 and limits the woody species’ recovery after amendment. Consequently, the dominant herb Brachypodium retusum is favoured. On D50, woody species are favoured compared to herbs, probably due to the space colonization strategy of Q. coccifera after squashing. Thus, compost at both rates favours the two dominant resprouter species until they have colonized all the free space created by squashing.Secondly, compost has some fertilizing effects on Rosmarinus officinalis and Ulex parviflorus, that improves their cover on D50. However, compost also increases U. parviflorus’ sensitivity to drought.At the end of the experiment, a third compost effect appears, as seeder cover becomes greater than D0 on D50. After amendment, compost covers rocky stones, which creates a new territory where species with superficial rooting can establish (mulch effect).     

钙基膨润土辅助对堆肥及土壤Cu、Zn形态转化和白菜吸收的影响

通过好氧堆肥和盆栽试验,探究不同比例（0%、2.5%、5%、7.5%和10%）钙基膨润土（CB）辅助猪粪堆肥过程及盆栽土壤中Cu、Zn形态的变化,并分析CB对白菜生物量及吸收Cu、Zn的影响.结果表明,在所有处理的堆肥过程中,可交换态Cu、Zn的分布比例逐渐下降,而可氧化态和残渣态逐渐升高,与0% CB相比,2.5%~10% CB可使堆肥结束时生物可利用态（可交换态和可还原态）Cu、Zn的分布比例分别降低19.84%~48.90%和4.94%~16.39%,并以10% CB的效果最为显著.进而开展的盆栽试验显示,施用堆肥后,土壤有机质和EC显著升高,而pH有所下降;CB辅助堆肥能够促使土壤EC的降低及pH的升高,稳定土壤有机质.与纯土处理相比,施用堆肥可显著提升白菜的生物量,且10% CB处理中的生物量最大（6.51 g·盆^-1±0.34 g·盆^-1）.施用CB辅助堆肥后,种后土壤中生物可利用态Cu含量增加;但各处理中可交换态Zn含量分别降低38.91%、43.69%、46.02%、45.12%和54.65%.白菜在施用堆肥后Cu、Zn的吸收量显著降低,并且随着CB辅助比例的增加Zn的吸收量随之减少,而Cu的吸收量呈增加趋势.本研究表明,钙基膨润土能够降低堆肥过程中Cu、Zn活性,在堆肥施入土壤后仍对Zn有持续的固定作用,同时CB辅助堆肥可以提高白菜的生物量,减少重金属Zn在白菜中的累积,并以10% CB的效果最为显著.     

生活垃圾堆肥对难溶性磷有效性的影响

生活垃圾在堆肥过程中将产生有机酸类物质,这些酸性物质对难溶性磷具有较强的溶解能力.本研究在生活垃圾堆肥过程中,加入难溶性磷矿粉,系统探讨堆肥对难溶性磷的转化及堆肥产品对磷素有效性的影响.研究表明,速效磷在堆肥中后期达到最大值,并在堆肥的后期相对稳定,堆肥结束后,扣除磷矿粉本身含有的速效磷对堆肥的影响,与不加磷矿粉堆肥相比,P₁、P₂堆肥处理方式速效磷含量增加值分别为0.87 g·kg^-1、0.76 g·kg^-1.电镜观察表明,堆肥结束后,磷矿粉表面棱角消失,呈蜂窝状.堆肥产品培肥后,富磷垃圾肥在作物生育期内,土壤速效磷含量、酸性磷酸酶活性均高于垃圾肥、腐熟鸡粪及化肥.     

Improvement of soil aggregate stability by repeated applications of organic amendments to a cultivated silty loam soil

The objective of this study was to compare the effects of repeated field applications of three urban compost amendments and one farmyard manure amendment over a 9-year period on aggregate stability in a silty loam soil initially characterized by low clay and initial organic matter contents and poor aggregate stability. Three different aggregate stability tests with increasing disruptive intensities (fast wetting > mechanical breakdown > slow wetting tests) and different disaggregation mechanisms, were used. All of the amendments, which were applied at approximately 4 Mg C ha⁻¹ every other year, increased the organic carbon content and improved the stability of the aggregates against the disruptive action of water, as determined by each of the stability tests. However, the year-to-year variations in the aggregate stability that related to factors other than the organic inputs were greater than the cumulative increase in aggregate stability relative to the control. The positive effects of the tested amendments on aggregate stability were linked to their contribution to soil organic C contents (r = 0.54 for the fast wetting test and r = 0.41-0.42 for the mechanical breakdown and slow wetting tests; p < 0.05). The addition of urban composts had a larger positive effect on aggregate stability than farmyard manure at the majority of sampling dates. The addition of biodegradable immature compost, such as municipal solid waste (MSW), improved the aggregate stability through an enhanced resistance to slaking. The addition of mature composts, such as the co-compost of sewage sludge and green wastes (GWS) or biowaste compost (BW), improved the aggregate stability by increasing interparticular cohesion. The MSW compost was the most efficient in improving aggregate stability during the first 6 years of the experiment (average improvements of +22%, +5% and +28% in the fast wetting, mechanical breakdown and slow wetting tests, respectively, compared to the control treatment); this result was likely due to the larger labile organic pool of the MSW compost that was highly effective at stimulating soil microbial activity. After the first 6 years, the two other composts, GWS and BW, became more efficient (average improvements of +25%, +61% and +33% in the fast wetting, mechanical breakdown and slow wetting tests, respectively, compared to the control treatment), which was probably linked to the greater increase in soil organic C contents. Therefore, the application of urban compost to silty soil that is susceptible to water erosion was effective at improving aggregate stability and thus could be used to enhance the resistance of soil to water erosion.     

施用给水厂残泥对南北方不同类型农田土壤质量的影响

为评估WTR(给水厂残泥)在农业区污染控制领域的土地应用风险,从土壤理化性质、土壤养分含量、有机质活性、微生物生长和土壤酶活性等五方面,考察了不同WTR添加量(w为0%、2%、5%、10%)对3个南北方农田(土壤)(常州水稻田、寿光和天津蔬菜种植区土壤,依次记做常州土壤、寿光土壤和天津土壤)质量的影响.结果表明:①WTR添加后,各土壤中CEC(阳离子交换容量)提高了23.7%～63.9%;添加WTR有利于调节酸性和碱性土壤pH,使之更适合作物生长,随着WTR添加量由0%增至10%,常州土壤pH由5.45升至6.69,寿光和天津土壤pH则分别由7.57、7.88降至7.26、7.64.②添加适量WTR不会造成土壤中P、K、Fe、Al、Ca、Mg、Cu、Mn和Zn等多种有效态元素含量的缺失,特别是在富P(>50 mg/g)土壤中施加2%～10%的WTR,既能满足植物生长对有效P的需求,又能降低P的淋溶风险.③在施肥和不施肥条件下,WTR添加量≤5%时均能增加土壤w(活性有机质),促进土壤微生物生长,提高土壤脱氢酶和总磷酸酶活性.由于WTR对有机P底物的强吸附作用,不施肥条件下,WTR添加量达到10%时,土壤总磷酸酶活性降低了55%;而施加有机肥会削弱或抵消这种不利影响,土壤总磷酸酶活性可提高至未添加WTR时的1.7倍.因此,添加适量WTR能有效改善我国南北方不同类型农田土壤质量.